Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.43
Andrea C Bianculli
The relationship between Spain and Latin America (LAC) goes back to the fifteenth century, yet it is after Spanish democratization in 1975 that this was defined as ‘a special relationship’. A fundamental component of Spain’s foreign policy and international strategy since then, in practice, however, it has experienced a constant tension between the idea of community and the pursuit of material interests. To understand Spain–LAC relations one must explore the changing interplay between ideas and interests, as well as the institutional frameworks, their context, and time. This chapter shows that accommodation and compromise between the idea of an Iberoamerican community, based on a shared history and common values, on the one hand, and material objectives, on the other, were easily reached during the 1980s and 1990s, assuring Spain’s leadership in LAC and in the European Union (EU). With the turn of the century, though, this strain became more pronounced as Spain’s agenda turned more strongly towards economic considerations and became imbued with a vertical logic, whereas the institutional frameworks put into place, and which were built on the notion of community, turned out to be insufficient to process the conflicting pressures. Spain–LAC dynamics seem to have moved from special relations to an increasing detachment.
{"title":"Spain and Latin America","authors":"Andrea C Bianculli","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.43","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between Spain and Latin America (LAC) goes back to the fifteenth century, yet it is after Spanish democratization in 1975 that this was defined as ‘a special relationship’. A fundamental component of Spain’s foreign policy and international strategy since then, in practice, however, it has experienced a constant tension between the idea of community and the pursuit of material interests. To understand Spain–LAC relations one must explore the changing interplay between ideas and interests, as well as the institutional frameworks, their context, and time. This chapter shows that accommodation and compromise between the idea of an Iberoamerican community, based on a shared history and common values, on the one hand, and material objectives, on the other, were easily reached during the 1980s and 1990s, assuring Spain’s leadership in LAC and in the European Union (EU). With the turn of the century, though, this strain became more pronounced as Spain’s agenda turned more strongly towards economic considerations and became imbued with a vertical logic, whereas the institutional frameworks put into place, and which were built on the notion of community, turned out to be insufficient to process the conflicting pressures. Spain–LAC dynamics seem to have moved from special relations to an increasing detachment.","PeriodicalId":369924,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics","volume":"156 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125912123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.16
Nuno Garoupa, Pedro C. Magalhães
In this chapter, we discuss the judicial politics within the Spanish Constitutional Court from three main points of view. First, we discuss the origins and institutional design of the Court from a comparative perspective. Second, by making use of the standard approaches (attitudinal, strategic and legalist models of judicial behaviour), we examine the extent to which and the different ways in which political actors and other agents have engaged with the Court and what this has meant for its role in Spanish politics and policy-making. Finally, we focus on judicial behaviour in the Court, both from a comparative and an empirical perspective, and with a particular emphasis on the Court’s role in the allocation of powers and competencies between the central government and the ‘comunidades autónomas’.
{"title":"Judicial Politics","authors":"Nuno Garoupa, Pedro C. Magalhães","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we discuss the judicial politics within the Spanish Constitutional Court from three main points of view. First, we discuss the origins and institutional design of the Court from a comparative perspective. Second, by making use of the standard approaches (attitudinal, strategic and legalist models of judicial behaviour), we examine the extent to which and the different ways in which political actors and other agents have engaged with the Court and what this has meant for its role in Spanish politics and policy-making. Finally, we focus on judicial behaviour in the Court, both from a comparative and an empirical perspective, and with a particular emphasis on the Court’s role in the allocation of powers and competencies between the central government and the ‘comunidades autónomas’.","PeriodicalId":369924,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116467342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.31
J. Subirats, Ricard Gomà
The objective of this chapter is to trace and present the main characteristics of the public policy system in Spain, incorporating policy change over time, as well as the policy style that has characterized its different stages. The transition between Francoism and democracy generated significant continuities and discontinuities both in the decision-making processes and in the actors’ system. The full incorporation into the European Union also involved significant changes in content, processes and networks. Finally, the impacts of the 2007 crisis and the effects of globalization and technological change also generated significant disruptions that will also be incorporated. The chapter will distinguish the conceptual, substantive, and operational aspects of the public policy system in Spain, as well as the main elements of the multilevel government. This aspect is especially complex in the Spanish case, given the combination of Europeanization of policies and the very remarkable regional decentralization generated by 1980.
{"title":"Public Policies","authors":"J. Subirats, Ricard Gomà","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this chapter is to trace and present the main characteristics of the public policy system in Spain, incorporating policy change over time, as well as the policy style that has characterized its different stages. The transition between Francoism and democracy generated significant continuities and discontinuities both in the decision-making processes and in the actors’ system. The full incorporation into the European Union also involved significant changes in content, processes and networks. Finally, the impacts of the 2007 crisis and the effects of globalization and technological change also generated significant disruptions that will also be incorporated. The chapter will distinguish the conceptual, substantive, and operational aspects of the public policy system in Spain, as well as the main elements of the multilevel government. This aspect is especially complex in the Spanish case, given the combination of Europeanization of policies and the very remarkable regional decentralization generated by 1980.","PeriodicalId":369924,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121979105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.33
Leire Salazar
This chapter addresses the extent of social inequalities in contemporary Spain using a broad array of indicators. Trends in economic inequalities are firstly analysed. The risk of poverty and social exclusion are then considered because of their special relevance in the Spanish case in the context of the Great Recession. Then, changes in educational inequalities and social mobility are examined. An account of several indicators of gender differences in the labour market and in other areas, is then provided. Lastly, a discussion of social inequalities across generations is offered. These trends are compared with those in other European countries, and specificities of the Spanish case are particularly emphasized.
{"title":"Social Inequalities","authors":"Leire Salazar","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the extent of social inequalities in contemporary Spain using a broad array of indicators. Trends in economic inequalities are firstly analysed. The risk of poverty and social exclusion are then considered because of their special relevance in the Spanish case in the context of the Great Recession. Then, changes in educational inequalities and social mobility are examined. An account of several indicators of gender differences in the labour market and in other areas, is then provided. Lastly, a discussion of social inequalities across generations is offered. These trends are compared with those in other European countries, and specificities of the Spanish case are particularly emphasized.","PeriodicalId":369924,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130451184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.37
Tània Verge
This chapter discusses how Spain transitioned from being a latecomer to an early-adapter country in the field of gender equality and LGBTI policy. Such transformation is assessed against the type of gender regime that has taken root in the country as regards the share of women in the workforce, the degree of inequality in employment, the reach and scope of public childcare provision, the levels of women’s representation in decision-making positions and the guarantee of sexual and reproductive rights. The chapter also looks at the implementation of state feminism, paying attention to the strength of both the regulatory framework on gender equality and of equality promotion institutions. In outlining major policy advances, it also examines how the European Union and the multilevel structure of Spain have shaped gender equality and LGBTI policy. Lastly, it discusses the extent to which conservative setbacks and gendered austerity measures have jeopardized progress in these policy areas, fuelling the mobilization of the women’s movement.
{"title":"Gender Policy","authors":"Tània Verge","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.37","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how Spain transitioned from being a latecomer to an early-adapter country in the field of gender equality and LGBTI policy. Such transformation is assessed against the type of gender regime that has taken root in the country as regards the share of women in the workforce, the degree of inequality in employment, the reach and scope of public childcare provision, the levels of women’s representation in decision-making positions and the guarantee of sexual and reproductive rights. The chapter also looks at the implementation of state feminism, paying attention to the strength of both the regulatory framework on gender equality and of equality promotion institutions. In outlining major policy advances, it also examines how the European Union and the multilevel structure of Spain have shaped gender equality and LGBTI policy. Lastly, it discusses the extent to which conservative setbacks and gendered austerity measures have jeopardized progress in these policy areas, fuelling the mobilization of the women’s movement.","PeriodicalId":369924,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115387035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.38
M. Villoria
According to different surveys, corruption has become the second-most significant problem for Spaniards since the beginning of 2013. This article tries to demonstrate that corruption in present-day Spain is a consequence of institutional deficits that stem from the democratic transition. However, despite a certain path of dependence, the political consequences of the Great Recession economic crisis and the numerous scandals have fostered the emergence of a pro-integrity advocacy coalition. Using the know-how of the anti-corruption epistemic community, this coalition aims to modify social perception of the problem and introduce radical policy change. This chapter ends by offering a critical analysis of the incremental change in the anti-corruption policy made by the national government, particularly regarding transparency and open government outputs.
{"title":"Corruption and Transparency","authors":"M. Villoria","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.38","url":null,"abstract":"According to different surveys, corruption has become the second-most significant problem for Spaniards since the beginning of 2013. This article tries to demonstrate that corruption in present-day Spain is a consequence of institutional deficits that stem from the democratic transition. However, despite a certain path of dependence, the political consequences of the Great Recession economic crisis and the numerous scandals have fostered the emergence of a pro-integrity advocacy coalition. Using the know-how of the anti-corruption epistemic community, this coalition aims to modify social perception of the problem and introduce radical policy change. This chapter ends by offering a critical analysis of the incremental change in the anti-corruption policy made by the national government, particularly regarding transparency and open government outputs.","PeriodicalId":369924,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121751946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.5
C. Colino
The chapter seeks to provide an analytical and historical interpretation of the evolution and workings of the Spanish model of decentralization, the Estado autonómico, and its territorial politics, its determinants and consequences. On the basis of a comparative diagnosis and explanation of its territorial model, such as the degree of devolution acquired or its territorial reforms and its dynamics, the chapter utilizes the broad recent literature, legal, political or economic, dealing with the history, institutional design, political operation and consequences of the territorial system in Spain, so as to evaluate the difficulties and governance results of Spain’s version of federalism. After describing the Spanish territorial institutions and dynamics and their mutual relationships and consequences on stability and adaptability, conflict potential and autonomy protection, the chapter argues that the Spanish decentralization model shows both centrifugal and centripetal forces, and features traits of several types of federations, and therefore of problems typically afflicting them.
{"title":"Decentralization in Spain","authors":"C. Colino","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter seeks to provide an analytical and historical interpretation of the evolution and workings of the Spanish model of decentralization, the Estado autonómico, and its territorial politics, its determinants and consequences. On the basis of a comparative diagnosis and explanation of its territorial model, such as the degree of devolution acquired or its territorial reforms and its dynamics, the chapter utilizes the broad recent literature, legal, political or economic, dealing with the history, institutional design, political operation and consequences of the territorial system in Spain, so as to evaluate the difficulties and governance results of Spain’s version of federalism. After describing the Spanish territorial institutions and dynamics and their mutual relationships and consequences on stability and adaptability, conflict potential and autonomy protection, the chapter argues that the Spanish decentralization model shows both centrifugal and centripetal forces, and features traits of several types of federations, and therefore of problems typically afflicting them.","PeriodicalId":369924,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126253652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.27
Sergi Pardos-Prado
Despite experiencing high immigration inflows and strong economic downturns in recent times, Spain has been surprisingly resilient against anti-immigrant attitudes and parties. While the radical party Vox might bring the Spanish exceptionalism to an end, its long-term prospects in national politics and its status as new or old radical right are still unclear. This chapter reviews the state of the art in migration politics research in Spain, and analyses the merits of different theories when accounting for why immigration has lacked a pivotal role in Spanish politics. When putting things in comparative perspective, the unidimensionality of the political space benefitting the centre-right and the particular structure of labour market dualism emerges as the most promising explanations for the Spanish exceptionalism.
{"title":"Migration Politics","authors":"Sergi Pardos-Prado","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"Despite experiencing high immigration inflows and strong economic downturns in recent times, Spain has been surprisingly resilient against anti-immigrant attitudes and parties. While the radical party Vox might bring the Spanish exceptionalism to an end, its long-term prospects in national politics and its status as new or old radical right are still unclear. This chapter reviews the state of the art in migration politics research in Spain, and analyses the merits of different theories when accounting for why immigration has lacked a pivotal role in Spanish politics. When putting things in comparative perspective, the unidimensionality of the political space benefitting the centre-right and the particular structure of labour market dualism emerges as the most promising explanations for the Spanish exceptionalism.","PeriodicalId":369924,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133193684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.32
E. Pino
The first part of this chapter describes the main features of the Spanish Welfare State, trying to place it in a comparative perspective. The second part identifies the socioeconomic and political factors which explain its evolution since the beginning of the new century to the current situation, focusing on the attempts at recalibration of the system since 2000 and the interruption of this process due to the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008. The third part analyses the main challenges that the Welfare State has to face in the post-crisis period, which include some structural problems such as its inability to address inequality or poverty during the periods of economic growth. Finally, the chapter speculates about the future of the Welfare State in Spain.
{"title":"Welfare State","authors":"E. Pino","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826934.013.32","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this chapter describes the main features of the Spanish Welfare State, trying to place it in a comparative perspective. The second part identifies the socioeconomic and political factors which explain its evolution since the beginning of the new century to the current situation, focusing on the attempts at recalibration of the system since 2000 and the interruption of this process due to the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008. The third part analyses the main challenges that the Welfare State has to face in the post-crisis period, which include some structural problems such as its inability to address inequality or poverty during the periods of economic growth. Finally, the chapter speculates about the future of the Welfare State in Spain.","PeriodicalId":369924,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123519309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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