Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1163/23519924-09030002
Edidiong Ekefre
Abstract The Nigerian civil war (1967–1970) was one of the post-independence conflicts in Africa that called for the separation of children from their mothers for treatment and rehabilitation outside their home country. Using archival data, the article investigates the workability of the inter-African Refugee Network System and international humanitarian organisations in the evacuation of Biafran children for recuperation and rehabilitation. The article argues that it was through a collaborative network involving the Catholic Church, the World Council of Churches and the International Committee of the Red Cross, that thousands of Biafran children were transported to other African countries such as Gabon, the Ivory Coast and the Island of Sao Tomé for treatment. It concludes that such a collaboration goes a long way to prove that Africans do not just feed the Global North with refugees but can host their own refugees, though not without the help of international humanitarian organisations.
{"title":"Hosting Biafran Child Refugees: the Inter-African Refugee and International Humanitarian Network System During the Nigerian Civil War, 1967 and Beyond","authors":"Edidiong Ekefre","doi":"10.1163/23519924-09030002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-09030002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Nigerian civil war (1967–1970) was one of the post-independence conflicts in Africa that called for the separation of children from their mothers for treatment and rehabilitation outside their home country. Using archival data, the article investigates the workability of the inter-African Refugee Network System and international humanitarian organisations in the evacuation of Biafran children for recuperation and rehabilitation. The article argues that it was through a collaborative network involving the Catholic Church, the World Council of Churches and the International Committee of the Red Cross, that thousands of Biafran children were transported to other African countries such as Gabon, the Ivory Coast and the Island of Sao Tomé for treatment. It concludes that such a collaboration goes a long way to prove that Africans do not just feed the Global North with refugees but can host their own refugees, though not without the help of international humanitarian organisations.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1163/23519924-09030003
Alice (Yang) Zhang
Abstract This article examines the entanglement of Chinese and American motherhood through Chinese adoption in the United States in the 1990s, during what Sino-American relations scholars frame as ‘the Long Cold War era’. The Long Cold War era refers to a long durée view of the structural Cold War derivatives in Asia that defies the linear and neat Cold War periodisation from 1947 to 1991. From the 1990s to 2015, Chinese ‘revolutionary motherhood’ and American ‘fortressed motherhood’ intertwined through the adoption of Chinese children into American families. Such enmeshment challenged the conventional narratives on international adoption as either a site of exploitation or paternalistic salvation towards transnational and transracial adoptees. By centring the lived experiences of mothers in both countries, this article employs mothers’ first-person accounts to interrogate the gendered politics of Chinese adoption, complicating the simplistic narrative of passive female victimhood in family settings.
{"title":"Migration of ‘Somebody’s Children’: Entangled Histories of Motherhood through Chinese Adoption in the United States in the 1990s","authors":"Alice (Yang) Zhang","doi":"10.1163/23519924-09030003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-09030003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the entanglement of Chinese and American motherhood through Chinese adoption in the United States in the 1990s, during what Sino-American relations scholars frame as ‘the Long Cold War era’. The Long Cold War era refers to a long durée view of the structural Cold War derivatives in Asia that defies the linear and neat Cold War periodisation from 1947 to 1991. From the 1990s to 2015, Chinese ‘revolutionary motherhood’ and American ‘fortressed motherhood’ intertwined through the adoption of Chinese children into American families. Such enmeshment challenged the conventional narratives on international adoption as either a site of exploitation or paternalistic salvation towards transnational and transracial adoptees. By centring the lived experiences of mothers in both countries, this article employs mothers’ first-person accounts to interrogate the gendered politics of Chinese adoption, complicating the simplistic narrative of passive female victimhood in family settings.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":"32 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1163/23519924-09030005
Randall Hansen
Abstract This article examines the Ugandan Asians’ crisis of 1972, during which President Idi Amin expelled tens of thousands of Asian nationals from the country. It explains why Ugandan Asians held, against expectations and the UK government’s intention, British citizenship. Drawing on primary sources and the social science literature on ‘framing’, the article then explores how Britain’s Conservative government secured the support of an initially hostile public for its decision to allow the Asians entry to the United Kingdom. It argues that the Conservatives succeeded by framing the Ugandan Asians as middle-class, hard-working, skilled refugees, rather than as immigrants or British citizens, and Idi Amin as a murderous monster. The press played a vital role in the government’s success. The article ends by reflecting on the case’s implications for contemporary British immigration policy and the capacity of the state to generate support for open immigration.
{"title":"Turning Public Opinion on Immigration: the British Conservative Party and the Expulsion of Ugandan Asians in 1972","authors":"Randall Hansen","doi":"10.1163/23519924-09030005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-09030005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the Ugandan Asians’ crisis of 1972, during which President Idi Amin expelled tens of thousands of Asian nationals from the country. It explains why Ugandan Asians held, against expectations and the UK government’s intention, British citizenship. Drawing on primary sources and the social science literature on ‘framing’, the article then explores how Britain’s Conservative government secured the support of an initially hostile public for its decision to allow the Asians entry to the United Kingdom. It argues that the Conservatives succeeded by framing the Ugandan Asians as middle-class, hard-working, skilled refugees, rather than as immigrants or British citizens, and Idi Amin as a murderous monster. The press played a vital role in the government’s success. The article ends by reflecting on the case’s implications for contemporary British immigration policy and the capacity of the state to generate support for open immigration.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":"5 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1163/23519924-09030001
Fabrice Langrognet
Abstract This epistemological article discusses the existing and potential historiographic connections between the history of refugees and migration history, which are increasingly regarded as two separate fields of knowledge. It focuses on how this dialogue could help scholars overcome the analytical divisions between migrants and refugees through decentred and self-reflexive approaches. By drawing on the overlooked familiarity of migration historiography with refugees and on its robust experience with deconstructionist challenges, historians have all the tools to historicise ‘refugee-ing’ processes instead of essentialising the ‘refugee experience’ and reinforcing unwarranted epistemic separations. In crafting new analytical models to this effect, historians will have to reckon with the colonial genealogy of contemporary refugee-making.
{"title":"The Refugee-Migrant Distinction and the Need for Bridging Analytical Divides in the Historiography","authors":"Fabrice Langrognet","doi":"10.1163/23519924-09030001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-09030001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This epistemological article discusses the existing and potential historiographic connections between the history of refugees and migration history, which are increasingly regarded as two separate fields of knowledge. It focuses on how this dialogue could help scholars overcome the analytical divisions between migrants and refugees through decentred and self-reflexive approaches. By drawing on the overlooked familiarity of migration historiography with refugees and on its robust experience with deconstructionist challenges, historians have all the tools to historicise ‘refugee-ing’ processes instead of essentialising the ‘refugee experience’ and reinforcing unwarranted epistemic separations. In crafting new analytical models to this effect, historians will have to reckon with the colonial genealogy of contemporary refugee-making.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":"179 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1163/23519924-09030004
Claire Zalc, Anton Perdoncin, Gabrielle Escaich
Abstract This article draws on the exhaustive reconstruction of the transnational migration trajectories of Jewish and Catholic inhabitants from a small Polish town during the interwar period to explore the social and relational dimensions of migration. Implementing a mesoscopic analytical scale, the authors quantitatively and qualitatively analyse dense and varied historical material. They examine the relationship between relational configurations of mobility and immobility, as well as the increasing dangers faced by Polish Jews in the decade leading up to the war and the destruction of their communities. This change of scale gauges the specific impact of the temporal context – namely rising peril and anti-Semitic violence against Polish Jews in the 1930s – on the dynamics of mobility. It also leads to a better understanding of the importance and nature of obstacles to migration. By doing so, the authors advocate for a social history of migrations and connections that considers emigration as the product of relational configurations in societies of origin. Moreover, they show that ties, so often described as resources in analyses of migration, can also be burdens when it comes to escaping persecution.
{"title":"The Dynamics of Mobility and Immobility in the Face of Danger: Polish Jewish Migrations during the 1930s from Below","authors":"Claire Zalc, Anton Perdoncin, Gabrielle Escaich","doi":"10.1163/23519924-09030004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-09030004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article draws on the exhaustive reconstruction of the transnational migration trajectories of Jewish and Catholic inhabitants from a small Polish town during the interwar period to explore the social and relational dimensions of migration. Implementing a mesoscopic analytical scale, the authors quantitatively and qualitatively analyse dense and varied historical material. They examine the relationship between relational configurations of mobility and immobility, as well as the increasing dangers faced by Polish Jews in the decade leading up to the war and the destruction of their communities. This change of scale gauges the specific impact of the temporal context – namely rising peril and anti-Semitic violence against Polish Jews in the 1930s – on the dynamics of mobility. It also leads to a better understanding of the importance and nature of obstacles to migration. By doing so, the authors advocate for a social history of migrations and connections that considers emigration as the product of relational configurations in societies of origin. Moreover, they show that ties, so often described as resources in analyses of migration, can also be burdens when it comes to escaping persecution.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":"11 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1163/23519924-09020003
Jack Crangle, Liam Harte, G. Dawson, F. Roulston, B. Hazley
This article diversifies and deepens our understanding of Northern Irish settlement in Great Britain during the era of the Troubles (c.1969–1998) by exploring a previously under-researched destination: the West of Scotland. Featuring oral history interviews with Northern Irish migrants in Glasgow, it considers how centuries of cultural exchange between the two places shaped migrants’ memories and subjectivities. Our narrators’ childhoods in Northern Ireland were punctuated by sectarian rancour and conflict. The presence in Scotland of similar – albeit less violent or systemic – sectarian attitudes often acted as mnemonic triggers to a conflict migrants felt they had left behind, reopening psychological wounds and reviving repressed traumas. Informed by theoretical conceptions of home, the analysis examines convergences between home and elsewhere, disrupting the idea of migration as a severance between the two. The article therefore offers a new perspective on both the Northern Irish presence in Great Britain and on interreligious relations in the West of Scotland.
{"title":"Northern Irish Migrants in Glasgow and the Troubles in Great Britain: Echoes of Conflict in a ‘Home Away from Home’","authors":"Jack Crangle, Liam Harte, G. Dawson, F. Roulston, B. Hazley","doi":"10.1163/23519924-09020003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-09020003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article diversifies and deepens our understanding of Northern Irish settlement in Great Britain during the era of the Troubles (c.1969–1998) by exploring a previously under-researched destination: the West of Scotland. Featuring oral history interviews with Northern Irish migrants in Glasgow, it considers how centuries of cultural exchange between the two places shaped migrants’ memories and subjectivities. Our narrators’ childhoods in Northern Ireland were punctuated by sectarian rancour and conflict. The presence in Scotland of similar – albeit less violent or systemic – sectarian attitudes often acted as mnemonic triggers to a conflict migrants felt they had left behind, reopening psychological wounds and reviving repressed traumas. Informed by theoretical conceptions of home, the analysis examines convergences between home and elsewhere, disrupting the idea of migration as a severance between the two. The article therefore offers a new perspective on both the Northern Irish presence in Great Britain and on interreligious relations in the West of Scotland.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47446425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1163/23519924-09020004
Shazia Khan, A. Sahoo
Traditional North-Indian music has played a crucial role in creating a distinct identity for Indians in the Caribbean since the arrival of the first indentured migrants in 1838. The use of socio-cultural and political elements to connect with the homeland is one of the important features of Indo-Caribbean music. ‘Creolisation’ is indisputable in Caribbean music, which was a result of merging Indian music with local Caribbean music, giving rise to different styles of music, i.e., Baithak Gana, Chutney, and Chutney Soca. This article examines diasporic metamorphoses as a means to understanding how immigrants from India asserted their ethnic identity through such metrics of music. One of the important findings of this research shows that Indians in the Caribbean tried to keep Hindustani music alive despite constant changes taking place in the field as a result of globalisation.
{"title":"The Sound of Diaspora: The Evolution and Transformation of Indo-Caribbean Music","authors":"Shazia Khan, A. Sahoo","doi":"10.1163/23519924-09020004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-09020004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Traditional North-Indian music has played a crucial role in creating a distinct identity for Indians in the Caribbean since the arrival of the first indentured migrants in 1838. The use of socio-cultural and political elements to connect with the homeland is one of the important features of Indo-Caribbean music. ‘Creolisation’ is indisputable in Caribbean music, which was a result of merging Indian music with local Caribbean music, giving rise to different styles of music, i.e., Baithak Gana, Chutney, and Chutney Soca. This article examines diasporic metamorphoses as a means to understanding how immigrants from India asserted their ethnic identity through such metrics of music. One of the important findings of this research shows that Indians in the Caribbean tried to keep Hindustani music alive despite constant changes taking place in the field as a result of globalisation.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42035875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1163/23519924-09020002
Miha Zobec
This article addresses how the Habsburg Empire and interwar Yugoslavia engaged with their emigrants in Brazil, and examines emigration patterns. It suggests that despite these emigrants not insignificant presence in Brazil, both European states demonstrated minimal interest in their subjects in the largest Latin American country. By contrast, the emigrants themselves aimed at attracting their home state’s attention, thus making the Yugoslav emigrant network visible. Tracing emigrant transnational political practices on the eve of the First World War, this article examines the establishment and withering of the South Slavic community in Brazil. It does so by situating the emigrant network within the transnational social field, defined by the sending and receiving states and by emigrant activists. Without oversight from the home state, and restrictive policies by the receiving country, these activists manipulated emigrants’ interests for personal benefit, contributing to community disruption before the Second World War.
{"title":"Yugoslav Emigrants in Brazil from the Habsburgs to Karađorđevićs: Transnational Political Engagement on the Peripheries?","authors":"Miha Zobec","doi":"10.1163/23519924-09020002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-09020002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article addresses how the Habsburg Empire and interwar Yugoslavia engaged with their emigrants in Brazil, and examines emigration patterns. It suggests that despite these emigrants not insignificant presence in Brazil, both European states demonstrated minimal interest in their subjects in the largest Latin American country. By contrast, the emigrants themselves aimed at attracting their home state’s attention, thus making the Yugoslav emigrant network visible. Tracing emigrant transnational political practices on the eve of the First World War, this article examines the establishment and withering of the South Slavic community in Brazil. It does so by situating the emigrant network within the transnational social field, defined by the sending and receiving states and by emigrant activists. Without oversight from the home state, and restrictive policies by the receiving country, these activists manipulated emigrants’ interests for personal benefit, contributing to community disruption before the Second World War.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45843109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1163/23519924-09020001
Mikkel Witt Syberg
This article contributes to a debate initiated in this journal in 2019 on the influence of ngos on migration policies in twentieth-century Western Europe. The study further develops previous studies by examining how ngos in 1930s Denmark managed and used different types of legitimacy to gain political influence. The claims of this article can be useful in seeing the influence of ngos as a process in which moral and pragmatic legitimacy are decisive factors in different phases of this process. The study finds that moral legitimacy is crucial for ngos in the initial phase of gaining access to negotiations with policymakers: the so-called ‘insider strategies’. Pragmatic legitimacy proves to be important for ngos when access to insider strategies is achieved. The ngos used their pragmatic legitimacy – for instance, their ability to reduce costs for the state – when negotiating with policymakers.
{"title":"The Influence of ngos on Danish Migration Policy in the 1930s: the Role of Moral and Pragmatic Legitimacy","authors":"Mikkel Witt Syberg","doi":"10.1163/23519924-09020001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-09020001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article contributes to a debate initiated in this journal in 2019 on the influence of ngos on migration policies in twentieth-century Western Europe. The study further develops previous studies by examining how ngos in 1930s Denmark managed and used different types of legitimacy to gain political influence. The claims of this article can be useful in seeing the influence of ngos as a process in which moral and pragmatic legitimacy are decisive factors in different phases of this process. The study finds that moral legitimacy is crucial for ngos in the initial phase of gaining access to negotiations with policymakers: the so-called ‘insider strategies’. Pragmatic legitimacy proves to be important for ngos when access to insider strategies is achieved. The ngos used their pragmatic legitimacy – for instance, their ability to reduce costs for the state – when negotiating with policymakers.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49351659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-24DOI: 10.1163/23519924-09010002
B. Bryce
This article charts the history of hundreds of Punjabi labourers who migrated to Argentina in 1912 and then onward to the United Kingdom. It argues that both worker agency and imperial concerns about mobility shaped this episode of migration and exclusion. Drawing from sources produced in Britain and Argentina, in English and Spanish, it shows how both workers and bureaucrats pursued competing goals, and how the ideas and activities of both groups mattered. It examines these migrant labourers’ voices and goals in Argentina and the United Kingdom. These Punjabi men repeatedly weighed their options and pursued opportunities for advancement, often taking advantage of their imperial subjecthood to do so. This research also shows how those strategies coexisted with the efforts of bureaucrats in Buenos Aires and London who sought to repatriate these migrants.
{"title":"Exclusion at the Heart of Empire: Punjabi Migrants in Buenos Aires and London Before the First World War","authors":"B. Bryce","doi":"10.1163/23519924-09010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-09010002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article charts the history of hundreds of Punjabi labourers who migrated to Argentina in 1912 and then onward to the United Kingdom. It argues that both worker agency and imperial concerns about mobility shaped this episode of migration and exclusion. Drawing from sources produced in Britain and Argentina, in English and Spanish, it shows how both workers and bureaucrats pursued competing goals, and how the ideas and activities of both groups mattered. It examines these migrant labourers’ voices and goals in Argentina and the United Kingdom. These Punjabi men repeatedly weighed their options and pursued opportunities for advancement, often taking advantage of their imperial subjecthood to do so. This research also shows how those strategies coexisted with the efforts of bureaucrats in Buenos Aires and London who sought to repatriate these migrants.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44967338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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