НТИ-2022. Научная информация в современном мире: глобальные вызовы и национальные приоритеты. материалы 10-ой научной конференции с международным участием, посвященной 70-летию ВИНИТИ РАН最新文献

MICROPLASTICS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 环境中的微塑料

НТИ-2022. Научная информация в современном мире: глобальные вызовы и национальные приоритеты. материалы 10-ой научной конференции с международным участием, посвященной 70-летию ВИНИТИ РАН

Pub Date : 2018-10-19 DOI: 10.1039/9781788013314-00060

Richard C. Thompson, I. Napper

Microplastics are small pieces of plastic debris less than 5 mm in diameter. They have accumulated in the environment as a consequence of: the direct release of small particles, such as those used in cosmetics; or as a consequence of wear, for example fibres released from textiles. The main source of microplastic is considered to be the fragmentation of larger items of plastics in the environment. Microplastics are widely distributed in freshwater and marine environments including remote locations such as the arctic and deep sea. A wide range of organisms are known to ingest microplastics and laboratory studies indicate the potential for harmful effects. Plastic debris can also transport co-contaminants including chemical additives and pollutants sorbed from sea water. These chemicals can be released to organisms upon ingestion, but there is little evidence that plastics provide an important pathway leading to toxicological effects in environmentally relevant scenarios. Removing microplastics from the environment is impractical and the most effective solutions are to minimise the release of plastics to the environment as litter. In this regard much could be achieved by actions to reduce the accumulation of larger items of litter such as packaging, which will eventually fragment into microplastics.

微塑料是指直径小于5毫米的塑料碎片。它们在环境中积累的原因是:直接释放小颗粒，例如化妆品中使用的小颗粒;或者是磨损的结果，例如从纺织品中释放的纤维。微塑料的主要来源被认为是环境中较大的塑料碎片。微塑料广泛分布在淡水和海洋环境中，包括北极和深海等偏远地区。众所周知，许多生物都摄入了微塑料，实验室研究表明，微塑料可能产生有害影响。塑料碎片还可以携带共污染物，包括化学添加剂和从海水中吸收的污染物。这些化学物质在摄入后会释放到生物体中，但几乎没有证据表明塑料在与环境相关的情况下是导致毒理学效应的重要途径。从环境中去除微塑料是不切实际的，最有效的解决方案是尽量减少塑料作为垃圾释放到环境中。在这方面，采取行动减少包装等较大垃圾的堆积，可以取得很大成就，因为这些垃圾最终会破碎成微塑料。

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