Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0010
T. Alborn
Issues of status and class appeared with new twists when gold took the form of ancient coins and modern medals. The discovery of buried gold often pitted working-class finders, whose rational response was to melt their finds down for the bullion content, against educated collectors, who were appalled by such disregard for history and aesthetics. Gold medals, for their part, measured merit among the closed ranks of aristocratic politicians, sportsmen, students, and men of science, often in explicit contrast to cash awards doled out to people of less status or means. These graven images conjured nonmonetary (and, consequently, controversial) value by enabling Britons to discover their forebears, broadcast their erudition, or locate themselves in posterity.
{"title":"Graven Images","authors":"T. Alborn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Issues of status and class appeared with new twists when gold took the form of ancient coins and modern medals. The discovery of buried gold often pitted working-class finders, whose rational response was to melt their finds down for the bullion content, against educated collectors, who were appalled by such disregard for history and aesthetics. Gold medals, for their part, measured merit among the closed ranks of aristocratic politicians, sportsmen, students, and men of science, often in explicit contrast to cash awards doled out to people of less status or means. These graven images conjured nonmonetary (and, consequently, controversial) value by enabling Britons to discover their forebears, broadcast their erudition, or locate themselves in posterity.","PeriodicalId":368963,"journal":{"name":"All That Glittered","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114740702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0008
T. Alborn
“Display” discusses gold’s appearance in British ethnographies of a wide variety of people who broadcast foreignness with gold earrings, nose rings, chains, bracelets, bangles, and bells. This genre of writing was most evocative in descriptions of Greek and Middle Eastern women who brandished coins around their necks instead of concealing them in their pockets; but it was also present in depictions of African kings, Southern European peasants, and—most effusively—South Asians of nearly all castes and ethnicities. In the course of describing foreign adornment, travel writers developed a series of models that explained the brandishing of gold as rational for the stage of civilization under review but not, implicitly, for contemporary British society; and British visitors to almost every foreign clime viewed golden ornaments as picturesque signs of a society frozen in age-old customs.
{"title":"Display","authors":"T. Alborn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"“Display” discusses gold’s appearance in British ethnographies of a wide variety of people who broadcast foreignness with gold earrings, nose rings, chains, bracelets, bangles, and bells. This genre of writing was most evocative in descriptions of Greek and Middle Eastern women who brandished coins around their necks instead of concealing them in their pockets; but it was also present in depictions of African kings, Southern European peasants, and—most effusively—South Asians of nearly all castes and ethnicities. In the course of describing foreign adornment, travel writers developed a series of models that explained the brandishing of gold as rational for the stage of civilization under review but not, implicitly, for contemporary British society; and British visitors to almost every foreign clime viewed golden ornaments as picturesque signs of a society frozen in age-old customs.","PeriodicalId":368963,"journal":{"name":"All That Glittered","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133480434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0011
T. Alborn
“Before the Gold Rush” recounts British efforts to find new sources of gold in order to enable the smooth functioning of the newly restored gold standard after 1820. Their first port of call was Latin America, where mining had declined during Napoleon’s occupation of Iberia; despite substantial investment by British speculators, this sector never regained its prior prominence as a world leader in gold yields. Instead Russia picked up that baton, yielding nearly half of the world’s total output by the early 1840s. Although Britons welcomed the new gold, they did so warily, owing to that country’s status as their leading national rival. Such concerns prompted them to hedge their bets by prospecting for gold (without much success) in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia—parts of the world that were all conveniently in the process of passing under direct British rule.
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Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0004
T. Alborn
For much of the eighteenth century, Britons remarked on gold’s sordid uses by their European rivals in diplomacy and war; only after 1750 did they start criticizing such abuses by their own rulers. After 1789, constant French allusions to “Pitt’s gold” prompted most British observers to discount the same associations between gold and foreign policy that they had long taken for granted as truisms of history. During the war against Napoleon, when British gold in circulation and in banks fell from more than £40 million to around £3 million, subsidies continued to occupy an exaggerated position in rhetoric surrounding this drain. The major debate pitted those who claimed trade as the culprit and those who blamed an over-issue of Bank of England notes. The result in either case was the same: twenty years of living without guineas permanently altered Britons’ perception of that precious metal.
在18世纪的大部分时间里，英国人都在评论欧洲对手在外交和战争中肮脏地使用黄金;直到1750年之后，他们才开始批评自己统治者的这种虐待行为。1789年之后，法国人对“皮特的黄金”的不断提及，促使大多数英国观察家对黄金和外交政策之间的联系不以为然，而他们长期以来一直认为这是历史的真理。在反拿破仑战争期间，当英国流通中的黄金和银行中的黄金从4000多万英镑下降到300万英镑左右时，补贴在围绕这种流失的言论中继续占据着夸张的位置。主要争论的一方声称贸易是罪魁祸首，另一方则指责英国央行(Bank of England)过度发行纸币。两种情况的结果都是一样的:20年没有金币的生活永久地改变了英国人对这种贵金属的看法。
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Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0009
T. Alborn
“Devotion” examines British critiques of excessive adornment in non-Protestant churches and temples. Most typically, these accounts interpreted religious ornament as the initial, and hence most infantile, stage in the evolution of gold’s various possible uses. Britons documented instances of gilded idolatry in cathedrals from Mexico City to Moscow—and in all cases, half-excused the plunder of such treasures. They confirmed the backward devotional uses of gold abroad by pointing to their own pre-Reformation past. While recollections of British churches before Henry VIII widened the gap between Catholic and Protestant uses of gold, however, they also betrayed nostalgia for a more glorious era—especially among Anglicans who edged closer to Catholicism in the 1830s and in the profusion of town and county histories that appeared after 1780, many of which lamented the absence of adornment in their (now-Anglican) cathedrals.
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Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0005
T. Alborn
After 1820, most Britons recognized that the tight money supplies created by the gold standard had the effect of periodically depressing economic activity. These downturns also linked gold to poor harvests, since grain imports drained the metal from the Bank of England, and protectionists predicted disastrous consequences for the country under free trade, owing to the additional strains that such imports would place on gold reserves. This chapter places these mercantilist anxieties in the context of older fears of bullion drains to India and China, since the arguments in the 1830s echoed earlier Orientalist ethnographies, and examines the liberal response, which tried to divert attention away from gold and toward the Bank’s lending practices. Class fissures widened in a political system that secured the fortunes of financiers (through the gold standard) and landed aristocrats (through the Corn Laws) but left factory owners and urban laborers on the outside looking in.
1820年以后，大多数英国人认识到，金本位制造成的货币供应紧张会周期性地抑制经济活动。这些经济衰退还将黄金与歉收联系在一起，因为谷物进口耗尽了英格兰银行(Bank of England)的金属，而保护主义者预测，由于这种进口将给黄金储备带来额外压力，自由贸易将给国家带来灾难性的后果。本章将这些重商主义的焦虑置于对黄金流向印度和中国的担忧的背景下，因为19世纪30年代的争论呼应了早期的东方主义民族志，并考察了自由派的反应，他们试图将注意力从黄金转移到世界银行的贷款实践上。阶级分歧在政治体系中扩大，这种政治体系确保了金融家(通过金本位)和土地贵族(通过《谷物法》)的财富，但让工厂主和城市工人在外面观望。
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Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0002
T. Alborn
After surveying early-modern gold extraction and export from the New World, this chapter discusses the contrasts Britons developed between their own and Iberia’s encounters with gold during the three centuries after the Conquest, as well as their relief at never being subjected to the temptation of possessing gold-bearing colonies. Such efforts paralleled the way they thought about the many other commodities they imported from exotic climes. In all these cases, a process of domestication converted a barbaric substance into a signifier of civilization. Throughout the century after 1750, Britons tirelessly debated the boundaries between gold’s productive, unproductive, and corrosive uses, all the while pondering what exactly rendered it so valuable.
{"title":"Domestication","authors":"T. Alborn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190603519.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"After surveying early-modern gold extraction and export from the New World, this chapter discusses the contrasts Britons developed between their own and Iberia’s encounters with gold during the three centuries after the Conquest, as well as their relief at never being subjected to the temptation of possessing gold-bearing colonies. Such efforts paralleled the way they thought about the many other commodities they imported from exotic climes. In all these cases, a process of domestication converted a barbaric substance into a signifier of civilization. Throughout the century after 1750, Britons tirelessly debated the boundaries between gold’s productive, unproductive, and corrosive uses, all the while pondering what exactly rendered it so valuable.","PeriodicalId":368963,"journal":{"name":"All That Glittered","volume":"86 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128846485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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