International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension最新文献_第2页

LDL-cholesterol targets as Achilles’ heel of 2020 ISH guidelines ldl -胆固醇目标是2020年ISH指南的阿喀琉斯之踵

Q4 Medicine

International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100078

Krzysztof J. Filipiak

引用次数: 0

Strategies to improve blood pressure control: A step forward to winning the battle 改善血压控制的策略:迈向胜利的一步

Q4 Medicine

International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100070

Speranza Rubattu

Objective

Hypertension represents a common risk factor for all major cardiovascular diseases. The issue of inappropriate blood pressure control in the hypertensive population is a worldwide still unsolved problem, with heavy consequences on the health care systems. A call to action is required to optimize blood pressure control and to reduce the cardiovascular risk.

Methods and results

In this issue of the journal a new study presents the results of a multifaceted complex approach, in the context of a quality improvement program, through the involvement of a high functioning multidisciplinary team. A patient population largely underprivileged, urban and 75% African American, referring to an Internal Medicine Clinic, included a large majority of hypertensive patients with inappropriate blood pressure control. By addressing identified barriers to achieve optimal blood pressure control, the current improvement program pursued the education of physicians, nurses and patients as a key driver to optimize patients-provider communication and to achieve a satisfactory final result.

Conclusions

The strategy described in the study by Sadeghi et al. allowed to maintain positive results for one year and thereafter. Despite some weaknesses, this multifaceted complex approach deserves particular attention since it describes relevant findings that represent a significant step forward to improving blood pressure control in the hypertensive population.

目的高血压是所有主要心血管疾病的共同危险因素。高血压人群血压控制不当的问题是一个世界范围内仍未解决的问题，对卫生保健系统造成严重后果。需要呼吁采取行动，优化血压控制，降低心血管风险。方法和结果在本期杂志上，一项新的研究在质量改进计划的背景下，通过一个高功能的多学科团队的参与，提出了一个多方面的复杂方法的结果。就诊于内科诊所的患者主要是贫困人口、城市居民和75%的非裔美国人，其中包括绝大多数血压控制不当的高血压患者。通过解决已确定的障碍，以达到最佳的血压控制，目前的改进方案追求教育医生，护士和患者作为一个关键的驱动因素，以优化患者与提供者的沟通，并取得令人满意的最终结果。结论:Sadeghi等人在研究中描述的策略可以在一年及以后保持积极的结果。尽管存在一些缺陷，但这种多方面的复杂方法值得特别关注，因为它描述的相关发现代表了改善高血压人群血压控制的重要一步。

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引用次数: 0

Objective short sleep duration and its effect on 24-hour blood pressure 目的探讨短睡眠时间对24小时血压的影响

Q4 Medicine

International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100073

Vitor M. Paixão-Dias

引用次数: 0

Chronological age and vascular age staring at each other on the ring of cardiovascular prevention 实足年龄与血管年龄在心血管预防环上相互凝视

Q4 Medicine

International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100076

Giacomo Pucci, Paolo Verdecchia

引用次数: 0

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and blood pressure control in patients with coronary artery disease—A randomized controlled trial 冠心病患者动态血压监测与血压控制的随机对照试验

Q4 Medicine

International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100074

Oscar Hägglund , Per Svensson , Cecilia Linde , Jan Östergren

Background

Office blood pressure (OBP) is used for diagnosing and treating hypertension but ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) associates more accurately with patient outcome. BP control is important in secondary prevention but it is unknown whether the use of APBM improves BP-control in this setting. Our objective was to investigate whether physician awareness of ABP after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) improved BP-control. Methods: A total of 200 patients performed ABPM before and after their PCI follow-up visit. Patients were randomized to open (O) or concealed (C) ABPM results for the physician at the follow-up visit. The change in ABP and antihypertensive medication in relation to baseline ABP was compared between the two groups. Results: The average OBP (O and C: 128/76 mmHg) and ABP (O: 123/73 mmHg, C: 127/74 mmHg) was well controlled and did not change between the first and second measurement. A slight increase in systolic ABP during night time was observed in the open arm compared to the concealed arm. Among patients with high ABP (>130/80 mm Hg) at baseline more patients in the C compared to O group remained with a high ABP at the end of study 34/44 (77%) vs 19/34 (56%), p = 0.045. There was a positive correlation between baseline systolic ABP and ABP change in both the O (r = 0.41, p < 0.001) and the C (r = 0.24, p = 0.014) groups but the association was steeper in the open group (p = 0.035). In patients with low ABP an increase and in patients with high ABP a decrease in ABP was observed in the O group where more changes in medication were done. Conclusions: ABPM did not lower blood pressure in patients with CAD apart from in those with elevated ABP but led to more relevant changes in antihypertensive treatments. Further studies are needed to answer whether patient outcome is affected.

办公室血压(OBP)用于诊断和治疗高血压，但动态血压测量(ABPM)更准确地与患者预后相关。血压控制在二级预防中很重要，但目前尚不清楚在这种情况下使用APBM是否能改善血压控制。我们的目的是调查医生对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后ABP的认识是否能改善血压控制。方法:共200例患者在PCI随访前后行ABPM。在随访时，将患者随机分为开放(O)或隐藏(C) ABPM结果。比较两组ABP和降压药物与基线ABP的变化。结果:平均OBP (O和C: 128/76 mmHg)和ABP (O: 123/73 mmHg, C: 127/74 mmHg)控制良好，在第一次和第二次测量之间没有变化。与隐蔽组相比，开放组夜间收缩期ABP略有增加。在基线时高ABP (>130/80 mm Hg)的患者中，与O组相比，C组在研究结束时仍保持高ABP的患者更多(34/44 (77%)vs 19/34 (56%)， p = 0.045。两组患者的基线收缩期ABP与ABP变化呈正相关(r = 0.41, p <0.001)和C组(r = 0.24, p = 0.014)，但开放组的相关性更大(p = 0.035)。在低ABP患者中，ABP增加，在高ABP患者中，观察到O组ABP减少，其中药物变化更多。结论:除了ABP升高的患者外，ABPM并未降低CAD患者的血压，但会导致降压治疗的相关变化。需要进一步的研究来回答患者的预后是否受到影响。

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引用次数: 4

Initial orthostatic hypotension and orthostatic intolerance symptom prevalence in older adults: A systematic review 老年人初始直立性低血压和直立性不耐受症状患病率:一项系统综述

Q4 Medicine

International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100071

Elena M. Christopoulos , Jennifer Tran , Sarah L. Hillebrand , Peter W. Lange , Rebecca K. Iseli , Carel G.M. Meskers , Andrea B. Maier

Background

Initial orthostatic hypotension is a clinically relevant syndrome in older adults which has been associated with symptoms of orthostatic intolerance. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the prevalence of orthostatic intolerance symptoms in older adults with initial orthostatic hypotension.

Methods

MEDLINE (from 1946), EMBASE (from 1974) and Cochrane were searched to December 6th^, 2019 using the terms “initial orthostatic hypotension”, “postural hypotension” and “older adults”. Study selection involved the following criteria: published in English; mean or median age $\geq$ 65 years and diagnosis of initial orthostatic hypotension encompassed a decrease in systolic blood pressure by ≥ 40 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure by ≥ 20 mmHg within a maximum of 1 min following a postural change.

Results

Of 8311 articles, 12 articles reporting initial orthostatic hypotension prevalence in 3446 participants with a mean age of 75 (6 SD) years (56.5% female) were included. Five initial orthostatic hypotension definition variations were utilised and symptoms were reported in six articles (968 participants, mean age 73.4 (6.1 SD) years, 56% female). The prevalence of symptoms in older adults with initial orthostatic hypotension ranged from 24 to 100% and was dependent on variations in timing or the inclusion of symptoms in the initial orthostatic hypotension definition.

Conclusions

Where orthostatic intolerance symptoms were reported, a large proportion of older adults with a diagnosis of initial orthostatic hypotension were symptomatic. However, the literature on initial orthostatic hypotension and orthostatic intolerance symptoms is scarce and a variety of definitions of initial orthostatic hypotension are utilised.

背景:原发性直立性低血压是老年人临床相关综合征，与直立性不耐受症状相关。本系统综述的目的是确定患有初始直立性低血压的老年人直立性不耐受症状的患病率。方法检索medline(1946年起)、EMBASE(1974年起)和Cochrane，检索词为“初始体位性低血压”、“体位性低血压”和“老年人”，检索至2019年12月6日。研究选择包括以下标准:以英文出版;平均或中位年龄≥65岁，初次体位性低血压的诊断包括在体位改变后最多1分钟内收缩压降低≥40 mmHg和/或舒张压降低≥20 mmHg。结果在8311篇文章中，12篇文章报道了3446名平均年龄为75 (6 SD)岁的参与者(56.5%为女性)的初始直立性低血压患病率。使用了五种初始直立性低血压定义变化，并在六篇文章中报告了症状(968名参与者，平均年龄73.4 (6.1 SD)岁，56%为女性)。初始体位性低血压的老年人中症状的发生率从24%到100%不等，这取决于时间的变化或初始体位性低血压定义中包含的症状。结论:在报告直立性不耐受症状的老年人中，大部分诊断为初始直立性低血压的老年人都有症状。然而，关于初始直立性低血压和直立性不耐受症状的文献很少，并且使用了各种初始直立性低血压的定义。

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引用次数: 6

American, European and international hypertension guidelines: Time to shake hands? 美国、欧洲和国际高血压指南:是时候握手了?

Q4 Medicine

International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100075

Christina Antza, Ioannis Doundoulakis, Stella Stabouli, Vasilios Kotsis

Background

Following evidence-based medicine through guidelines is the first step to successfully treat hypertension and prevent cardiovascular outcomes.

Methods

This study compares the recommendations of the most recent American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Society of Hypertension (ESH) blood pressure and International Society of Hypertension (ISH) focusing on prevalent contrasts among guidelines on when, how and in whom start the treatment, which is a major health implications of guidelines.

Results

The three guidelines disagree for the cut-off values in the definition of hypertension. Due to the different cut-off values of BP at the definition of hypertension, a patient may be misclassified to one of the four phenotypes of BP from office and out of office measurements, based to which guidelines are followed by the physicians. In addition to this, each society propose different risk score to evaluate the cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension.

Conclusion

These differences cause a confusion not only to the general practitioners, but also the hypertension experts about the correct approach. The poor agreement between guidelines and diagnostic tools implies a huge number of patients remained unknown whether they should receive treatment.

背景:遵循循证医学指南是成功治疗高血压和预防心血管疾病的第一步。方法本研究比较了最新的美国心脏病学会(ACC)/美国心脏协会(AHA)、欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)/欧洲高血压学会(ESH)和国际高血压学会(ISH)的血压建议，重点比较了指南中关于何时、如何以及在谁身上开始治疗的普遍差异，这是指南的主要健康意义。结果3份指南对高血压定义的临界值不一致。由于高血压定义时血压的临界值不同，在办公室和办公室外测量时，患者可能被错误地分类为四种血压表型之一，医生根据这些表型遵循指南。除此之外，各个协会还提出了不同的风险评分来评价高血压患者的心血管风险。结论这些差异不仅给全科医生造成困惑，也给高血压专家造成困惑。指南和诊断工具之间的不一致意味着大量患者仍然不知道他们是否应该接受治疗。

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引用次数: 8

The area under curve for time-course analysis parameters is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms and the severity of peripheral artery disease in men 时间过程分析参数的曲线下面积与男性腹主动脉瘤和外周动脉疾病的严重程度有关

Q4 Medicine

International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100080

Nao Konno , Taku Harada , Daijirou Akamatsu , Hitoshi Goto , Takashi Miki , Takashi Kamei , Masahiro Kohzuki

Background

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction. To date, flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation (NMD) have been used to evaluate vascular function. Recently, parameters of time-course analysis have been proposed as useful evaluations for arteriosclerotic diseases. In this study, the correlation between the parameters of time-course analysis, to the degree of vascular endothelial damage in AAA and PAD, together with their applicability as a vascular function test, was investigated.

Methods

Brachial artery vasoreactivity was assessed in male patients with AAA (n = 150) and PAD (n = 50). The percentage change in peak diameters (ΔFMD and ΔNMD), the time to diameter change, the time to peak diameter from the diameter change, the blood flow decay time constant, the area under the curve (AUC), the maximum dilation rate and the extended time constant were measured.

Results

Among the groups of aneurysm diameter in AAA, the FMD-AUC was highly different (p = .01), while the ΔFMD was not significantly different (p = .36). Among the Fontaine stages in PAD, the FMD-AUC was inversely associated with severity (p = .01) although the ΔFMD was not significantly different (p = .71). Among the Fontaine stages, the NMD-AUC was also inversely associated with severity (p = .03) although the ΔNMD was not significantly different (p = .11).

Conclusion

This study suggests that FMD-AUC and NMD-AUC are useful for estimating vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle dysfunction, serving as supplementary markers for the diagnosis and evaluation of PAD and AAA.

背景腹主动脉瘤(AAA)和外周动脉疾病(PAD)与血管内皮功能障碍相关。迄今为止，血流介导的血管舒张(FMD)和硝酸甘油介导的血管舒张(NMD)已被用于评估血管功能。近年来，时间过程分析参数被提出作为动脉硬化性疾病的有用评价。本研究探讨了时间过程分析参数与AAA和PAD血管内皮损伤程度的相关性，以及其作为血管功能测试的适用性。方法对男性AAA (n = 150)和PAD (n = 50)患者进行肱动脉血管反应性评估。测量了血流量衰减时间常数、曲线下面积(AUC)、最大扩张率和延长时间常数，测量了血流量衰减时间常数(ΔFMD和ΔNMD)、到直径变化的时间、从直径变化到直径变化的时间。结果AAA动脉瘤直径组间FMD-AUC差异较大(p = 0.01)， ΔFMD差异无统计学意义(p = 0.36)。在PAD的Fontaine分期中，FMD-AUC与严重程度呈负相关(p = 0.01)，尽管ΔFMD无显著差异(p = 0.71)。在Fontaine分期中，NMD-AUC也与严重程度呈负相关(p = .03)，尽管ΔNMD无显著差异(p = .11)。结论FMD-AUC和NMD-AUC可用于评估血管内皮和血管平滑肌功能障碍，可作为PAD和AAA诊断和评价的辅助指标。

{"title":"The area under curve for time-course analysis parameters is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms and the severity of peripheral artery disease in men","authors":"Nao Konno , Taku Harada , Daijirou Akamatsu , Hitoshi Goto , Takashi Miki , Takashi Kamei , Masahiro Kohzuki","doi":"10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction. To date, flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation (NMD) have been used to evaluate vascular function. Recently, parameters of time-course analysis have been proposed as useful evaluations for arteriosclerotic diseases. In this study, the correlation between the parameters of time-course analysis, to the degree of vascular endothelial damage in AAA and PAD, together with their applicability as a vascular function test, was investigated.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Brachial artery vasoreactivity was assessed in male patients with AAA (n = 150) and PAD (n = 50). The percentage change in peak diameters (ΔFMD and ΔNMD), the time to diameter change, the time to peak diameter from the diameter change, the blood flow decay time constant, the area under the curve (AUC), the maximum dilation rate and the extended time constant were measured.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among the groups of aneurysm diameter in AAA, the FMD-AUC was highly different (p = .01), while the ΔFMD was not significantly different (p = .36). Among the Fontaine stages in PAD, the FMD-AUC was inversely associated with severity (p = .01) although the ΔFMD was not significantly different (p = .71). Among the Fontaine stages, the NMD-AUC was also inversely associated with severity (p = .03) although the ΔNMD was not significantly different (p = .11).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study suggests that FMD-AUC and NMD-AUC are useful for estimating vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle dysfunction, serving as supplementary markers for the diagnosis and evaluation of PAD and AAA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25416202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The relationship of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status to selected modifiable risk factors in coronary artery disease patients 冠心病患者脂质过氧化和抗氧化状态与可改变危险因素的关系

Q4 Medicine

International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100077

Anoop Vijayan , V. Chithra , C. Sandhya

Background

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is found to be associated with a wide range of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.

Aim of the Study

To evaluate the relationship of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status to selected modifiable risk factors in angiographically proven CAD patients.

Methods

150 angiographically proven CAD patients were categorized into three, based on selected risk factors. Data was collected using proforma and from hospital records. Peroxidation and antioxidant levels in blood samples were assessed using standard procedures.

Results

In category, I, significantly higher level of lipid peroxidation and the lower enzymatic antioxidant level were observed in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and with both diabetes and hypertension, when compared with patients without these clinical characteristics (p < 0.01). Similar results obtained for patients following a non-vegetarian diet when compared with patients following a vegetarian diet (category II). In BMI based group (category III), patients with BMI>25kg/m2 showed a significant increase in peroxidation and low enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels than those with normal BMI.

Conclusion

The study confirmed a strong association between selected modifiable risk factors, higher lipid peroxidation, and lower antioxidant levels in angiographically proven CAD patients. This provides leads in the management of cardiovascular events in CAD patients.

背景冠状动脉疾病(CAD)被发现与一系列可改变和不可改变的危险因素相关。研究目的:评价血管造影证实的冠心病患者脂质过氧化和抗氧化状态与可改变危险因素的关系。方法将150例经血管造影证实的冠心病患者根据选定的危险因素分为三类。使用形式表格和医院记录收集数据。使用标准程序评估血液样本中的过氧化和抗氧化水平。结果在第一类中，糖尿病、高血压、糖尿病合并高血压患者的脂质过氧化水平显著高于无上述临床特征的患者，酶促抗氧化水平显著低于无上述临床特征的患者(p <0.01)。与素食者相比，非素食者与素食者(II类)也得到了类似的结果。在BMI基础组(III类)中，BMI为25kg/m2的患者与BMI正常的患者相比，过氧化和低酶和非酶抗氧化水平显著增加。结论:该研究证实，在经血管造影证实的冠心病患者中，某些可改变的危险因素、较高的脂质过氧化和较低的抗氧化剂水平之间存在很强的相关性。这为冠心病患者心血管事件的管理提供了线索。

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引用次数: 3

Risk and clinical outcomes of acute myocardial infarction and acute ischemic stroke following gram-negative bloodstream infection 革兰氏阴性血流感染后急性心肌梗死和急性缺血性卒中的风险和临床结局

Q4 Medicine

International Journal of Cardiology: Hypertension

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100079

Vinh-An D. Vo , Mazen K. Khalil , Majdi N. Al-Hasan

Objectives

This retrospective cohort study examines incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) within one year of gram-negative bloodstream infection (GN-BSI) based on predefined clinical criteria.

Methods

Hospitalized adults with GN-BSI at Prisma Health-Midlands hospitals in South Carolina, USA from 2010 through 2015 were identified. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine incidence of AMI and AIS within one year after GN-BSI. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine risk factors for AMI or AIS and impact on 1-year mortality.

Results

Among 1292 patients with GN-BSI, 263 and 17 developed AMI and AIS within 1-year with incidences of 23.4% and 1.9%, respectively. Majority of AMI were type 2 (164; 62%); 99 patients had type 1 AMI with incidence of 8.9%. Age >65 years (hazard ratio [HR] 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17–1.99), prior coronary artery disease or stroke (HR 1.74, 95% CI: 1.34–2.25), hypertension (HR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.13–2.15), end-stage renal disease (HR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.09–2.08), and quick Pitt bacteremia score (HR 1.55 per point, 95% CI: 1.40–1.72) were predictors of AMI/AIS. Development of type 1 AMI or AIS after GN-BSI was independently associated with increased 1-year mortality (HR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.03–2.07).

Conclusions

AMI and AIS occur frequently within one year of GN-BSI and have negative impact on 1-year survival. Future randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the most effective clinical interventions for prevention of AMI/AIS following BSI in high risk patients and improve survival after these events.

本回顾性队列研究基于预先确定的临床标准，检查一年内革兰氏阴性血流感染(GN-BSI)的急性心肌梗死(AMI)和急性缺血性卒中(AIS)的发病率、危险因素和临床结局。方法选取2010 - 2015年在美国南卡罗来纳州Prisma Health-Midlands医院住院的成人GN-BSI患者。采用Kaplan-Meier分析确定GN-BSI术后1年内AMI和AIS的发生率。采用多变量Cox比例风险回归模型检查AMI或AIS的危险因素及其对1年死亡率的影响。结果1292例GN-BSI患者中，1年内发生AMI和AIS的分别为263例和17例，发生率分别为23.4%和1.9%。AMI以2型为主(164例;62%);1型AMI 99例，发生率8.9%。年龄>65岁(风险比[HR] 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17-1.99)、既往冠状动脉疾病或中风(HR 1.74, 95% CI: 1.34-2.25)、高血压(HR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.13-2.15)、终末期肾病(HR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.09-2.08)和快速皮特菌血症评分(HR 1.55 /分，95% CI: 1.40-1.72)是AMI/AIS的预测因子。GN-BSI后1型AMI或AIS的发展与1年死亡率增加独立相关(HR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.03-2.07)。结论sami和AIS多发生于GN-BSI患者1年内，对患者1年生存率有不利影响。未来的随机临床试验需要确定预防高危患者BSI后AMI/AIS的最有效的临床干预措施，并提高这些事件后的生存率。

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引用次数: 1