—Recent detailed geologic mapping of six quadrangles encompassing Mount taylor volcano has revealed three small shallow intrusive bodies of olivine gabbro and a scoria cone containing 0.5 m long blocks of similar olivine gabbro. these gabbros resemble a large gabbro plug within the amphitheater of Mount taylor in age (3.26 to 2.68 Ma), mineralogy (plagioclase-clinopyroxene-olivine) and fine- to medium-grained texture (average grain size 0.55 to 1.25 mm). Major-element geochemistry indicates the shallow gabbros are similar to trachybasalt lavas erupted in and around Mount taylor from 3.2 to 1.7 Ma. in contrast, shallow olivine gabbros do not chemically resemble medium- to coarse-grained gabbroic xenoliths (mostly orthopyroxene-bearing norite) found in some trachybasalt lavas around Mount taylor. Co-magmatic trachybasalt and shallow gabbro bodies occur in other volcanic terrains (e.g., Stromboli, italy). Coarser grained gabbroic xenoliths co-existing with trachybasalt lavas are noritic and are believed to have a mantle or deep crustal source (e.g., Colton crater, aZ and Mauna Kea, hi). three small areas around Mount taylor have unusual upheaved structure that we postulate may be caused by intrusion of shallow small volume gabbro bodies: San Fidel Dome, Devil Canyon Dome and american Canyon uplift. a low amplitude (± 20 gamma) positive aeromagnetic anomaly above the Devil Canyon dome supports the interpretation that it is underlain by a magnetite-bearing mafic intrusion at depth.
{"title":"Gabbroic shallow intrusions and lava-hosted xenoliths in the Mount Taylor area, New Mexico","authors":"F. Goff, J. Wolff, W. Mcintosh, S. Kelley","doi":"10.56577/ffc-64.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-64.143","url":null,"abstract":"—Recent detailed geologic mapping of six quadrangles encompassing Mount taylor volcano has revealed three small shallow intrusive bodies of olivine gabbro and a scoria cone containing 0.5 m long blocks of similar olivine gabbro. these gabbros resemble a large gabbro plug within the amphitheater of Mount taylor in age (3.26 to 2.68 Ma), mineralogy (plagioclase-clinopyroxene-olivine) and fine- to medium-grained texture (average grain size 0.55 to 1.25 mm). Major-element geochemistry indicates the shallow gabbros are similar to trachybasalt lavas erupted in and around Mount taylor from 3.2 to 1.7 Ma. in contrast, shallow olivine gabbros do not chemically resemble medium- to coarse-grained gabbroic xenoliths (mostly orthopyroxene-bearing norite) found in some trachybasalt lavas around Mount taylor. Co-magmatic trachybasalt and shallow gabbro bodies occur in other volcanic terrains (e.g., Stromboli, italy). Coarser grained gabbroic xenoliths co-existing with trachybasalt lavas are noritic and are believed to have a mantle or deep crustal source (e.g., Colton crater, aZ and Mauna Kea, hi). three small areas around Mount taylor have unusual upheaved structure that we postulate may be caused by intrusion of shallow small volume gabbro bodies: San Fidel Dome, Devil Canyon Dome and american Canyon uplift. a low amplitude (± 20 gamma) positive aeromagnetic anomaly above the Devil Canyon dome supports the interpretation that it is underlain by a magnetite-bearing mafic intrusion at depth.","PeriodicalId":367315,"journal":{"name":"Geology of Route 66 Region: Flagstaff to Grants","volume":"234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133191065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kolomaznik, J. Ricketts, A. Priewisch, L. Crossey, K. Karlstrom, Y. Asmerom, V. Polyak
—Travertine deposits associated with fluvial terraces in Carrizo Arroyo, central New Mexico indicate that Plio-Pleistocene incision rates in this area have fluctuated since 3.7 Ma. Carrizo Arroyo is an east-west trending intermittent tributary to the Rio Puerco on the west side of the Rio Grande rift. It has incised deeply into the Carrizo Mesa basalt (3.7 ± 0.4 Ma) and underlying Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata exposed by the Lucero uplift. Based on the age of the Carrizo Mesa basalt and its height above the modern streambed (~ 183 m), Carrizo Arroyo incised at a minimum long-term average of 50 m/my over the history of the arroyo. Since the deposition of the basalt, terraces of abandoned river deposits were deposited at different elevations above the modern stream in Carrizo Arroyo. These terraces contain travertine as both flowstone and gravel-coating cement. We used the travertine in these terrace remnants to calculate late Pliocene and Quaternary incision rates since 3.7 Ma using the U-series radiogenic method. The terraces with travertine deposits located at 2, 18, and 130 m above the present stream give U-series and model ages of 3 ka ±0.015 ka, 170-180 ka ±1 ka, and 1180 ka ±440 ka, respectively. This indicates that the drainage incised at an average rate of ~19 m/my from 3.7 Ma to 1180 ka, but subsequent incision increased dramati - cally to ~150 m/my. The nearby lower Rio Puerco shows a similar incision history, with increased incision rates around 1 Ma. This regional trend may reflect: (1) climatic changes, which resulted in more erosive conditions during the late Pleistocene, (2) surface uplift due to Quaternary volcanism and mantle driven uplift associated with the Jemez lineament, and/or (3) integration of the Rio Grande system through the Albuquerque Basin.
{"title":"U-series dating and stable isotope analysis of Quaternary travertines with implications for incision rates in western Rio Grande rift, Carrizo Arroyo, New Mexico","authors":"M. Kolomaznik, J. Ricketts, A. Priewisch, L. Crossey, K. Karlstrom, Y. Asmerom, V. Polyak","doi":"10.56577/ffc-64.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-64.199","url":null,"abstract":"—Travertine deposits associated with fluvial terraces in Carrizo Arroyo, central New Mexico indicate that Plio-Pleistocene incision rates in this area have fluctuated since 3.7 Ma. Carrizo Arroyo is an east-west trending intermittent tributary to the Rio Puerco on the west side of the Rio Grande rift. It has incised deeply into the Carrizo Mesa basalt (3.7 ± 0.4 Ma) and underlying Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata exposed by the Lucero uplift. Based on the age of the Carrizo Mesa basalt and its height above the modern streambed (~ 183 m), Carrizo Arroyo incised at a minimum long-term average of 50 m/my over the history of the arroyo. Since the deposition of the basalt, terraces of abandoned river deposits were deposited at different elevations above the modern stream in Carrizo Arroyo. These terraces contain travertine as both flowstone and gravel-coating cement. We used the travertine in these terrace remnants to calculate late Pliocene and Quaternary incision rates since 3.7 Ma using the U-series radiogenic method. The terraces with travertine deposits located at 2, 18, and 130 m above the present stream give U-series and model ages of 3 ka ±0.015 ka, 170-180 ka ±1 ka, and 1180 ka ±440 ka, respectively. This indicates that the drainage incised at an average rate of ~19 m/my from 3.7 Ma to 1180 ka, but subsequent incision increased dramati - cally to ~150 m/my. The nearby lower Rio Puerco shows a similar incision history, with increased incision rates around 1 Ma. This regional trend may reflect: (1) climatic changes, which resulted in more erosive conditions during the late Pleistocene, (2) surface uplift due to Quaternary volcanism and mantle driven uplift associated with the Jemez lineament, and/or (3) integration of the Rio Grande system through the Albuquerque Basin.","PeriodicalId":367315,"journal":{"name":"Geology of Route 66 Region: Flagstaff to Grants","volume":"223 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122812612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Third-day road log: Pre-trip - From El Rancho Hotel, Gallup, NM to Northwest Regional Visitor's Center in Grants, NM","authors":"K. Zeigler, J. Timmons, S. Semken","doi":"10.56577/ffc-64.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-64.50","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":367315,"journal":{"name":"Geology of Route 66 Region: Flagstaff to Grants","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129768220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pre-meeting road log: Flagstaff to Grand Canyon Visitor Center via Highways 180 and 64","authors":"W. Duffield","doi":"10.56577/ffc-64.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-64.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":367315,"journal":{"name":"Geology of Route 66 Region: Flagstaff to Grants","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127044259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. McLemore, B. Hill, Niranjan Khalsa, Susan A. Lucas Kamat
The Grants uranium district, which extends from east of Laguna to west of Gallup in the San juan Basin is probably 4th in total historical world production behind east Germany, the athabasca Basin in Canada, and South africa. Sandstone uranium deposits account for the majority of the uranium production from the Grants district and the most significant deposits are those in the Morrison Formation, specifically the Westwater Canyon Member, where more than 169,500 short tons of u3o8 were produced from 1950 to 2002. At least 114 major mines and undeveloped deposits are found in eight subdistricts in the Grants district, but only four projects offer the potential to produce in the near-term: Roca Honda, Mount Taylor, La jara Mesa, and Church Rock Section 8. although deposits currently producing elsewhere tend to be higher grade and/or larger tonnage, the Grants district still contains a large enough resource to have a major impact on the global uranium supply. The economic feasibility of mining a number of these deposits will increase with the licensing and construction of a regional mill, improved in situ recovery technologies, decreasing production costs, and an increase in world-wide uranium consumption.
格兰茨铀矿区从圣胡安盆地的拉古纳东部延伸到盖洛普西部，其历史总产量可能排在世界第四，仅次于东德、加拿大的阿萨巴斯卡盆地和南非。砂岩铀矿床占格兰特地区铀产量的大部分，最重要的矿床是莫里森组，特别是韦斯特沃特峡谷成员，从1950年到2002年，那里生产了超过169,500短吨的u308。在Grants地区的8个街道中发现了至少114个主要矿山和未开发矿床，但只有四个项目具有近期生产潜力:Roca Honda, Mount Taylor, La jara Mesa和Church Rock Section 8。虽然目前在其他地方生产的矿床往往品位更高和(或)吨位更大，但格兰茨地区仍然拥有足够大的资源，足以对全球铀供应产生重大影响。随着一个区域工厂的许可和建造、就地回收技术的改进、生产成本的降低以及世界范围内铀消耗量的增加，开采这些矿床的经济可行性将会增加。
{"title":"Uranium resources in the Grants uranium district, New Mexico: An update","authors":"V. McLemore, B. Hill, Niranjan Khalsa, Susan A. Lucas Kamat","doi":"10.56577/ffc-64.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-64.117","url":null,"abstract":"The Grants uranium district, which extends from east of Laguna to west of Gallup in the San juan Basin is probably 4th in total historical world production behind east Germany, the athabasca Basin in Canada, and South africa. Sandstone uranium deposits account for the majority of the uranium production from the Grants district and the most significant deposits are those in the Morrison Formation, specifically the Westwater Canyon Member, where more than 169,500 short tons of u3o8 were produced from 1950 to 2002. At least 114 major mines and undeveloped deposits are found in eight subdistricts in the Grants district, but only four projects offer the potential to produce in the near-term: Roca Honda, Mount Taylor, La jara Mesa, and Church Rock Section 8. although deposits currently producing elsewhere tend to be higher grade and/or larger tonnage, the Grants district still contains a large enough resource to have a major impact on the global uranium supply. The economic feasibility of mining a number of these deposits will increase with the licensing and construction of a regional mill, improved in situ recovery technologies, decreasing production costs, and an increase in world-wide uranium consumption.","PeriodicalId":367315,"journal":{"name":"Geology of Route 66 Region: Flagstaff to Grants","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132471707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
—We utilize sedimentologic and stratigraphic relations in an exposure containing the Lava Creek B ash to inter- pret surficial processes and local landscape stability during a pluvial-interpluvial paleoclimate change. The exposure of interest shows paleotopography along the southwestern valley margin of the Rio Puerco, a 250 km-long tributary of the Rio Grande that did not experience glaciation in its headwaters. Several previous studies support the premise that the 0.639 Ma Lava Creek B ash fell at a glacial-interglacial transition (Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages 16-15). Five incision-backfilling events occurred during a poorly constrained time interval (probably 104 to 105 yrs) prior to ash emplacement; the two younger fills contain coarser alluvium and more evidence of local mass wasting than the three older fills. The voluminous Lava Creek B ash induced an abrupt switch from hillslope and valley floor erosion, which had produced 15-18 m of paleotopographic relief, to long-term aggradation of the valley floor. After ash emplacment, there was a brief (~100-1000 yr) episode of relative landscape stability and low aggradation rates, in which parts of the valley bottom experienced bioturbation and weak pedogenesis. Meanwhile, a mantle of ash and ashy colluvium was preserved on northeast-facing hillslopes. After this brief period of relative landscape stability, the Rio Puerco valley bottom experienced higher deposition rates, initially accompanied by a large component of tributary-derived sediment, which on-lapped the ash-mantled paleo-hillslopes and produced >25 m of alluvial fill thickness. Tributary sediment would have been eroded from local hillslopes or upstream alluvial storage, but hillslope erosion is not evident at our site -- perhaps because of the northeast aspect of the paleo-hillslopes. If the latter two of the pre-ash cut-and-fills are related to a full-pluvial climate, then such a climate promoted hillslope mass-wasting and alluvial storage in headwater gullies. Hillslope erosion characterized the initial pluvial-interpluvial transition, possibly because of higher intensity precipitation events and/or less effective vegetative cover, which delivered more sediment to the valley bottoms than the Rio Puerco could transport downstream (even though it had more competency than the modern river). This resulted in significant aggradation during the pluvial-interpluvial transition. Finer-grained aggradation possibly continued into the drier full-interglacial, based on analogy to the Holocene, but these inferred, fine-grained deposits were later eroded.
{"title":"Deciphering local landscape stability and surficial processes at a paleovalley margin during a pluvial-interpluvial transition, central New Mexico","authors":"D. Koning, C. Cikoski, N. Dunbar","doi":"10.56577/ffc-64.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-64.181","url":null,"abstract":"—We utilize sedimentologic and stratigraphic relations in an exposure containing the Lava Creek B ash to inter- pret surficial processes and local landscape stability during a pluvial-interpluvial paleoclimate change. The exposure of interest shows paleotopography along the southwestern valley margin of the Rio Puerco, a 250 km-long tributary of the Rio Grande that did not experience glaciation in its headwaters. Several previous studies support the premise that the 0.639 Ma Lava Creek B ash fell at a glacial-interglacial transition (Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages 16-15). Five incision-backfilling events occurred during a poorly constrained time interval (probably 104 to 105 yrs) prior to ash emplacement; the two younger fills contain coarser alluvium and more evidence of local mass wasting than the three older fills. The voluminous Lava Creek B ash induced an abrupt switch from hillslope and valley floor erosion, which had produced 15-18 m of paleotopographic relief, to long-term aggradation of the valley floor. After ash emplacment, there was a brief (~100-1000 yr) episode of relative landscape stability and low aggradation rates, in which parts of the valley bottom experienced bioturbation and weak pedogenesis. Meanwhile, a mantle of ash and ashy colluvium was preserved on northeast-facing hillslopes. After this brief period of relative landscape stability, the Rio Puerco valley bottom experienced higher deposition rates, initially accompanied by a large component of tributary-derived sediment, which on-lapped the ash-mantled paleo-hillslopes and produced >25 m of alluvial fill thickness. Tributary sediment would have been eroded from local hillslopes or upstream alluvial storage, but hillslope erosion is not evident at our site -- perhaps because of the northeast aspect of the paleo-hillslopes. If the latter two of the pre-ash cut-and-fills are related to a full-pluvial climate, then such a climate promoted hillslope mass-wasting and alluvial storage in headwater gullies. Hillslope erosion characterized the initial pluvial-interpluvial transition, possibly because of higher intensity precipitation events and/or less effective vegetative cover, which delivered more sediment to the valley bottoms than the Rio Puerco could transport downstream (even though it had more competency than the modern river). This resulted in significant aggradation during the pluvial-interpluvial transition. Finer-grained aggradation possibly continued into the drier full-interglacial, based on analogy to the Holocene, but these inferred, fine-grained deposits were later eroded.","PeriodicalId":367315,"journal":{"name":"Geology of Route 66 Region: Flagstaff to Grants","volume":"498 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134395483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
—For as well known and highly regarded as the Grand Canyon is, its precise age and the specific processes involved in its formation remain somewhat elusive to the geologist. This is not due to a lack of trying, for the great gorge has been the subject of passionate inquiry since John Strong Newberry first laid eyes on it over 155 years ago. Research into the canyon’s origin has accelerated greatly since the turn of the millennium and a survey of the ever evolving ideas related to its development can serve to frame the foundations of many modern proposals. Historic ideas on the canyon’s origin gener- ally sought to relate the deeply dissected modern landscape (that continues to captivate practically anyone who encounters it), with the possible evolution of the Colorado River. The earliest geologists however, could not perceive of the dynamism that can be involved in a rivers’ history, nor could they benefit from a larger understanding of the tectonic evolution of the American Cordillera. It took nearly seventy years of research before definitive evidence was found that showed that the modern Colorado River, one that begins in the Rocky Mountains and drains across the elevated Colorado Plateau to the foundered Basin and Range and the Gulf of California, might actually be one of the younger geologic features found upon the southwestern landscape. Since this relative youthfulness of the river has been detected, myriad searches for prior ancestors, cut-off chan-nels, past configurations, or flow reversals have been postulated, presented, debated upon and accepted or rejected. Ideas that the river and canyon might be as old as the Laramide Orogeny have never gone away but consensus points to younger dates. A familiarity with historic theories for how the Grand Canyon and Colorado River evolved is presented below to help to frame modern debate.
{"title":"A short history of ideas on the origin of the Grand Canyon","authors":"W. Ranney","doi":"10.56577/ffc-64.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-64.167","url":null,"abstract":"—For as well known and highly regarded as the Grand Canyon is, its precise age and the specific processes involved in its formation remain somewhat elusive to the geologist. This is not due to a lack of trying, for the great gorge has been the subject of passionate inquiry since John Strong Newberry first laid eyes on it over 155 years ago. Research into the canyon’s origin has accelerated greatly since the turn of the millennium and a survey of the ever evolving ideas related to its development can serve to frame the foundations of many modern proposals. Historic ideas on the canyon’s origin gener- ally sought to relate the deeply dissected modern landscape (that continues to captivate practically anyone who encounters it), with the possible evolution of the Colorado River. The earliest geologists however, could not perceive of the dynamism that can be involved in a rivers’ history, nor could they benefit from a larger understanding of the tectonic evolution of the American Cordillera. It took nearly seventy years of research before definitive evidence was found that showed that the modern Colorado River, one that begins in the Rocky Mountains and drains across the elevated Colorado Plateau to the foundered Basin and Range and the Gulf of California, might actually be one of the younger geologic features found upon the southwestern landscape. Since this relative youthfulness of the river has been detected, myriad searches for prior ancestors, cut-off chan-nels, past configurations, or flow reversals have been postulated, presented, debated upon and accepted or rejected. Ideas that the river and canyon might be as old as the Laramide Orogeny have never gone away but consensus points to younger dates. A familiarity with historic theories for how the Grand Canyon and Colorado River evolved is presented below to help to frame modern debate.","PeriodicalId":367315,"journal":{"name":"Geology of Route 66 Region: Flagstaff to Grants","volume":"25 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125677509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Third-day road log: Post-meeting optional road log - Grants to the Rio Puerco","authors":"C. Cikoski, Dan K. Koning, K. Zeigler, J. Timmons","doi":"10.56577/ffc-64.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-64.86","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":367315,"journal":{"name":"Geology of Route 66 Region: Flagstaff to Grants","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122997466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
—Relatively high-volume springs (100-300 gpm; 6-19 l/s) discharge from the Permian San Andres-Glorieta (Psg) aquifer and interconnected Quaternary alluvium and fractured basalt (Qal/Qb) aquifers on the Zuni Reservation in west-central New Mexico. Psg springs in the Nutria area, near the recharge source in the Zuni Mountains, exhibit a mixture of modern (<5-10 year old) and pre-1952 recharge, indicating spring discharge from shallow and deep circulation systems near the mountain front. Psg springs in the Ojo Caliente area are fen-type springs that represent predominantly or entirely pre- 1952 recharge. Stable isotope ( δ 18 O and δ 2 H) data are consistent with high elevation, winter precipitation recharge for Nutria Psg springs and a lower elevation North Plains/Continental Divide recharge source southeast of the reservation for the Ojo Caliente springs. Alluvial springs in the Black Rock area exhibit lower-elevation, modern recharge, whereas discharge from Pescado-area alluvial springs exhibit higher-elevation, predominantly pre-1952 recharge. The recharge source for Pescado springs is likely winter precipitation in the Zuni Mountains, whereas Black Rock alluvial springs have local recharge sources on uplands within the reservation. Springs in both areas discharge from an interconnected alluvial/fractured basalt flow system. Springs discharging from the Rock Point Fm/Zuni sandstone aquifer exhibit variable recharge, with some receiving rapid recharge from winter precipitation and others receiving older recharge from summer monsoonal precipitation. Spring discharge measurements collected during 2007-2009, when compared to earlier studies by Orr (1987) and Summers (1972), suggest a generally declining trend in spring flows between 1972 and 2009. This apparent decline in spring discharge could be due to increased groundwater diversions in the Zuni Mountains, Zuni River basin, and regionally in the Psg aquifer, fluctuations in precipitation, variations in measurement methodologies, or a combination of these factors. Increasing spring flows after 2009 correspond to above-normal winter precipitation, particularly snow moisture content, recorded at one precipi tation station and three snow courses in the recharge area.
-相对大容量的弹簧(100- 300gpm;新墨西哥州中西部Zuni保护区二叠纪San andreas - glorieta (Psg)含水层和互连的第四纪冲积层和断裂玄武岩(Qal/Qb)含水层的6-19 l/s)排放。靠近祖尼山脉补给源的Nutria地区Psg泉表现为现代(<5-10年)和1952年以前补给的混合，表明山前附近浅循环系统和深循环系统的泉水排放。Ojo Caliente地区的Psg泉为芬型泉，主要或全部代表1952年以前的补给。稳定同位素(δ 18o和δ 2h)数据与Nutria Psg泉的高海拔冬季降水补给和Ojo Caliente泉的低海拔北部平原/大陆分水岭补给源一致。黑岩地区的冲积泉表现为低海拔的现代补给，而佩斯卡多地区的冲积泉则表现为高海拔的，主要是1952年以前的补给。Pescado泉的补给来源可能是祖尼山脉的冬季降水，而Black Rock冲积泉在保留区内的高地上有当地的补给来源。这两个地区的泉水都来自一个相互连接的冲积/断裂玄武岩流系统。从Rock Point Fm/Zuni砂岩含水层流出的泉水表现出不同的补给，一些泉水从冬季降水中获得快速补给，另一些泉水从夏季季风降水中获得较早的补给。与Orr(1987)和Summers(1972)的早期研究相比，2007-2009年收集的春季流量测量表明，1972 -2009年春季流量总体呈下降趋势。春季流量的明显下降可能是由于祖尼山脉、祖尼河流域和Psg含水层的地下水改道增加、降水波动、测量方法的变化或这些因素的组合。2009年以后春流量的增加对应于冬季降水，特别是积雪含水量高于正常水平，在一个降水站点和补给区三个雪道记录。
{"title":"Recharge sources and characteristics of springs on the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico","authors":"P. Drakos, J. Riesterer, K. Bemis","doi":"10.56577/ffc-64.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-64.205","url":null,"abstract":"—Relatively high-volume springs (100-300 gpm; 6-19 l/s) discharge from the Permian San Andres-Glorieta (Psg) aquifer and interconnected Quaternary alluvium and fractured basalt (Qal/Qb) aquifers on the Zuni Reservation in west-central New Mexico. Psg springs in the Nutria area, near the recharge source in the Zuni Mountains, exhibit a mixture of modern (<5-10 year old) and pre-1952 recharge, indicating spring discharge from shallow and deep circulation systems near the mountain front. Psg springs in the Ojo Caliente area are fen-type springs that represent predominantly or entirely pre- 1952 recharge. Stable isotope ( δ 18 O and δ 2 H) data are consistent with high elevation, winter precipitation recharge for Nutria Psg springs and a lower elevation North Plains/Continental Divide recharge source southeast of the reservation for the Ojo Caliente springs. Alluvial springs in the Black Rock area exhibit lower-elevation, modern recharge, whereas discharge from Pescado-area alluvial springs exhibit higher-elevation, predominantly pre-1952 recharge. The recharge source for Pescado springs is likely winter precipitation in the Zuni Mountains, whereas Black Rock alluvial springs have local recharge sources on uplands within the reservation. Springs in both areas discharge from an interconnected alluvial/fractured basalt flow system. Springs discharging from the Rock Point Fm/Zuni sandstone aquifer exhibit variable recharge, with some receiving rapid recharge from winter precipitation and others receiving older recharge from summer monsoonal precipitation. Spring discharge measurements collected during 2007-2009, when compared to earlier studies by Orr (1987) and Summers (1972), suggest a generally declining trend in spring flows between 1972 and 2009. This apparent decline in spring discharge could be due to increased groundwater diversions in the Zuni Mountains, Zuni River basin, and regionally in the Psg aquifer, fluctuations in precipitation, variations in measurement methodologies, or a combination of these factors. Increasing spring flows after 2009 correspond to above-normal winter precipitation, particularly snow moisture content, recorded at one precipi tation station and three snow courses in the recharge area.","PeriodicalId":367315,"journal":{"name":"Geology of Route 66 Region: Flagstaff to Grants","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124752906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geology and mineral resources in the Zuni Mountains mining district, Cibola County, New Mexico: Revisitied","authors":"V. McLemore","doi":"10.56577/ffc-64.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-64.131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":367315,"journal":{"name":"Geology of Route 66 Region: Flagstaff to Grants","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123943224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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