Harnessing remote computation power over the Internet without the need for expensive hardware and making costly services available to mass users at a marginal cost gave birth to the concept of cloud computing. This survey provides a concise overview of the growing confluence of cloud computing, edge intelligence, and AI, with a focus on their revolutionary impact on the Internet of Things (IoT). The survey starts with a fundamental introduction to cloud computing, overviewing its key parts and the services offered by different service providers. We then discuss how AI is improving cloud capabilities through its indigenous apps and services and is creating a smarter cloud. We then focus on the impact of AI in one of the popular cloud paradigms called edge cloud and discuss AI on Edge and AI for Edge. We discuss how AI implementation on edge devices is transforming edge and IoT networks by pulling cognitive processing closer to where the data originates, improving efficiency and response. We also discuss major cloud providers and their service offerings within the ecosystem and their respective use cases. Finally, this research looks ahead at new trends and future scopes that are now becoming possible at the confluence of the cloud, edge computing, and AI in IoT. The purpose of this study is to demystify edge intelligence, including cloud computing, edge computing, and AI, and to focus on their synergistic role in taking IoT technologies to new heights.
{"title":"AI and Computing Horizons: Cloud and Edge in the Modern Era","authors":"Nasif Fahmid Prangon, Jie Wu","doi":"10.3390/jsan13040044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13040044","url":null,"abstract":"Harnessing remote computation power over the Internet without the need for expensive hardware and making costly services available to mass users at a marginal cost gave birth to the concept of cloud computing. This survey provides a concise overview of the growing confluence of cloud computing, edge intelligence, and AI, with a focus on their revolutionary impact on the Internet of Things (IoT). The survey starts with a fundamental introduction to cloud computing, overviewing its key parts and the services offered by different service providers. We then discuss how AI is improving cloud capabilities through its indigenous apps and services and is creating a smarter cloud. We then focus on the impact of AI in one of the popular cloud paradigms called edge cloud and discuss AI on Edge and AI for Edge. We discuss how AI implementation on edge devices is transforming edge and IoT networks by pulling cognitive processing closer to where the data originates, improving efficiency and response. We also discuss major cloud providers and their service offerings within the ecosystem and their respective use cases. Finally, this research looks ahead at new trends and future scopes that are now becoming possible at the confluence of the cloud, edge computing, and AI in IoT. The purpose of this study is to demystify edge intelligence, including cloud computing, edge computing, and AI, and to focus on their synergistic role in taking IoT technologies to new heights.","PeriodicalId":37584,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Internet of things (IoT) has recently received a great deal of attention, and there has been a large increase in the number of IoT devices owing to its significance in current communication networks. In addition, the validation of devices is an important concern and a major safety demand in IoT systems, as any faults in the authentication or identification procedure will lead to threatening attacks that cause the system to close. In this study, a new, three-phase authentication protocol in IoT is implemented. The initial phase concerns the user registration phase, in which encryption takes place with a hybrid Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)–Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) model with an optimization strategy, whereby key generation is optimally accomplished via a Self-Improved Aquila Optimizer (SI-AO). The second and third phases include the login process and the authentication phase, in which information flow control-based authentication is conducted. Finally, decryption is achieved based on the hybrid ECC–AES model. The employed scheme’s improvement is established using various metrics.
{"title":"Hybrid Encryption Model for Secured Three-Phase Authentication Protocol in IoT","authors":"Amr Munshi, Bandar Alshawi","doi":"10.3390/jsan13040041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13040041","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of things (IoT) has recently received a great deal of attention, and there has been a large increase in the number of IoT devices owing to its significance in current communication networks. In addition, the validation of devices is an important concern and a major safety demand in IoT systems, as any faults in the authentication or identification procedure will lead to threatening attacks that cause the system to close. In this study, a new, three-phase authentication protocol in IoT is implemented. The initial phase concerns the user registration phase, in which encryption takes place with a hybrid Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)–Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) model with an optimization strategy, whereby key generation is optimally accomplished via a Self-Improved Aquila Optimizer (SI-AO). The second and third phases include the login process and the authentication phase, in which information flow control-based authentication is conducted. Finally, decryption is achieved based on the hybrid ECC–AES model. The employed scheme’s improvement is established using various metrics.","PeriodicalId":37584,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asma Akter, Md Mehedi Hasan Apu, Y. R. Veeranki, T. Baroud, Hugo F. Posada-Quintero
Smart textile-based wearable sweat sensors have recently received a lot of attention due to their potential for use in personal medical monitoring. They have a variety of desirable qualities, including low cost, easy implementation, stretchability, flexibility, and light weight. Wearable sweat sensors are a potential approach for personalized medical devices because of these features. Moreover, real-time textile-based sweat sensors can easily monitor health by analyzing the sweat produced by the human body. We reviewed the most recent advancements in wearable sweat sensors from the fabrication, materials, and disease detection and monitoring perspectives. To integrate real-time biosensors with electronics and introduce advancements to the field of wearable technology, key chemical constituents of sweat, sweat collection technologies, and concerns of textile substrates are elaborated. Perspectives for building wearable biosensing systems based on sweat are reviewed, as well as the methods and difficulties involved in enhancing wearable sweat-sensing performance.
{"title":"Recent Studies on Smart Textile-Based Wearable Sweat Sensors for Medical Monitoring: A Systematic Review","authors":"Asma Akter, Md Mehedi Hasan Apu, Y. R. Veeranki, T. Baroud, Hugo F. Posada-Quintero","doi":"10.3390/jsan13040040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13040040","url":null,"abstract":"Smart textile-based wearable sweat sensors have recently received a lot of attention due to their potential for use in personal medical monitoring. They have a variety of desirable qualities, including low cost, easy implementation, stretchability, flexibility, and light weight. Wearable sweat sensors are a potential approach for personalized medical devices because of these features. Moreover, real-time textile-based sweat sensors can easily monitor health by analyzing the sweat produced by the human body. We reviewed the most recent advancements in wearable sweat sensors from the fabrication, materials, and disease detection and monitoring perspectives. To integrate real-time biosensors with electronics and introduce advancements to the field of wearable technology, key chemical constituents of sweat, sweat collection technologies, and concerns of textile substrates are elaborated. Perspectives for building wearable biosensing systems based on sweat are reviewed, as well as the methods and difficulties involved in enhancing wearable sweat-sensing performance.","PeriodicalId":37584,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141657201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fernando Fuentes-Peñailillo, K. Gutter, Ricardo Vega, Gilda Carrasco Silva
This paper explores the potential of smart crop management based on the incorporation of tools like digital agriculture, which considers current technological tools applied in agriculture, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensing, and artificial intelligence (AI), to improve crop production efficiency and sustainability. This is essential in the context of varying climatic conditions that affect the availability of resources for agriculture. The integration of tools such as IoT and sensor networks can allow farmers to obtain real-time data on their crops, assessing key health factors, such as soil conditions, plant water status, presence of pests, and environmental factors, among others, which can finally result in data-based decision-making to optimize irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Also, this can be enhanced by incorporating tools such as drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which can increase monitoring capabilities through comprehensive field surveys and high-precision crop growth tracking. On the other hand, big data analytics and AI are crucial in analyzing extensive datasets to uncover patterns and trends and provide valuable insights for improving agricultural practices. This paper highlights the key technological advancements and applications in smart crop management, addressing challenges and barriers to the global adoption of these current and new types of technologies and emphasizing the need for ongoing research and collaboration to achieve sustainable and efficient crop production.
{"title":"Transformative Technologies in Digital Agriculture: Leveraging Internet of Things, Remote Sensing, and Artificial Intelligence for Smart Crop Management","authors":"Fernando Fuentes-Peñailillo, K. Gutter, Ricardo Vega, Gilda Carrasco Silva","doi":"10.3390/jsan13040039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13040039","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the potential of smart crop management based on the incorporation of tools like digital agriculture, which considers current technological tools applied in agriculture, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensing, and artificial intelligence (AI), to improve crop production efficiency and sustainability. This is essential in the context of varying climatic conditions that affect the availability of resources for agriculture. The integration of tools such as IoT and sensor networks can allow farmers to obtain real-time data on their crops, assessing key health factors, such as soil conditions, plant water status, presence of pests, and environmental factors, among others, which can finally result in data-based decision-making to optimize irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Also, this can be enhanced by incorporating tools such as drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which can increase monitoring capabilities through comprehensive field surveys and high-precision crop growth tracking. On the other hand, big data analytics and AI are crucial in analyzing extensive datasets to uncover patterns and trends and provide valuable insights for improving agricultural practices. This paper highlights the key technological advancements and applications in smart crop management, addressing challenges and barriers to the global adoption of these current and new types of technologies and emphasizing the need for ongoing research and collaboration to achieve sustainable and efficient crop production.","PeriodicalId":37584,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141668189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hovannes Kulhandjian, Jeremiah Barron, Megan Tamiyasu, Mateo Thompson, Michel Kulhandjian
In this paper, we present a pedestrian detection and avoidance scheme utilizing multi-sensor data collection and machine learning for intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). The system integrates a video camera, an infrared (IR) camera, and a micro-Doppler radar for data acquisition and training. A deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) is employed to process RGB and IR images. The RGB dataset comprises 1200 images (600 with pedestrians and 600 without), while the IR dataset includes 1000 images (500 with pedestrians and 500 without), 85% of which were captured at night. Two distinct DCNNs were trained using these datasets, achieving a validation accuracy of 99.6% with the RGB camera and 97.3% with the IR camera. The radar sensor determines the pedestrian’s range and direction of travel. Experimental evaluations conducted in a vehicle demonstrated that the multi-sensor detection scheme effectively triggers a warning signal to a vibrating motor on the steering wheel and displays a warning message on the passenger’s touchscreen computer when a pedestrian is detected in potential danger. This system operates efficiently both during the day and at night.
{"title":"AI-Based Pedestrian Detection and Avoidance at Night Using Multiple Sensors","authors":"Hovannes Kulhandjian, Jeremiah Barron, Megan Tamiyasu, Mateo Thompson, Michel Kulhandjian","doi":"10.3390/jsan13030034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13030034","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a pedestrian detection and avoidance scheme utilizing multi-sensor data collection and machine learning for intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). The system integrates a video camera, an infrared (IR) camera, and a micro-Doppler radar for data acquisition and training. A deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) is employed to process RGB and IR images. The RGB dataset comprises 1200 images (600 with pedestrians and 600 without), while the IR dataset includes 1000 images (500 with pedestrians and 500 without), 85% of which were captured at night. Two distinct DCNNs were trained using these datasets, achieving a validation accuracy of 99.6% with the RGB camera and 97.3% with the IR camera. The radar sensor determines the pedestrian’s range and direction of travel. Experimental evaluations conducted in a vehicle demonstrated that the multi-sensor detection scheme effectively triggers a warning signal to a vibrating motor on the steering wheel and displays a warning message on the passenger’s touchscreen computer when a pedestrian is detected in potential danger. This system operates efficiently both during the day and at night.","PeriodicalId":37584,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141345244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Šarūnas Kilius, Darius Gailius, M. Knyva, G. Balciunas, A. Meškuotienė, J. Dobilienė, Simas Joneliūnas, P. Kuzas
This paper investigates the critical aspect of synchronization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) across diverse industrial applications. The low-cost sensor network topologies are analyzed. The communication delay measurements and quantitative jitter analysis are performed under different conditions, and dependencies of the propagation time delay on the data bitrate and modulation type for different hardware implementations of the WSNs are presented. The time delay distribution influence on the time synchronization error propagation over WSN layers was assessed from the experimental probability density functions. The network synchronization based on the controlled propagation delay jitter approach has been proposed. This research contributes quantitative insights into the complexities of synchronization in WSNs, offering a foundation for optimizing network configurations and parameters to extend the operational life of low-power sensor nodes.
{"title":"Time Delay Characterization in Wireless Sensor Networks for Distributed Measurement Applications","authors":"Šarūnas Kilius, Darius Gailius, M. Knyva, G. Balciunas, A. Meškuotienė, J. Dobilienė, Simas Joneliūnas, P. Kuzas","doi":"10.3390/jsan13030031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13030031","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the critical aspect of synchronization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) across diverse industrial applications. The low-cost sensor network topologies are analyzed. The communication delay measurements and quantitative jitter analysis are performed under different conditions, and dependencies of the propagation time delay on the data bitrate and modulation type for different hardware implementations of the WSNs are presented. The time delay distribution influence on the time synchronization error propagation over WSN layers was assessed from the experimental probability density functions. The network synchronization based on the controlled propagation delay jitter approach has been proposed. This research contributes quantitative insights into the complexities of synchronization in WSNs, offering a foundation for optimizing network configurations and parameters to extend the operational life of low-power sensor nodes.","PeriodicalId":37584,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140968838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Javadi, Hamed Haghighi, Khemwutta Pornpipatsakul, R. Chaichaowarat
In this paper, an optimal PID controller is introduced for an antagonistic variable stiffness actuator (AVSA) based on Hammerstein models. A set of Hammerstein models is developed for the AVSA using the voltage difference method. For each stiffness level, linear and nonlinear Hammerstein models are identified using the least squares method. Experimental results confirm that the outputs of the Hammerstein models fit the measured data better than linear models, as Hammerstein models can incorporate nonlinear effects such as friction. A genetic algorithm is utilized to find optimal PID gains for different stiffness levels and reference position amplitudes. The final gains are obtained by linearly interpolating the optimal gains obtained. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design, several scenarios with different reference positions and stiffness profiles are provided. Specifically, square, sinusoidal, and sawtooth waves are used for reference positions and stiffness values. The robustness of the proposed approach is further analyzed by applying a disturbance force on the actuator link. The results are compared with the linear method, showing that the proposed design can handle soft transitions in stiffness variation and ensure perfect tracking.
{"title":"Data-Driven Position and Stiffness Control of Antagonistic Variable Stiffness Actuator Using Nonlinear Hammerstein Models","authors":"Ali Javadi, Hamed Haghighi, Khemwutta Pornpipatsakul, R. Chaichaowarat","doi":"10.3390/jsan13020029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13020029","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an optimal PID controller is introduced for an antagonistic variable stiffness actuator (AVSA) based on Hammerstein models. A set of Hammerstein models is developed for the AVSA using the voltage difference method. For each stiffness level, linear and nonlinear Hammerstein models are identified using the least squares method. Experimental results confirm that the outputs of the Hammerstein models fit the measured data better than linear models, as Hammerstein models can incorporate nonlinear effects such as friction. A genetic algorithm is utilized to find optimal PID gains for different stiffness levels and reference position amplitudes. The final gains are obtained by linearly interpolating the optimal gains obtained. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design, several scenarios with different reference positions and stiffness profiles are provided. Specifically, square, sinusoidal, and sawtooth waves are used for reference positions and stiffness values. The robustness of the proposed approach is further analyzed by applying a disturbance force on the actuator link. The results are compared with the linear method, showing that the proposed design can handle soft transitions in stiffness variation and ensure perfect tracking.","PeriodicalId":37584,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140684892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we examine a buffer with active management that rejects packets basing on the buffer occupancy. Specifically, we derive several metrics characterizing how effectively the algorithm can prevent the queue of packets from becoming too long and how well it assists in flushing the buffer quickly when necessary. First, we compute the probability that the size of the queue is kept below a predefined level L. Second, we calculate the distribution of the amount of time needed to cross level L, the buffer overflow probability, and the average time to buffer overflow. Third, we derive the distribution of the amount of time required to flush the buffer and its average value. A general modeling framework is used in derivations, with a general service time distribution, general rejection function, and a powerful model of the arrival process. The obtained formulas enable, among other things, the solving of many design problems, e.g., those connected with the design of wireless sensor nodes using the N-policy. Several numerical results are provided, including examples of design problems and other calculations.
在本文中，我们研究了一种根据缓冲区占用率拒绝数据包的主动管理缓冲区。具体来说，我们得出了几个指标，这些指标描述了算法如何有效地防止数据包队列过长，以及在必要时如何协助快速冲洗缓冲区。首先，我们计算了队列大小保持在预定水平 L 以下的概率。其次，我们计算了跨越水平 L 所需的时间、缓冲区溢出概率和缓冲区溢出平均时间的分布。第三，我们推导出冲洗缓冲区所需时间的分布及其平均值。在推导过程中，我们使用了通用建模框架，包括通用服务时间分布、通用拒绝函数和强大的到达过程模型。所获得的公式可以解决许多设计问题，例如与使用 N 策略设计无线传感器节点相关的问题。文中提供了一些数值结果，包括设计问题和其他计算的示例。
{"title":"Level-Crossing Characteristics of an Actively Managed Buffer","authors":"A. Chydzinski","doi":"10.3390/jsan13020028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13020028","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we examine a buffer with active management that rejects packets basing on the buffer occupancy. Specifically, we derive several metrics characterizing how effectively the algorithm can prevent the queue of packets from becoming too long and how well it assists in flushing the buffer quickly when necessary. First, we compute the probability that the size of the queue is kept below a predefined level L. Second, we calculate the distribution of the amount of time needed to cross level L, the buffer overflow probability, and the average time to buffer overflow. Third, we derive the distribution of the amount of time required to flush the buffer and its average value. A general modeling framework is used in derivations, with a general service time distribution, general rejection function, and a powerful model of the arrival process. The obtained formulas enable, among other things, the solving of many design problems, e.g., those connected with the design of wireless sensor nodes using the N-policy. Several numerical results are provided, including examples of design problems and other calculations.","PeriodicalId":37584,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140703658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saly Malak, Hani Al Hajjar, E. Dupont, M. Khan, C. Prelle, F. Lamarque
In this work, a closed loop control system is developed to optically localize and track micro-robots with high precision. These micro-robots (i.e., micro-conveyors) are in motion simultaneously across a smart surface.The developed method’s primary objectives are to optimize their trajectories, avoid collisions between them, and control their position with micrometric resolution. This article presents and characterizes the tracking of a single micro-conveyor, and the method works similarly when multiple micro-robots move over the surface. Our tracking method starts with a scanning phase, where a 2D steering mirror, placed above the smart surface, reflects a laser beam toward the conveying surface seeking for the target. Localization occurs when this light beam reaches the micro-conveyor. By adding a retro-reflective element, that reflects the light in the same direction of the the incident light, onto the surface of the micro-conveyor, the light will be reflected towards a photodetector. Depending on the feedback from the photodetector, the steering mirror rotates to track the trajectory of the micro-conveyor. The tip-tilt angular values of the steering mirror allows the micro-conveyor position to be obtained via calibrated localization system. The aim of this work is to regulate the micro-conveyor, within a closed-loop control system, to reduce the positional error between the actual and desired position. The actual position value is measured in real-time application using our developed optical sensor. Results for tracking in the x-and y-axis have validated the proposed method, with an average tracking error less than 30 µm within a range 150 mm × 150 mm.
{"title":"Closed-Loop Optical Tracking of a Micro-Conveyor over a Smart Surface","authors":"Saly Malak, Hani Al Hajjar, E. Dupont, M. Khan, C. Prelle, F. Lamarque","doi":"10.3390/jsan13020027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13020027","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a closed loop control system is developed to optically localize and track micro-robots with high precision. These micro-robots (i.e., micro-conveyors) are in motion simultaneously across a smart surface.The developed method’s primary objectives are to optimize their trajectories, avoid collisions between them, and control their position with micrometric resolution. This article presents and characterizes the tracking of a single micro-conveyor, and the method works similarly when multiple micro-robots move over the surface. Our tracking method starts with a scanning phase, where a 2D steering mirror, placed above the smart surface, reflects a laser beam toward the conveying surface seeking for the target. Localization occurs when this light beam reaches the micro-conveyor. By adding a retro-reflective element, that reflects the light in the same direction of the the incident light, onto the surface of the micro-conveyor, the light will be reflected towards a photodetector. Depending on the feedback from the photodetector, the steering mirror rotates to track the trajectory of the micro-conveyor. The tip-tilt angular values of the steering mirror allows the micro-conveyor position to be obtained via calibrated localization system. The aim of this work is to regulate the micro-conveyor, within a closed-loop control system, to reduce the positional error between the actual and desired position. The actual position value is measured in real-time application using our developed optical sensor. Results for tracking in the x-and y-axis have validated the proposed method, with an average tracking error less than 30 µm within a range 150 mm × 150 mm.","PeriodicalId":37584,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140707609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Driven by the Industry 4.0 paradigm and the resulting demand for connectivity in industrial networking, there is a convergence of formerly isolated operational technology and information technology networks. This convergence leads to attack surfaces on industrial networks. Therefore, a holistic approach of countermeasures is needed to protect against cyber attacks. One element of these countermeasures is the use of certificate-based authentication for industrial components communicating on the field level. This in turn requires the management of certificates, private keys, and trust anchors in the communication endpoints. The work at hand surveys the topic of certificate management in industrial networking environments throughout their life cycle, from manufacturing until their disposal. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no work yet that surveys the topic of certificate management in industrial networking environments. The work at hand considers contributions from research papers, industrial communication standards, and contributions that originate from the IT domain. In total, 2042 results from IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Scopus, and Springer Link were taken into account. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and title, abstract, and full-text analysis, 20 contributions from research papers were selected. In addition to the presentation of their key contributions, the work at hand provides a synopsis that compares the overarching aspects. This comprises different proposed entity architectures, certificate management functions, involvement of different stakeholders, and consideration of life cycle stages. Finally, research gaps that are to be filled by further work are identified. While the topic of certificate management has already been addressed by the IT domain, its incorporation into industrial communication standards began significantly later and is still the subject of research work.
在工业 4.0 范式和由此产生的工业网络连接需求的推动下，以前孤立的操作技术和信息技术网络出现了融合。这种融合导致工业网络出现攻击面。因此，需要采取全面的应对措施来防范网络攻击。这些应对措施的一个要素是对现场通信的工业组件使用基于证书的身份验证。这反过来又需要管理通信端点中的证书、私钥和信任锚。当前的工作调查了工业网络环境中从制造到报废的整个生命周期中的证书管理问题。据作者所知，目前还没有任何作品对工业网络环境中的证书管理进行过研究。目前的工作考虑了来自研究论文、工业通信标准和 IT 领域的贡献。总共考虑了来自 IEEE Xplore、Science Direct、Scopus 和 Springer Link 的 2042 项成果。在应用了纳入和排除标准以及标题、摘要和全文分析后，选出了 20 篇研究论文。除了介绍这些论文的主要贡献外，手头的工作还提供了一份概要，对主要方面进行了比较。这包括不同的拟议实体架构、证书管理功能、不同利益相关者的参与以及对生命周期阶段的考虑。最后，确定了有待进一步工作填补的研究空白。虽然信息技术领域已经涉及证书管理问题，但将其纳入工业通信标准的工作开始得要晚得多，目前仍是研究工作的主题。
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