Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch013
Esen Gökçe Özdamar, Okşan Tandoğan
Today, in line with nature's integrated habitats and environments, the scope of biophilic architecture emerges as an essential issue for society wellbeing. When evaluating the possibilities of enhancing access to healthy food, the necessity of including every scale of living—from the smallest individual living space to collective living areas—should be discussed. In this study, cyber-gardening practices are evaluated from critical perspectives in terms of dystopia. Cyber-gardening, systems of self-organization, and self-sufficiency concepts are crucial to envisaging a sustainable city, food, and agriculture ecosystem. Biology, architecture, and urban design-oriented approaches have emerged in the works of design groups such as EcoLogic Studio. Emerging as a kind of bio-architectural hybrid, these new physical and digital interactive garden prototypes create augmented biospheres. In these new urban-food-agriculture scenarios composed of designed virtual interfaces, visitors are transformed into urban cyber-gardeners.
{"title":"Cyber-Gardening and Biophilic Design in Future Cities","authors":"Esen Gökçe Özdamar, Okşan Tandoğan","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch013","url":null,"abstract":"Today, in line with nature's integrated habitats and environments, the scope of biophilic architecture emerges as an essential issue for society wellbeing. When evaluating the possibilities of enhancing access to healthy food, the necessity of including every scale of living—from the smallest individual living space to collective living areas—should be discussed. In this study, cyber-gardening practices are evaluated from critical perspectives in terms of dystopia. Cyber-gardening, systems of self-organization, and self-sufficiency concepts are crucial to envisaging a sustainable city, food, and agriculture ecosystem. Biology, architecture, and urban design-oriented approaches have emerged in the works of design groups such as EcoLogic Studio. Emerging as a kind of bio-architectural hybrid, these new physical and digital interactive garden prototypes create augmented biospheres. In these new urban-food-agriculture scenarios composed of designed virtual interfaces, visitors are transformed into urban cyber-gardeners.","PeriodicalId":375760,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128108759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch004
Miray Gür, Timur Kaprol
During the COVID-19 process, nature has been a place of escape regarding socialization and well-being. The aim of biophilic design, which supports physical and mental health in a fair and accessible way, is to evaluate the interaction with a healthy environment and to develop design proposals in this context. As a method, post-pandemic requirements, behaviors, and spatial scales are examined through a model in terms of biophilic design, and suggestions are made for the new normal by researching biophilic elements. The biophilic design provides the potential to use nature, daylight, air, and vitality as design elements to improve the quality of spaces and support the experiences of societies. Apart from including green spaces and ecosystems in the design, biophilic design can enrich the multisensory and multidimensional experiences both individually and socially by enabling users to participate in this experience. While this approach supports sound, healthy, and safe living spaces, it will also provide for cities to be sustainable and resilient.
{"title":"The Participation of Biophilic Design in the Design of the Post-Pandemic Living Space","authors":"Miray Gür, Timur Kaprol","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch004","url":null,"abstract":"During the COVID-19 process, nature has been a place of escape regarding socialization and well-being. The aim of biophilic design, which supports physical and mental health in a fair and accessible way, is to evaluate the interaction with a healthy environment and to develop design proposals in this context. As a method, post-pandemic requirements, behaviors, and spatial scales are examined through a model in terms of biophilic design, and suggestions are made for the new normal by researching biophilic elements. The biophilic design provides the potential to use nature, daylight, air, and vitality as design elements to improve the quality of spaces and support the experiences of societies. Apart from including green spaces and ecosystems in the design, biophilic design can enrich the multisensory and multidimensional experiences both individually and socially by enabling users to participate in this experience. While this approach supports sound, healthy, and safe living spaces, it will also provide for cities to be sustainable and resilient.","PeriodicalId":375760,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131338349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch003
Gamze Satılmış, Özge Yalçiner Ercoşkun
Humans by nature need contact with nature for their physical and mental health, productivity, and well-being. However, the natural habitat of modern humans has become the built environment where they spend most of their time. Unfortunately, most modern buildings and cities are places that are harmful to the environment, disconnected from nature, and estranged. Therefore, the need for biological contact with nature has become increasingly important in high-rise and urbanizing societies. In this context, in this study, the concept of biophilic (healing) design is explained; its physical, social, environmental, and economic benefits are revealed; and its advantages against the most important problems of the 21st century are discussed at different scales. By examining different world examples of biophilic cities and biophilic buildings, a matrix was formed, and biophilic design principles and the benefits used were evaluated. Finally, the difficulties in implementing the biophilic design are mentioned.
{"title":"Biophilic Design","authors":"Gamze Satılmış, Özge Yalçiner Ercoşkun","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch003","url":null,"abstract":"Humans by nature need contact with nature for their physical and mental health, productivity, and well-being. However, the natural habitat of modern humans has become the built environment where they spend most of their time. Unfortunately, most modern buildings and cities are places that are harmful to the environment, disconnected from nature, and estranged. Therefore, the need for biological contact with nature has become increasingly important in high-rise and urbanizing societies. In this context, in this study, the concept of biophilic (healing) design is explained; its physical, social, environmental, and economic benefits are revealed; and its advantages against the most important problems of the 21st century are discussed at different scales. By examining different world examples of biophilic cities and biophilic buildings, a matrix was formed, and biophilic design principles and the benefits used were evaluated. Finally, the difficulties in implementing the biophilic design are mentioned.","PeriodicalId":375760,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114404824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), a university campus located in a rural area, establishes a different social and spatial relationship with the city and its immediate surroundings. This chapter focuses on assessing the socio-spatial sustainability of the campus before and during the pandemic, together with the evaluation of UI GreenMetric World University Rankings (GreenMetric). The study has the basis of the content analysis of IZTECH GreenMetric evaluations and a critical review of sustainability issues through questionnaire technique applied to campus users, including administrative, academic staff, and students at IZTECH. The multidimensional survey has been designed to grasp the perspectives of the campus users on the sustainability performance of the campus, and to gather some intangible data on the COVID-19 period and its impacts on the use of campus spaces. In conclusion, this chapter is going to suggest a road map to guide sustainability measures of campuses for more adaptable and resilient solutions under unexpected circumstances.
{"title":"Unveiling the Experience of IZTECH","authors":"Ipek Akpınar, Işın Can-Traunmüller, Zeynep Özçam, Sıla Özkavaf Şenalp","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch007","url":null,"abstract":"Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), a university campus located in a rural area, establishes a different social and spatial relationship with the city and its immediate surroundings. This chapter focuses on assessing the socio-spatial sustainability of the campus before and during the pandemic, together with the evaluation of UI GreenMetric World University Rankings (GreenMetric). The study has the basis of the content analysis of IZTECH GreenMetric evaluations and a critical review of sustainability issues through questionnaire technique applied to campus users, including administrative, academic staff, and students at IZTECH. The multidimensional survey has been designed to grasp the perspectives of the campus users on the sustainability performance of the campus, and to gather some intangible data on the COVID-19 period and its impacts on the use of campus spaces. In conclusion, this chapter is going to suggest a road map to guide sustainability measures of campuses for more adaptable and resilient solutions under unexpected circumstances.","PeriodicalId":375760,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123885523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch008
F. Martínez-Tabares, G. Castellanos-Domínguez, M. Orozco-Alzate
In 2011, the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia (CCLC) was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Several studies have been undertaken to increase its knowledge and promote its conservation and sustainable development; however, there still exists a gap between the knowledge of the visible features of this landscape and the audible ones, which are associated to anthropophonic, geophonic, and, mainly, to biophonic sound-emitting sources. The perception or recording of the audible features in a place has been recently termed as soundscape and is studied by a relatively novel discipline known as ecoacoustics. This chapter is, therefore, aimed to discuss the potential opportunities and challenges of applying ecoacoustic methods—particularly non-negative matrix factorization and acoustic indices—to enrich the study of the CCLC. Essential concepts for both the CCLC and ecoacoustics are also briefly explained, along with an outline of future work directions in short- and long-term perspectives.
{"title":"The Potential Role of Ecoacoustics in the Study of the Coffee Natural Landscape of Colombia","authors":"F. Martínez-Tabares, G. Castellanos-Domínguez, M. Orozco-Alzate","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch008","url":null,"abstract":"In 2011, the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia (CCLC) was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Several studies have been undertaken to increase its knowledge and promote its conservation and sustainable development; however, there still exists a gap between the knowledge of the visible features of this landscape and the audible ones, which are associated to anthropophonic, geophonic, and, mainly, to biophonic sound-emitting sources. The perception or recording of the audible features in a place has been recently termed as soundscape and is studied by a relatively novel discipline known as ecoacoustics. This chapter is, therefore, aimed to discuss the potential opportunities and challenges of applying ecoacoustic methods—particularly non-negative matrix factorization and acoustic indices—to enrich the study of the CCLC. Essential concepts for both the CCLC and ecoacoustics are also briefly explained, along with an outline of future work directions in short- and long-term perspectives.","PeriodicalId":375760,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121194538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch005
S. B. Garip, E. Garip
This chapter discusses the relationship between natural and unnatural in the framework of urban design strategies for sustainability. A descriptive reading is presented through theoretical perspectives and examples of application approaches. The authors' proposals for different cities in Turkey as urban design projects which deal with different problems and potentials in scope of the relations between natural-unnatural are presented. The thresholds and balances between natural-unnatural and urban design strategies for sustainability are discussed within the content of the projects. The key points are elucidated through mentioned examples which are focusing on design approaches, relations, scenarios, and principles.
{"title":"Questioning Thresholds Between Natural-Unnatural","authors":"S. B. Garip, E. Garip","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the relationship between natural and unnatural in the framework of urban design strategies for sustainability. A descriptive reading is presented through theoretical perspectives and examples of application approaches. The authors' proposals for different cities in Turkey as urban design projects which deal with different problems and potentials in scope of the relations between natural-unnatural are presented. The thresholds and balances between natural-unnatural and urban design strategies for sustainability are discussed within the content of the projects. The key points are elucidated through mentioned examples which are focusing on design approaches, relations, scenarios, and principles.","PeriodicalId":375760,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129897590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch002
Tülay Zıvalı Turhan, Hatice Ayataç
Sarajevo's natural layout is extensively green as it covers large rural and natural areas. The city struggles with an insufficient urban layout in terms of environmental quality. Through a top-down approach, this study investigates the user's perception of ‘green' and examines the environmental attributes of place attachment in the case of Sarajevo. The semi-structured study is based on online surveys with experts and in-depth interviews with residents and applies a reframed model of place attachment which provides both a quantitative and qualitative translation of, among other aspects, environmental factors. Within this framework, the research presents a recap of Sarajevo's environmental experiences and focuses on lessons learned regarding the post-war urban development in the environmental context of the city.
{"title":"Belonging to Green","authors":"Tülay Zıvalı Turhan, Hatice Ayataç","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch002","url":null,"abstract":"Sarajevo's natural layout is extensively green as it covers large rural and natural areas. The city struggles with an insufficient urban layout in terms of environmental quality. Through a top-down approach, this study investigates the user's perception of ‘green' and examines the environmental attributes of place attachment in the case of Sarajevo. The semi-structured study is based on online surveys with experts and in-depth interviews with residents and applies a reframed model of place attachment which provides both a quantitative and qualitative translation of, among other aspects, environmental factors. Within this framework, the research presents a recap of Sarajevo's environmental experiences and focuses on lessons learned regarding the post-war urban development in the environmental context of the city.","PeriodicalId":375760,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134619345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch001
Lâl Dalay, G. Aytaç
The concept of biophilic design emerges as a solution in an environment where urbanization drives people away from nature, and the built environment becomes increasingly critical to people's productivity; emotional, physical, and mental health; and leads to the pursuit of nature. Examples in which the understanding of including nature in the built environment is adopted, and the human-nature interaction is emphasized, which can be seen in many scales, within the framework of biophilic design. Designs with the same concern from the dimension of urban design to the scale of the architecture are designed in a way that appeals to the senses by taking shape in the human focus. In this chapter, the biophilia phenomenon is examined from different design scales, and principles of the biophilic design are discussed through theoretical bases and practices.
{"title":"Biophilic Design","authors":"Lâl Dalay, G. Aytaç","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch001","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of biophilic design emerges as a solution in an environment where urbanization drives people away from nature, and the built environment becomes increasingly critical to people's productivity; emotional, physical, and mental health; and leads to the pursuit of nature. Examples in which the understanding of including nature in the built environment is adopted, and the human-nature interaction is emphasized, which can be seen in many scales, within the framework of biophilic design. Designs with the same concern from the dimension of urban design to the scale of the architecture are designed in a way that appeals to the senses by taking shape in the human focus. In this chapter, the biophilia phenomenon is examined from different design scales, and principles of the biophilic design are discussed through theoretical bases and practices.","PeriodicalId":375760,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126940196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch010
Gülşah Doğan Karaman, Semra Arslan Selçuk
The study aims to guide the assisted living facility (ALF) design, in which biophilic design, which is observed to have positive physiological, psychological, and sociological effects on humans, is observed, and the principle of universal design is accessible and designed for everyone. Since there is no place called a biophilic ALF, the study is supported by a nature-oriented design method called Green Building Rating Tools. Green building certificate systems are explored in terms of biophilic and universal design, and three of the certifications show credits linked to the theories researched. With these certificates, green building certified ALFs located in the same region are selected. With the methodology applied on the case studies of three ALFs that received these certificates, how and where biophilic and universal design patterns can be transferred from theory to practice has been examined. The study observed the extent of 14 biophilic design patterns in ALFs and tabulated how to find each pattern in these facilities according to the methods and places.
{"title":"Transferring Biophilic and Universal Design Theory to Practice With Learning From Green Buildings","authors":"Gülşah Doğan Karaman, Semra Arslan Selçuk","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch010","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to guide the assisted living facility (ALF) design, in which biophilic design, which is observed to have positive physiological, psychological, and sociological effects on humans, is observed, and the principle of universal design is accessible and designed for everyone. Since there is no place called a biophilic ALF, the study is supported by a nature-oriented design method called Green Building Rating Tools. Green building certificate systems are explored in terms of biophilic and universal design, and three of the certifications show credits linked to the theories researched. With these certificates, green building certified ALFs located in the same region are selected. With the methodology applied on the case studies of three ALFs that received these certificates, how and where biophilic and universal design patterns can be transferred from theory to practice has been examined. The study observed the extent of 14 biophilic design patterns in ALFs and tabulated how to find each pattern in these facilities according to the methods and places.","PeriodicalId":375760,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116361892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch009
R. Hopkins, S. Edge
This chapter catalogues the working experiences of the architects AHR and their design team and their clients, the Royal College of Physicians, for the design and construction of The Spine, their new Northern HQ, in Liverpool, UK. This iconic building opened in early 2021 and optimistically reflects the ethos and values of the college, and it is set to become one of the healthiest buildings in the world. It will describe and explain the biophilic and salutogenic design construction processes taken by the design team, from commissioning to completion. The main objective for the college when commissioning AHR architects to design their new building was to significantly expand their facilities and to reflect their standing in the world of medicine. So, the AHR design team endeavored to help them attain their goal of a WELL Platinum and the Building Research Establishments Environmental Assessment Methods (BREEAM) Outstanding certification.
{"title":"The Spine, the New HQ for the Royal College of Physicians, Liverpool, UK","authors":"R. Hopkins, S. Edge","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6725-8.ch009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter catalogues the working experiences of the architects AHR and their design team and their clients, the Royal College of Physicians, for the design and construction of The Spine, their new Northern HQ, in Liverpool, UK. This iconic building opened in early 2021 and optimistically reflects the ethos and values of the college, and it is set to become one of the healthiest buildings in the world. It will describe and explain the biophilic and salutogenic design construction processes taken by the design team, from commissioning to completion. The main objective for the college when commissioning AHR architects to design their new building was to significantly expand their facilities and to reflect their standing in the world of medicine. So, the AHR design team endeavored to help them attain their goal of a WELL Platinum and the Building Research Establishments Environmental Assessment Methods (BREEAM) Outstanding certification.","PeriodicalId":375760,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Approaches in Design and New Connections With Nature","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115835354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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