C. Siberski, J. Koltes, J. Wickramasinghe, M. Oconitrillo, N. Stepanchenko, R. Appuhamy
and Implications The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a Zn-methionine complex in diet on milk yield, milk component yields, SCC, and milk Zn concentration of Holstein cows around peak lactation. After matching for parity and days in milk (DIM), 12 lactating Holstein cows (67 ± 2.5 DIM; 1385 ± 43 kg BW) were assigned to one of two dietary treatments: 1) control (CTL, n = 6), a TMR diet with 74 mg/kg added Zn in the form of zinc sulfate, n = 6) or 2) CTL supplemented with Zn-methionine complex (Zn-Met, n = 6) providing additional 20 mg of Zn/kg (512 mg/head/d). Dry matter intake (DMI) was lower by 0.8 kg/d for Zn-Met than CTL throughout the study (P = 0.05). Milk yield of Zn-Met decreased compared to CTL (40 vs 42 kg/d, P = 0.01) during the first 35 d but had similar milk yield during the last 35 d of the study. Milk protein and fat percentages, and fat yield were not different between treatments. Milk protein yield was similar between treatments during the first 35 d but tended to increase for Zn-Met (1.41 vs. 1.33 kg/d, P = 0.10) during rest of the study. Cows receiving Zn-methionine complex tended to have lower SCC (126 vs 328 ×103 cells/mL, P = 0.07) and greater concentration of Zn (4.48 vs 4.06 ppm, P = 0.05) in milk throughout the study. Overall, the present Znmethionine complex tended to improve milk protein yield and SCC more prominently as feeding progressed. However, it decreased DMI suggesting a negative impact on palatability of the diet.
本研究的目的是研究饲粮中添加锌-蛋氨酸复合物对泌乳高峰期荷斯坦奶牛产奶量、乳成分产奶量、SCC和乳锌浓度的影响。匹配胎次和泌乳天数(DIM)后，12头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛(67±2.5 DIM;体重为1385±43 kg的雏鸡被分为两组:1)对照(CTL, n = 6)， TMR饲粮中以硫酸锌的形式添加74 mg/kg锌，n = 6)或2)CTL中添加锌-蛋氨酸络合物(Zn- met, n = 6)，额外提供20 mg锌/kg (512 mg/头/d)。锌- met组干物质采食量比CTL组低0.8 kg/d (P = 0.05)。在试验的前35天，锌- met的产奶量与CTL相比有所下降(40 vs 42 kg/d, P = 0.01)，但在试验的后35天产奶量与CTL相似。乳蛋白、乳脂肪率和乳脂肪产量在不同处理间无显著差异。在前35 d，不同处理的乳蛋白产量相似，但在研究的其余时间里，锌- met有增加的趋势(1.41 vs. 1.33 kg/d, P = 0.10)。在整个研究过程中，接受锌-蛋氨酸复合物的奶牛的SCC较低(126 vs 328 ×103细胞/mL, P = 0.07)，牛奶中锌的浓度较高(4.48 vs 4.06 ppm, P = 0.05)。总体而言，随着饲喂的进行，目前的蛋氨酸锌复合物倾向于更显著地提高乳蛋白产量和SCC。然而，它降低了DMI，这表明它对饮食的适口性有负面影响。
{"title":"The Effects of a Zinc-Methionine Supplementation in High Producing Dairy Cows","authors":"C. Siberski, J. Koltes, J. Wickramasinghe, M. Oconitrillo, N. Stepanchenko, R. Appuhamy","doi":"10.31274/AIR.11933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31274/AIR.11933","url":null,"abstract":"and Implications The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a Zn-methionine complex in diet on milk yield, milk component yields, SCC, and milk Zn concentration of Holstein cows around peak lactation. After matching for parity and days in milk (DIM), 12 lactating Holstein cows (67 ± 2.5 DIM; 1385 ± 43 kg BW) were assigned to one of two dietary treatments: 1) control (CTL, n = 6), a TMR diet with 74 mg/kg added Zn in the form of zinc sulfate, n = 6) or 2) CTL supplemented with Zn-methionine complex (Zn-Met, n = 6) providing additional 20 mg of Zn/kg (512 mg/head/d). Dry matter intake (DMI) was lower by 0.8 kg/d for Zn-Met than CTL throughout the study (P = 0.05). Milk yield of Zn-Met decreased compared to CTL (40 vs 42 kg/d, P = 0.01) during the first 35 d but had similar milk yield during the last 35 d of the study. Milk protein and fat percentages, and fat yield were not different between treatments. Milk protein yield was similar between treatments during the first 35 d but tended to increase for Zn-Met (1.41 vs. 1.33 kg/d, P = 0.10) during rest of the study. Cows receiving Zn-methionine complex tended to have lower SCC (126 vs 328 ×103 cells/mL, P = 0.07) and greater concentration of Zn (4.48 vs 4.06 ppm, P = 0.05) in milk throughout the study. Overall, the present Znmethionine complex tended to improve milk protein yield and SCC more prominently as feeding progressed. However, it decreased DMI suggesting a negative impact on palatability of the diet.","PeriodicalId":368864,"journal":{"name":"2020 Iowa State University Animal Industry Report","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129815581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study was conducted to develop non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics using egg white, egg yolk, soy protein, and their combinations, and their nutrient content, shelf-life, and flavor acceptability were compared. The amounts of oleic and linoleic acid content increased as the amount of yolk increased in the formula, but the increases of polyunsaturated fatty acids were < 0.5% of total fat. The addition of egg yolk to the formula increased choline and lutein content in the products, but the amounts were < 0.4 mg/g for choline and 4 mg/g for lutein. The lutein in the products continued to decrease over the storage time, and only about 15-20% of the 0-month amounts were left after 3 months of storage. Although the TBARS values of the spray-dried non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics increased as storage time increased, the values were still low. Yellowness, darkness, and egg flavor/odor of the non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics increased as the amount of egg yolk in the formula increased. The overall acceptability of the non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics was closely related to the intensity of egg flavor/odor, but storage improved their overall acceptance because most of the off-odor volatiles disappeared during the storage. Water temperature was the most important parameter in dissolving spray-dried non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics, and 55-75 oC was the optimal water temperature conditions to dissolve them. Higher amounts of yolk and soy protein combinations in place of egg white reduced the cost of the products significantly and those products contained better and balanced nutrients than the commercial coffee creamers. However, off-flavor and solubility were two important issues in the products.
{"title":"Development of Non-Dairy Creamer Analogs/Mimics for an Alternative of Infant Formula using Egg White, Yolk, and Soy Proteins","authors":"D. Ahn, Xi Huang","doi":"10.31274/AIR.12044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31274/AIR.12044","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to develop non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics using egg white, egg yolk, soy protein, and their combinations, and their nutrient content, shelf-life, and flavor acceptability were compared. The amounts of oleic and linoleic acid content increased as the amount of yolk increased in the formula, but the increases of polyunsaturated fatty acids were < 0.5% of total fat. The addition of egg yolk to the formula increased choline and lutein content in the products, but the amounts were < 0.4 mg/g for choline and 4 mg/g for lutein. The lutein in the products continued to decrease over the storage time, and only about 15-20% of the 0-month amounts were left after 3 months of storage. Although the TBARS values of the spray-dried non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics increased as storage time increased, the values were still low. Yellowness, darkness, and egg flavor/odor of the non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics increased as the amount of egg yolk in the formula increased. The overall acceptability of the non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics was closely related to the intensity of egg flavor/odor, but storage improved their overall acceptance because most of the off-odor volatiles disappeared during the storage. Water temperature was the most important parameter in dissolving spray-dried non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics, and 55-75 oC was the optimal water temperature conditions to dissolve them. Higher amounts of yolk and soy protein combinations in place of egg white reduced the cost of the products significantly and those products contained better and balanced nutrients than the commercial coffee creamers. However, off-flavor and solubility were two important issues in the products.","PeriodicalId":368864,"journal":{"name":"2020 Iowa State University Animal Industry Report","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117005352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Goetz, J. Wickramasinghe, M. Oconitrillo, M. A. Abeyta, N. Stepanchenko, R. Appuhamy
The present study was conducted to examine how dairy heifer calves would respond to a heat stress bout in terms of growth relative to nutrient intake. Nine Holstein and 2 Jersey heifer calves (n = 11) were individually housed and enrolled in a study containing 3 experimental periods (P). Period 1 lasted 7 d during which baseline measurements were obtained. During period 2 (7 d), calves were subjected to diurnal heat stress (dHS) employed by maintaining barn temperature at 33°C (92°F) from 0900 to 2100 h and letting it be equilibrated with outside temperature [24°C (75°F)] during the night. Follow-up measurements were made over 4 d (P3) immediately after dHS. Calves consumed 25% less feed during the day but compensated for it consuming more feed (35%) in night during dHS. Despite DMI (kg/d) being similar between dHS and baseline, ADG and feed efficiency decreased significantly during dHS. These effects are likely consequence of nutrient repartitioning towards the activated immune system and away from productive processes (i.e., growth), as blood haptoglobin increased 3-fold during dHS. Nonetheless, calves exhibited compensatory growth concurrently with increased DMI and drinking water per unit of DMI immediately following dHS. Overall, dHS severely hampers growth and feed efficiency of dairy heifer calves despite unaltered DMI relative to baseline. Understanding nutrient partitioning in calves during and after heat stress could help mitigate the adverse effects and help calves effectively recover from heat stress.
本研究的目的是研究奶牛犊牛在相对于营养摄入的生长方面对热应激的反应。9头荷斯坦小母牛和2头泽西小母牛(n = 11)被单独饲养，并参加了一项包括3个试验期(P)的研究。第1期持续7 d，在此期间获得基线测量值。在第2阶段(7 d)，犊牛接受昼夜热应激(dHS)，从早上9点到2100点，将牲口棚温度保持在33°C(92°F)，并在夜间与室外温度[24°C(75°F)]保持平衡。dHS后立即随访4 d (P3)。犊牛在白天消耗的饲料减少了25%，但在夜间消耗的饲料增加了35%。尽管增重期DMI (kg/d)与基线相似，但增重期ADG和饲料效率显著下降。这些影响可能是营养物质重新分配到激活的免疫系统而远离生产过程(即生长)的结果，因为在dHS期间血液中接触珠蛋白增加了3倍。尽管如此，犊牛在dHS后立即表现出代偿性生长，同时增加了DMI和单位DMI的饮用水。总体而言，尽管相对于基线DMI没有改变，但dHS严重阻碍了奶牛犊牛的生长和饲料效率。了解小牛在热应激期间和之后的营养分配有助于减轻不利影响，帮助小牛有效地从热应激中恢复过来。
{"title":"The effects of diurnal heat stress in dairy heifer calves","authors":"B. Goetz, J. Wickramasinghe, M. Oconitrillo, M. A. Abeyta, N. Stepanchenko, R. Appuhamy","doi":"10.31274/AIR.11927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31274/AIR.11927","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to examine how dairy heifer calves would respond to a heat stress bout in terms of growth relative to nutrient intake. Nine Holstein and 2 Jersey heifer calves (n = 11) were individually housed and enrolled in a study containing 3 experimental periods (P). Period 1 lasted 7 d during which baseline measurements were obtained. During period 2 (7 d), calves were subjected to diurnal heat stress (dHS) employed by maintaining barn temperature at 33°C (92°F) from 0900 to 2100 h and letting it be equilibrated with outside temperature [24°C (75°F)] during the night. Follow-up measurements were made over 4 d (P3) immediately after dHS. Calves consumed 25% less feed during the day but compensated for it consuming more feed (35%) in night during dHS. Despite DMI (kg/d) being similar between dHS and baseline, ADG and feed efficiency decreased significantly during dHS. These effects are likely consequence of nutrient repartitioning towards the activated immune system and away from productive processes (i.e., growth), as blood haptoglobin increased 3-fold during dHS. Nonetheless, calves exhibited compensatory growth concurrently with increased DMI and drinking water per unit of DMI immediately following dHS. Overall, dHS severely hampers growth and feed efficiency of dairy heifer calves despite unaltered DMI relative to baseline. Understanding nutrient partitioning in calves during and after heat stress could help mitigate the adverse effects and help calves effectively recover from heat stress.","PeriodicalId":368864,"journal":{"name":"2020 Iowa State University Animal Industry Report","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129575424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationships among lipid/protein oxidation, color changes, off-taste, and off-odor in irradiated raw beef. The raw beef round eye was prepared and irradiated at 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 kGy using a linear accelerator. Significant increases in lipid oxidation and protein oxidation were found in irradiated raw beef, while significant decreases were observed in the color values (L*-, a*-, and b*-value). The degradation of nucleotides can contribute to the taste changes (increase in sourness and decrease in umami taste) in the irradiated raw beef, which was further confirmed by the electronic tongue data. The sulfur volatiles (e.g.: dimethyl disulfide) from the sulfur-containing amino acids increased significantly after irradiation, indicating these are closely related to the off-odor of irradiated beef.
{"title":"Effect of irradiation on the quality parameters of raw beef","authors":"D. Ahn, Xi Feng","doi":"10.31274/AIR.12043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31274/AIR.12043","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationships among lipid/protein oxidation, color changes, off-taste, and off-odor in irradiated raw beef. The raw beef round eye was prepared and irradiated at 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 kGy using a linear accelerator. Significant increases in lipid oxidation and protein oxidation were found in irradiated raw beef, while significant decreases were observed in the color values (L*-, a*-, and b*-value). The degradation of nucleotides can contribute to the taste changes (increase in sourness and decrease in umami taste) in the irradiated raw beef, which was further confirmed by the electronic tongue data. The sulfur volatiles (e.g.: dimethyl disulfide) from the sulfur-containing amino acids increased significantly after irradiation, indicating these are closely related to the off-odor of irradiated beef.","PeriodicalId":368864,"journal":{"name":"2020 Iowa State University Animal Industry Report","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132522741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Loy, Elizabeth M Messersmith, E. Deters, K. VanValin, R. Carmichael, S. Hansen, Trey D. Jackson
An injectable trace mineral product increased plasma Mn, Se, and Zn concentrations within 8 h and liver Se concentrations through d 29. These products are an effective way to rapidly increase trace mineral status as they are delivered directly into the blood stream. Boluses did not increase liver mineral (Se) concentrations until 120 days after administration, suggesting these products may be an effective strategy to improve trace mineral status in the long-term. Products that were administered orally (drenches and pastes) had minimal effects on plasma and liver mineral concentrations, likely because interaction with dietary antagonists hindered trace mineral absorption. Beef cattle producers should select single-use trace mineral products based on how quickly a status change is needed.
{"title":"Route of administration determines effectiveness of single-use trace mineral products in beef cattle","authors":"D. Loy, Elizabeth M Messersmith, E. Deters, K. VanValin, R. Carmichael, S. Hansen, Trey D. Jackson","doi":"10.31274/AIR.11925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31274/AIR.11925","url":null,"abstract":"An injectable trace mineral product increased plasma Mn, Se, and Zn concentrations within 8 h and liver Se concentrations through d 29. These products are an effective way to rapidly increase trace mineral status as they are delivered directly into the blood stream. Boluses did not increase liver mineral (Se) concentrations until 120 days after administration, suggesting these products may be an effective strategy to improve trace mineral status in the long-term. Products that were administered orally (drenches and pastes) had minimal effects on plasma and liver mineral concentrations, likely because interaction with dietary antagonists hindered trace mineral absorption. Beef cattle producers should select single-use trace mineral products based on how quickly a status change is needed.","PeriodicalId":368864,"journal":{"name":"2020 Iowa State University Animal Industry Report","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116181576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.31274/ANS_AIR-180814-466
G. Dahlke
Asummary of closeouts from the fall of 2020 through the summer of 2021 isprovided on feedlot heifers, steers, mixed pens and preconditioning cattle.
从2020年秋季到2021年夏季，对饲养场的小母牛、阉牛、混合栏和预处理牛进行了总结。
{"title":"Cattle Feeding Benchmark Data: Fall & Winter 2018 Spring & Summer 2019","authors":"G. Dahlke","doi":"10.31274/ANS_AIR-180814-466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31274/ANS_AIR-180814-466","url":null,"abstract":"Asummary of closeouts from the fall of 2020 through the summer of 2021 isprovided on feedlot heifers, steers, mixed pens and preconditioning cattle.","PeriodicalId":368864,"journal":{"name":"2020 Iowa State University Animal Industry Report","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122964436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Bobeck, J. Anast, K. Fries-Craft, S. Schmitz-Esser
Mouse models allow for detailed preliminary research into the health-promoting effects of novel feed additives to identify candidates for livestock application. Alfalfa is a potential source of health-promoting feed additives, but detailed findings on factors that maximize its benefits are lacking. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding late and early alfalfa as hay, aqueous, and lipid-soluble extracts on the body weight (BW) and colon microbiota of mice before and after pathogen challenge. A total of 98 female 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice were weighed and assigned to 1 of 7 diets consisting of basal diet ± hay (9%), aqueous extract (0.25%), and chloroform extract (0.25%) of late and early cutting alfalfa. After 14d, 6 mice/treatment were euthanized for baseline colon digesta sampling. The remaining animals were orally inoculated with Citrobacter rodentium and 4 mice/ treatment were euthanized for colon digesta collection at 4 and 21d post-inoculation (pi). While observed patterns in BW were not statistically significant, numerical improvements in early and late days post-inoculation (pi) indicated a protective effect of lipid-soluble extracts on BW during bacterial challenge. Corresponding to these observations, late cutting chloroform extracts significantly reduced pathogen abundance in the colon at 4dpi while increasing the abundance of beneficial community members at 21dpi (P = 0.02). These findings in mice support future research into the effects of late-cutting chloroform alfalfa extracts in livestock diets.
{"title":"Late-cutting lipid-soluble alfalfa extract beneficially modulates the colon microbiota to protect mouse body weight during Citrobacter rodentium challenge","authors":"E. Bobeck, J. Anast, K. Fries-Craft, S. Schmitz-Esser","doi":"10.31274/AIR.11911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31274/AIR.11911","url":null,"abstract":"Mouse models allow for detailed preliminary research into the health-promoting effects of novel feed additives to identify candidates for livestock application. Alfalfa is a potential source of health-promoting feed additives, but detailed findings on factors that maximize its benefits are lacking. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding late and early alfalfa as hay, aqueous, and lipid-soluble extracts on the body weight (BW) and colon microbiota of mice before and after pathogen challenge. A total of 98 female 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice were weighed and assigned to 1 of 7 diets consisting of basal diet ± hay (9%), aqueous extract (0.25%), and chloroform extract (0.25%) of late and early cutting alfalfa. After 14d, 6 mice/treatment were euthanized for baseline colon digesta sampling. The remaining animals were orally inoculated with Citrobacter rodentium and 4 mice/ treatment were euthanized for colon digesta collection at 4 and 21d post-inoculation (pi). While observed patterns in BW were not statistically significant, numerical improvements in early and late days post-inoculation (pi) indicated a protective effect of lipid-soluble extracts on BW during bacterial challenge. Corresponding to these observations, late cutting chloroform extracts significantly reduced pathogen abundance in the colon at 4dpi while increasing the abundance of beneficial community members at 21dpi (P = 0.02). These findings in mice support future research into the effects of late-cutting chloroform alfalfa extracts in livestock diets.","PeriodicalId":368864,"journal":{"name":"2020 Iowa State University Animal Industry Report","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122306355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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