Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.14
Anca Stepan, Georges Ghazi, R. Botez
To accurately predict the amount of fuel needed by an aircraft for a given flight, a performance model must account for engine and airframe degradation. This paper presents a methodology to identify an aero-propulsive model to predict the fuel flow of an aircraft in cruise, while considering initial modeling uncertainties and performance variation over time due to degradation. Starting from performance data obtained from a Research Aircraft Flight Simulator, an initial aero-propulsive model was identified using different estimation methods. The estimation methods studied in this paper were polynomial interpolation, thin-plate splines, and neural networks. The aero-propulsive model was then structured using two lookup tables: one lookup table reflecting the aerodynamic performance, and another table reflecting the propulsive performance. Subsequently, an adaptative technique was developed to locally and then globally, adapt the lookup tables defining the aero-propulsive model using flight data. The methodology was applied to the Cessna Citation X business jet aircraft, for which a highly qualified level D research aircraft flight simulator was available. The results demonstrated that by using the proposed aero-propulsive performance model, it was possible to predict the aerodynamic performance with an average relative error of 0.99%, and the propulsive performance with an average relative error of 3.38%. These results were obtained using the neural network estimation method.
{"title":"Development of an Adaptive Aero-Propulsive Performance Model in Cruise Flight – Application to the Cessna Citation X","authors":"Anca Stepan, Georges Ghazi, R. Botez","doi":"10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.14","url":null,"abstract":"To accurately predict the amount of fuel needed by an aircraft for a given flight, a performance model must account for engine and airframe degradation. This paper presents a methodology to identify an aero-propulsive model to predict the fuel flow of an aircraft in cruise, while considering initial modeling uncertainties and performance variation over time due to degradation. Starting from performance data obtained from a Research Aircraft Flight Simulator, an initial aero-propulsive model was identified using different estimation methods. The estimation methods studied in this paper were polynomial interpolation, thin-plate splines, and neural networks. The aero-propulsive model was then structured using two lookup tables: one lookup table reflecting the aerodynamic performance, and another table reflecting the propulsive performance. Subsequently, an adaptative technique was developed to locally and then globally, adapt the lookup tables defining the aero-propulsive model using flight data. The methodology was applied to the Cessna Citation X business jet aircraft, for which a highly qualified level D research aircraft flight simulator was available. The results demonstrated that by using the proposed aero-propulsive performance model, it was possible to predict the aerodynamic performance with an average relative error of 0.99%, and the propulsive performance with an average relative error of 3.38%. These results were obtained using the neural network estimation method.","PeriodicalId":37556,"journal":{"name":"INCAS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42599248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.17
Ilinca Marin, Manuela Rusu, Valentin Soare, S. Tonoiu, O. Blăjină
This paper aims to increase the level of awareness regarding the risk of using counterfeit parts in the aerospace industry. Manufacturing and selling counterfeit parts is a challenge that almost every business faces and that has an impact on retailers, distributors, and producers. Contrary to other businesses, counterfeiting could be fatal in the aerospace, defense, and automotive sectors. The risk of receiving counterfeit parts or assemblies with counterfeit parts will vary depending on the organization’s role and position within the supply chain. The risk increases with the number of supply chain intermediaries (such as sub-tiers, distributors, customers, services, etc.) that incorporate parts into products or assemblies.
{"title":"Considerations regarding the risk of using counterfeit products in the aerospace industry","authors":"Ilinca Marin, Manuela Rusu, Valentin Soare, S. Tonoiu, O. Blăjină","doi":"10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.17","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to increase the level of awareness regarding the risk of using counterfeit parts in the aerospace industry. Manufacturing and selling counterfeit parts is a challenge that almost every business faces and that has an impact on retailers, distributors, and producers. Contrary to other businesses, counterfeiting could be fatal in the aerospace, defense, and automotive sectors. The risk of receiving counterfeit parts or assemblies with counterfeit parts will vary depending on the organization’s role and position within the supply chain. The risk increases with the number of supply chain intermediaries (such as sub-tiers, distributors, customers, services, etc.) that incorporate parts into products or assemblies.","PeriodicalId":37556,"journal":{"name":"INCAS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45080984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.4
N. Constantinescu, Emil Constantinescu, A. Chira
One way to improve the measurements of the PSR (Primary Surveillance Radar) is to utilize the cinematic model of the aircraft (A/C) in a Kalman filter. Another newly developed method would be to implement multilateration using a large number of ground-based ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) receivers. Originating in airport surveillance, multilateration grew to become the primary system for ATM (Air Traffic Management) in airspaces without PSR coverage. Given that each of the systems has its own advantages and limitations, we propose an evaluation of an alternative approach that uses data from multiple ADS-B receivers to implement a data fusion algorithm between PSR acquired position and MLAT (Multilateration) estimated position. Among the many ways to implement data fusion, have chosen to analyze two possible solutions: the direct fusion of the two available positions provided by the two systems using a traditional Kalman Filter and a linearization approach for the multilateration solution that does not require position computation. In both cases, these will improve the Kalman filter and lower the position estimation errors. The evaluation takes into consideration the possible sources of inaccuracies and provides sensibility analyses in regards to the number and positioning of ADS-B receivers involved in multilateration. This paper will conclude with a discussion of the computational power required for the two implementations.
{"title":"Enhancing the performance of the Primary Surveillance Radar using Multilateration","authors":"N. Constantinescu, Emil Constantinescu, A. Chira","doi":"10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"One way to improve the measurements of the PSR (Primary Surveillance Radar) is to utilize the cinematic model of the aircraft (A/C) in a Kalman filter. Another newly developed method would be to implement multilateration using a large number of ground-based ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) receivers. Originating in airport surveillance, multilateration grew to become the primary system for ATM (Air Traffic Management) in airspaces without PSR coverage. Given that each of the systems has its own advantages and limitations, we propose an evaluation of an alternative approach that uses data from multiple ADS-B receivers to implement a data fusion algorithm between PSR acquired position and MLAT (Multilateration) estimated position. Among the many ways to implement data fusion, have chosen to analyze two possible solutions: the direct fusion of the two available positions provided by the two systems using a traditional Kalman Filter and a linearization approach for the multilateration solution that does not require position computation. In both cases, these will improve the Kalman filter and lower the position estimation errors. The evaluation takes into consideration the possible sources of inaccuracies and provides sensibility analyses in regards to the number and positioning of ADS-B receivers involved in multilateration. This paper will conclude with a discussion of the computational power required for the two implementations.","PeriodicalId":37556,"journal":{"name":"INCAS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43678257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.5
Florin Costache, S. Nichifor, M. Costea, A. Ionita
This paper presents the automatic approach procedure of a flying vehicle, attached to an ABB 7600 robot, and a mobile platform, attached to a Stewart platform. Due to a nonlinear dynamic behavior, it is necessary to implement complex control, stabilization and guidance schemes. The proposed solution for this system includes the development of an algorithm based on a backstepping control method, the controller design methodology being based on Lyapunov's stability theory. The proposed command law requires that the states are known, but it is also necessary to introduce a series of state estimators. Tracking a mobile platform is critical in surveillance, reconnaissance and tracking missions, with the control methodology defining a clear distinction between translational and rotational dynamics. The proposed algorithm is developed by separating two types of states involving an inverse kinematics, known as algebraic kinematics, in which the dynamic movements of the two pieces of equipment are used. The dynamics of the ABB 7600 robot involves a movement with seven degrees of freedom, while the Stewart platform can be used with a movement of six degrees of freedom. The proposed algorithm is implemented in both Matlab software and experimental testing. This paper provides results in terms of generating dynamics for both devices that can be used for simulating different scenarios of aerospace missions.
{"title":"Automatic approach procedure of a flying vehicle on a mobile platform using backstepping controller","authors":"Florin Costache, S. Nichifor, M. Costea, A. Ionita","doi":"10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the automatic approach procedure of a flying vehicle, attached to an ABB 7600 robot, and a mobile platform, attached to a Stewart platform. Due to a nonlinear dynamic behavior, it is necessary to implement complex control, stabilization and guidance schemes. The proposed solution for this system includes the development of an algorithm based on a backstepping control method, the controller design methodology being based on Lyapunov's stability theory. The proposed command law requires that the states are known, but it is also necessary to introduce a series of state estimators. Tracking a mobile platform is critical in surveillance, reconnaissance and tracking missions, with the control methodology defining a clear distinction between translational and rotational dynamics. The proposed algorithm is developed by separating two types of states involving an inverse kinematics, known as algebraic kinematics, in which the dynamic movements of the two pieces of equipment are used. The dynamics of the ABB 7600 robot involves a movement with seven degrees of freedom, while the Stewart platform can be used with a movement of six degrees of freedom. The proposed algorithm is implemented in both Matlab software and experimental testing. This paper provides results in terms of generating dynamics for both devices that can be used for simulating different scenarios of aerospace missions.","PeriodicalId":37556,"journal":{"name":"INCAS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45530185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.8
G. Ojoc, Larisa Chiper Titire, L. Deleanu, C. Muntenita, C. Pîrvu
This paper presents experimental results and a failure analysis of a composite for ballistic protection. The stratified plate is manufactured at laboratory scale, after a technology designed by the authors. The plates were tested for level FB2, taking into account the standard SR EN 1522:2004 (Windows, doors, shutters and blinds. Bullet resistance. Requirements and classification) and SR EN 1523:2004 (Windows, doors, shutters and blinds. Bullet resistance. Test method) and the results point out that this plate could face more dangerous threats. In order to evaluate the behavior of the plate under the impact characterizing a higher level of threat, the authors uses a FE model and simulated the system bullet – plate for different impact velocities.
本文介绍了一种弹道防护复合材料的试验结果和失效分析。根据作者设计的工艺，在实验室规模上制造了分层板。考虑到标准SR EN 1522:2004(窗户，门，百叶窗和百叶窗)，板材经过FB2级测试。子弹抵抗。要求和分类)和SR EN 1523:2004(窗，门，百叶窗和百叶窗。子弹抵抗。试验方法)和结果指出，这一板块可能面临更危险的威胁。为了评估弹板在具有较高威胁程度的冲击作用下的性能，采用有限元模型对系统弹板进行了不同冲击速度下的仿真。
{"title":"Simulation of the Behavior of 32-Layer Composite Plate for Ballistic Protection","authors":"G. Ojoc, Larisa Chiper Titire, L. Deleanu, C. Muntenita, C. Pîrvu","doi":"10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.8","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents experimental results and a failure analysis of a composite for ballistic protection. The stratified plate is manufactured at laboratory scale, after a technology designed by the authors. The plates were tested for level FB2, taking into account the standard SR EN 1522:2004 (Windows, doors, shutters and blinds. Bullet resistance. Requirements and classification) and SR EN 1523:2004 (Windows, doors, shutters and blinds. Bullet resistance. Test method) and the results point out that this plate could face more dangerous threats. In order to evaluate the behavior of the plate under the impact characterizing a higher level of threat, the authors uses a FE model and simulated the system bullet – plate for different impact velocities.","PeriodicalId":37556,"journal":{"name":"INCAS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46862433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.15
Gulzhan K. Kaliyeva, Z. Konakbay, Indira Asilbekova, A. Abzhapbarova, S. Zhardemkyzy
The relevance of the study is related to the increasingly important role of air transport in recent years. The need for training in civil aviation has been identified as an integral and key component in improving the performance of civil aviation and its services. Today, the transport industry occupies an important position in the economy of any country since the development of transport has a competitive impact on the economy. Air transportation in the Republic of Kazakhstan significantly affects the state of the national economy and occupies a certain share in the structure of GDP. In recent years, the development of the state with its geographical location and low population density requires an increase in air transport facilities. Consequently, population movements and the burden of economic development, along with the establishment of relations between regions, are becoming an increasingly necessary service every year. The purpose of the study is to investigate the issues of training specialists in civil aviation by analysing the current situation in the aviation industry in Kazakhstan. The development of small and regional aviation is one of the main tasks of the civil aviation industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan to enable the population of remote settlements to access large centres of macrostructures, solve urgent and emergency situations, and perform agricultural and chemical activities. In this regard, appropriate measures are being taken to make local airports capable of accommodating aircraft from 10 to 50 tonnes. The economic status of state aviation, the growth of consumer markets and the growth rate of changes in international requirements of ISO, IACO, IATO have revealed systemic problems in civil aviation, among which the quality training for the civil aviation specialists is an important one. The practical significance is the transformation and adjustment of current trends and modernisations into educational standards, followed by the formation of a competence model in air transport training.
{"title":"Current Trends and Developments in the Modernisation of the Aviation Training System","authors":"Gulzhan K. Kaliyeva, Z. Konakbay, Indira Asilbekova, A. Abzhapbarova, S. Zhardemkyzy","doi":"10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.4.15","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study is related to the increasingly important role of air transport in recent years. The need for training in civil aviation has been identified as an integral and key component in improving the performance of civil aviation and its services. Today, the transport industry occupies an important position in the economy of any country since the development of transport has a competitive impact on the economy. Air transportation in the Republic of Kazakhstan significantly affects the state of the national economy and occupies a certain share in the structure of GDP. In recent years, the development of the state with its geographical location and low population density requires an increase in air transport facilities. Consequently, population movements and the burden of economic development, along with the establishment of relations between regions, are becoming an increasingly necessary service every year. The purpose of the study is to investigate the issues of training specialists in civil aviation by analysing the current situation in the aviation industry in Kazakhstan. The development of small and regional aviation is one of the main tasks of the civil aviation industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan to enable the population of remote settlements to access large centres of macrostructures, solve urgent and emergency situations, and perform agricultural and chemical activities. In this regard, appropriate measures are being taken to make local airports capable of accommodating aircraft from 10 to 50 tonnes. The economic status of state aviation, the growth of consumer markets and the growth rate of changes in international requirements of ISO, IACO, IATO have revealed systemic problems in civil aviation, among which the quality training for the civil aviation specialists is an important one. The practical significance is the transformation and adjustment of current trends and modernisations into educational standards, followed by the formation of a competence model in air transport training.","PeriodicalId":37556,"journal":{"name":"INCAS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43909232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.9
A. Seeni
This paper proposes a new theory explaining aerodynamic phenomena of airfoils. The theory is based on the application of Newton’s classical mechanics rather than differential equations of fluid dynamics. The approach in developing the equations contains both geometrical and fluid dynamics perspectives of motion of body in a fluid. Based on the theory, it is shown that new airfoil designs could be generated through the application of “contraction” and subsequent “expansion” in the geometry for lift generation. The effect of thickness of airfoil is important in the context of lift and drag and further investigation on its effect on airfoil aerodynamics is conducted. The obtained results are reported and discussed.
{"title":"A theory on understanding aerodynamic phenomena of airfoils and the significance of airfoil’s thickness on lift and drag","authors":"A. Seeni","doi":"10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.9","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new theory explaining aerodynamic phenomena of airfoils. The theory is based on the application of Newton’s classical mechanics rather than differential equations of fluid dynamics. The approach in developing the equations contains both geometrical and fluid dynamics perspectives of motion of body in a fluid. Based on the theory, it is shown that new airfoil designs could be generated through the application of “contraction” and subsequent “expansion” in the geometry for lift generation. The effect of thickness of airfoil is important in the context of lift and drag and further investigation on its effect on airfoil aerodynamics is conducted. The obtained results are reported and discussed.","PeriodicalId":37556,"journal":{"name":"INCAS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45903114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.11
D. L. V. VASU KANNAH, B. R. Muthusubash, P. SRINITHI PRIYADHARSHINI
Jet mixing becomes necessary for its wide range of applications from household appliances to modern high technology rockets. Various researchers have studied the enhancement of jet mixing and concluded that the most effective jet mixing is due to the engagement of a vortex generator at the exit plane of the nozzle, thereby creating vortices of different sizes to enhance the mixing. To intensify the jet mixing, two similar innovative vortex generators with a total blockage ratio of 3.5% are placed diametrically opposite locations of the convergent nozzle. The Aspect Ratio of the convergent nozzle is 1. A numerical investigation is carried out to assess the effectiveness of the vortex generator for Mach numbers of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8. The centerline Pitot pressure decay was calculated and found to exhibit the core length reduction due to the introduction of the Vortex generator. To measure the effectiveness of the jet mixing using vortex generators, the results are compared with the uncontrolled jet.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Innovative Vortex Generators in the Mixing Enhancement of Subsonic Jets","authors":"D. L. V. VASU KANNAH, B. R. Muthusubash, P. SRINITHI PRIYADHARSHINI","doi":"10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Jet mixing becomes necessary for its wide range of applications from household appliances to modern high technology rockets. Various researchers have studied the enhancement of jet mixing and concluded that the most effective jet mixing is due to the engagement of a vortex generator at the exit plane of the nozzle, thereby creating vortices of different sizes to enhance the mixing. To intensify the jet mixing, two similar innovative vortex generators with a total blockage ratio of 3.5% are placed diametrically opposite locations of the convergent nozzle. The Aspect Ratio of the convergent nozzle is 1. A numerical investigation is carried out to assess the effectiveness of the vortex generator for Mach numbers of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8. The centerline Pitot pressure decay was calculated and found to exhibit the core length reduction due to the introduction of the Vortex generator. To measure the effectiveness of the jet mixing using vortex generators, the results are compared with the uncontrolled jet.","PeriodicalId":37556,"journal":{"name":"INCAS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47003966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.6
Rafi M. Qasim, Ihsan A. Abdulhussein, A. Mohammed, Qusay A. Maatooq
The experimental simulation between the composite hydraulic structure and the found obstacles in the downstream region is a challenging process due to the energy losses and kinematic dissipation. The current work focuses on a comparative analysis of free flow conditions that exist without obstacles and submerged flow conditions that occur due to obstacles. It indicates the evaluation of hydraulic variables and geometrical variables of composite hydraulic structure for both flow conditions. In addition, it includes an investigation of the interaction among these variables. The hydraulic variables include actual discharge, flow velocity, flow cross-sectional area that crosses the gate, downstream water depth, discharge coefficient, Reynolds number and, Froude number, while the vertical distance between the weir and gate represents the geometry variable. The interference between the weir discharge and gate discharge plays a significant role in the result fluctuation and variation for both flow conditions, while the form and size of the obstacles only have a major effect on the submerged flow. For both flow conditions, the water depth is investigated; there would be a drastic increase in water depth by using obstacles in the downstream area as compared with not using the obstacles. This study adopts different obstacles in shape and size, therefore, the variation of maximum and minimum water levels related to the location will occur.
{"title":"Evaluation of the hydraulic behavior of the composite hydraulic structure considering a bed flume with special obstacle","authors":"Rafi M. Qasim, Ihsan A. Abdulhussein, A. Mohammed, Qusay A. Maatooq","doi":"10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"The experimental simulation between the composite hydraulic structure and the found obstacles in the downstream region is a challenging process due to the energy losses and kinematic dissipation. The current work focuses on a comparative analysis of free flow conditions that exist without obstacles and submerged flow conditions that occur due to obstacles. It indicates the evaluation of hydraulic variables and geometrical variables of composite hydraulic structure for both flow conditions. In addition, it includes an investigation of the interaction among these variables. The hydraulic variables include actual discharge, flow velocity, flow cross-sectional area that crosses the gate, downstream water depth, discharge coefficient, Reynolds number and, Froude number, while the vertical distance between the weir and gate represents the geometry variable. The interference between the weir discharge and gate discharge plays a significant role in the result fluctuation and variation for both flow conditions, while the form and size of the obstacles only have a major effect on the submerged flow. For both flow conditions, the water depth is investigated; there would be a drastic increase in water depth by using obstacles in the downstream area as compared with not using the obstacles. This study adopts different obstacles in shape and size, therefore, the variation of maximum and minimum water levels related to the location will occur.","PeriodicalId":37556,"journal":{"name":"INCAS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42090737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.14
Anupama Francy Kothasiri, S. R. Chalamalasetti
In recent years, the interest in modeling extrusion processes has resulted in the development of several analytical and numerical methodologies. The present work optimizes cold extrusion process variables (Die angle (DA), Ram speed (RS), Coefficient of friction (CoF)) on extrusion force, displacement, damage and time for the Aluminum AA 2024 alloy material. DEFORMTM-3D software is used to carry out numerical simulations and to study the behavior of the Aluminum AA 2024 billet during the plastic deformation over the conical die. The die/ container and ram (top die) are considered as rigid bodies and the room temperature is maintained during the extrusion process. The simulations are conducted as per L27 Taguchi orthogonal array. The obtained results are analyzed in ANOVA. An optimization using multiple variables is performed by grey relational analysis (GRA). The highest grey relational grade (GRG) is obtained for experiments conducted at DA level 2, RS level 2, and CoF level 3 (minimum extrusion force, damage and time) and (maximum displacement) is achieved by GRA. Systematically, the influence of the ram speed, coefficient of friction, and die angle are examined. The damage factor is considerable at 30° DA under the ram speed of 3mm/min.
{"title":"Investigation of Cold Extrusion of Aluminum AA 2024 Alloy using Finite Element Analysis","authors":"Anupama Francy Kothasiri, S. R. Chalamalasetti","doi":"10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.14","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the interest in modeling extrusion processes has resulted in the development of several analytical and numerical methodologies. The present work optimizes cold extrusion process variables (Die angle (DA), Ram speed (RS), Coefficient of friction (CoF)) on extrusion force, displacement, damage and time for the Aluminum AA 2024 alloy material. DEFORMTM-3D software is used to carry out numerical simulations and to study the behavior of the Aluminum AA 2024 billet during the plastic deformation over the conical die. The die/ container and ram (top die) are considered as rigid bodies and the room temperature is maintained during the extrusion process. The simulations are conducted as per L27 Taguchi orthogonal array. The obtained results are analyzed in ANOVA. An optimization using multiple variables is performed by grey relational analysis (GRA). The highest grey relational grade (GRG) is obtained for experiments conducted at DA level 2, RS level 2, and CoF level 3 (minimum extrusion force, damage and time) and (maximum displacement) is achieved by GRA. Systematically, the influence of the ram speed, coefficient of friction, and die angle are examined. The damage factor is considerable at 30° DA under the ram speed of 3mm/min.","PeriodicalId":37556,"journal":{"name":"INCAS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42230205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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