French nuclear research began for military purposes and then further developed for business. This article traces the history of French nuclear development from the establishment of the French Atomic Energy Commission in 1945 to the present by dividing this period into six phases. Contrary to previous studies which focus on certain periods, seventy years of French nuclear history is investigated here. It describes the transition from military to civilian use, the development of the nuclear fuel cycle including the fast breeder reactor, spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, and disposal research. Additionally, based on a historical case study of the Marcoule site, the oldest nuclear site in France, this article shows that France will rely on back-end nuclear technology to survive in the twenty-first century.
{"title":"France's Marcoule Nuclear Site: A History of Transition from Military to Civilian Use","authors":"Chieko Kojima","doi":"10.18588/201905.00A076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18588/201905.00A076","url":null,"abstract":"French nuclear research began for military purposes and then further developed for business. This article traces the history of French nuclear development from the establishment of the French Atomic Energy Commission in 1945 to the present by dividing this period into six phases. Contrary to previous studies which focus on certain periods, seventy years of French nuclear history is investigated here. It describes the transition from military to civilian use, the development of the nuclear fuel cycle including the fast breeder reactor, spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, and disposal research. Additionally, based on a historical case study of the Marcoule site, the oldest nuclear site in France, this article shows that France will rely on back-end nuclear technology to survive in the twenty-first century.","PeriodicalId":37030,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Peacebuilding","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48411389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2001, the Finnish Parliament approved the plan for a high-level nuclear waste (HLW) repository in Finland, the first move of its kind worldwide. This article analyzes the historical background of radioactive waste policy formation in Finland, comparing it to that of (West) Germany in the Cold War context and after. Military ambitions and non-proliferation, political culture and civil society, and energy policy are considered. In Germany, reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF), which could make nuclear armament possible, was pursued until 1989 and often spurred opposition movements. Finland, in contrast, renounced reprocessing around 1980. In addition, there was a notable absence of a strong nationwide anti-nuclear movement in Finland against the backdrop of the Cold War.
{"title":"Historical Background of Nuclear Waste Policy Formation in Finland and Comparison with (West) Germany","authors":"N. Sato","doi":"10.18588/201905.00A075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18588/201905.00A075","url":null,"abstract":"In 2001, the Finnish Parliament approved the plan for a high-level nuclear waste (HLW) repository in Finland, the first move of its kind worldwide. This article analyzes the historical background of radioactive waste policy formation in Finland, comparing it to that of (West) Germany in the Cold War context and after. Military ambitions and non-proliferation, political culture and civil society, and energy policy are considered. In Germany, reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF), which could make nuclear armament possible, was pursued until 1989 and often spurred opposition movements. Finland, in contrast, renounced reprocessing around 1980. In addition, there was a notable absence of a strong nationwide anti-nuclear movement in Finland against the backdrop of the Cold War.","PeriodicalId":37030,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Peacebuilding","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41931661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyzes the role of the Justice and Peace Commission (JPC) of the Archdiocese of Bamenda in the management and prevention of inter-ethnic conflicts in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. It demonstrates that the active participation of this institution in peacebuilding is marked by partial success. There is much belief in the capacity of faith-based institutions to manage conflicts. However, evidence on the role of this Catholic Commission in terms of engagement and mediation in peacebuilding among warring ethnic communities is not encouraging. While its dialogue approach has significantly checked violence, its Peace Education Programme has failed to build an entrenched culture of peace. It operates in a context of significant obstacles and direly needs to beef up its operations.
{"title":"Inter-Ethnic Conflict Management and Prevention in Cameroon's Northwest: Assessing the Role of the Justice and Peace Commission of the Catholic Archdiocese of Bamenda","authors":"Lang Michael Kpughe","doi":"10.18588/202005.00a051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18588/202005.00a051","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the role of the Justice and Peace Commission (JPC) of the Archdiocese of Bamenda in the management and prevention of inter-ethnic conflicts in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. It demonstrates that the active participation of this institution in peacebuilding is marked by partial success. There is much belief in the capacity of faith-based institutions to manage conflicts. However, evidence on the role of this Catholic Commission in terms of engagement and mediation in peacebuilding among warring ethnic communities is not encouraging. While its dialogue approach has significantly checked violence, its Peace Education Programme has failed to build an entrenched culture of peace. It operates in a context of significant obstacles and direly needs to beef up its operations.","PeriodicalId":37030,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Peacebuilding","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46006141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“Wismut” was the code name of the uranium mine located in the East German provinces of Saxony and Thuringia. It was founded to supply the Soviet Union with materials for nuclear weapons. Under harsh conditions, miners received various material benefits. However, the work at Wismut led to health problems for workers and caused environmental damage. After German reunification, the Wismut GmbH Company was founded to carry out a clean-up operation. Despite spending enormous amounts of time and money, the restoration and decontamination of the area is not complete. The discourse over Wismut should not be mere nostalgia of hard mining work or the success of decontamination. A perspective is needed that connects the victims of Wismut with that of other nuclear sites as “Global Hibakusha.”
{"title":"The Legacies of the Uranium Minig Company \"Wismut\" in East Germany","authors":"E. Kido","doi":"10.18588/202005.00A078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18588/202005.00A078","url":null,"abstract":"“Wismut” was the code name of the uranium mine located in the East German provinces of Saxony and Thuringia. It was founded to supply the Soviet Union with materials for nuclear weapons. Under harsh conditions, miners received various material benefits. However, the work at Wismut led to health problems for workers and caused environmental damage. After German reunification, the Wismut GmbH Company was founded to carry out a clean-up operation. Despite spending enormous amounts of time and money, the restoration and decontamination of the area is not complete. The discourse over Wismut should not be mere nostalgia of hard mining work or the success of decontamination. A perspective is needed that connects the victims of Wismut with that of other nuclear sites as “Global Hibakusha.”","PeriodicalId":37030,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Peacebuilding","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47732343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Successfully reintegrating former rebels into civil society is a crucial task in post-conflict countries. In the aftermath of a decade-long conflict (1996-2006) in Nepal, management of arms and armies became a major issue in the domain of post-conflict peacebuilding. “From Combatants to Peacemakers” was an initiative to promote peace and harmony among the former ex-combatants and host communities. In this context, this article highlights the role of social dialogue, which proved effective in promoting social harmony, peace, and reconciliation among ex-combatants and community members in Nepal. Also, the article explicates the worth of social dialogue that may be used in other parts of the world to successfully reconcile former antagonist groups into the same communities.
{"title":"Social Dialogue: A Tool of Social Reintegration and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Nepal","authors":"C. Bhandari","doi":"10.18588/201905.00A062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18588/201905.00A062","url":null,"abstract":"Successfully reintegrating former rebels into civil society is a crucial task in post-conflict countries. In the aftermath of a decade-long conflict (1996-2006) in Nepal, management of arms and armies became a major issue in the domain of post-conflict peacebuilding. “From Combatants to Peacemakers” was an initiative to promote peace and harmony among the former ex-combatants and host communities. In this context, this article highlights the role of social dialogue, which proved effective in promoting social harmony, peace, and reconciliation among ex-combatants and community members in Nepal. Also, the article explicates the worth of social dialogue that may be used in other parts of the world to successfully reconcile former antagonist groups into the same communities.","PeriodicalId":37030,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Peacebuilding","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42514366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article serves as the introduction to the special issue “Legacies of Nuclear Power, Future of Nuclear Politics” of the Asian Journal of Peacebuilding. It aims to outline the background of the special issue and the significance of all articles: to think about the actual situation concerning nuclear issues. The nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 8, 1945 have a representative and symbolic meaning for the opening of the nuclear age. Although nuclear materials had already been discovered and used for medical purposes, the mushrooms clouds over Hiroshima and Nagasaki were powerful illustrations of the destructive potential and dangers of nuclear energy. Can nuclear materials help humanity with the energy deficit and fatal diseases like cancer? Or will they be utilized as weapons, leading to many other Hiroshimas and Nagasakis and become the destroyer of the world? How can human beings control nuclear energy? The discussion on the international control of nuclear materials began before 1945. U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” speech at the United Nations in 1953 accelerated the civilian use of nuclear energy. Exhibitions on the “peaceful use” of nuclear energy were held in many places, not only in the United States but also in West Germany and Japan in the 1950s. As the first and only country victimized by the military use of the atomic bombs, Japan became one of the most dedicated users of nuclear energy. The potential shortage of energy resources in Japan is one reason and the dependence of the conservative Japanese government on the United States was another important factor in Japan developing into a nuclear state. Moreover, many Japanese people wanted to use nuclear energy as a “peaceful” energy source because they comprehended the Asian Journal of Peacebuilding Vol. 7 No. 1 (2019): 1-7 doi: 10.18588/201905.00a136 Special Issue – Introduction
{"title":"Legacies and Politics of Nuclear Power","authors":"M. Takemoto","doi":"10.18588/201905.00A136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18588/201905.00A136","url":null,"abstract":"This article serves as the introduction to the special issue “Legacies of Nuclear Power, Future of Nuclear Politics” of the Asian Journal of Peacebuilding. It aims to outline the background of the special issue and the significance of all articles: to think about the actual situation concerning nuclear issues. The nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 8, 1945 have a representative and symbolic meaning for the opening of the nuclear age. Although nuclear materials had already been discovered and used for medical purposes, the mushrooms clouds over Hiroshima and Nagasaki were powerful illustrations of the destructive potential and dangers of nuclear energy. Can nuclear materials help humanity with the energy deficit and fatal diseases like cancer? Or will they be utilized as weapons, leading to many other Hiroshimas and Nagasakis and become the destroyer of the world? How can human beings control nuclear energy? The discussion on the international control of nuclear materials began before 1945. U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” speech at the United Nations in 1953 accelerated the civilian use of nuclear energy. Exhibitions on the “peaceful use” of nuclear energy were held in many places, not only in the United States but also in West Germany and Japan in the 1950s. As the first and only country victimized by the military use of the atomic bombs, Japan became one of the most dedicated users of nuclear energy. The potential shortage of energy resources in Japan is one reason and the dependence of the conservative Japanese government on the United States was another important factor in Japan developing into a nuclear state. Moreover, many Japanese people wanted to use nuclear energy as a “peaceful” energy source because they comprehended the Asian Journal of Peacebuilding Vol. 7 No. 1 (2019): 1-7 doi: 10.18588/201905.00a136 Special Issue – Introduction","PeriodicalId":37030,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Peacebuilding","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47557583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Post-Conflict Experience of Resettled Bakassi Peninsula People, 2006-2016","authors":"A. N. Ngalim","doi":"10.18588/202005.00a060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18588/202005.00a060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37030,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Peacebuilding","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47633491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Greentree Agreement of 2006 between Cameroon and Nigeria ended the conflict over the ownership of the oil and fish rich Bakassi Peninsula in favor of Cameroon and created problems for the relocated and resettled Nigerians. This article argues that contrary to the generally accepted theory by many scholars that heritage values are often the concern of displaced persons, we found that practical economic needs and the desire for functional participation in governance of those relocated in New Bakassi have been the main problems of the displacees leading to an indigenousincomer divide that could generate a crisis that may degenerate into intractable conflict. The study reveals that due to government insensitivity and corruption, proper resettlement for Bakassi returnees is yet to be addressed.
{"title":"Post-Conflict Experience of Resettled Bakassi Peninsula People, 2006-2016","authors":"Ngalim Aloysius Nyuymengka","doi":"10.18588/201905.00a060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18588/201905.00a060","url":null,"abstract":"The Greentree Agreement of 2006 between Cameroon and Nigeria ended the conflict over the ownership of the oil and fish rich Bakassi Peninsula in favor of Cameroon and created problems for the relocated and resettled Nigerians. This article argues that contrary to the generally accepted theory by many scholars that heritage values are often the concern of displaced persons, we found that practical economic needs and the desire for functional participation in governance of those relocated in New Bakassi have been the main problems of the displacees leading to an indigenousincomer divide that could generate a crisis that may degenerate into intractable conflict. The study reveals that due to government insensitivity and corruption, proper resettlement for Bakassi returnees is yet to be addressed.","PeriodicalId":37030,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Peacebuilding","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49259592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Legacies of the Uranium Minig Company \"Wismut\" in East Germany","authors":"Kido Eiichi","doi":"10.18588/201905.00a078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18588/201905.00a078","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37030,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Peacebuilding","volume":"170 1-2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41301114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Born Violent: The Origins of Nuclear Power","authors":"J. Robert","doi":"10.18588/201905.00a074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18588/201905.00a074","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37030,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Peacebuilding","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43841373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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