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Eventual consistency: How soon is eventual? An evaluation of Amazon S3's consistency behavior 最终一致性:最终是多久?对Amazon S3的一致性行为进行评估
Pub Date : 2011-12-12 DOI: 10.1145/2093185.2093186
David Bermbach, S. Tai
Over the last few years, Cloud storage systems and so-called NoSQL datastores have found widespread adoption. In contrast to traditional databases, these storage systems typically sacrifice consistency in favor of latency and availability as mandated by the CAP theorem, so that they only guarantee eventual consistency. Existing approaches to benchmark these storage systems typically omit the consistency dimension or did not investigate eventuality of consistency guarantees. In this work we present a novel approach to benchmark staleness in distributed datastores and use the approach to evaluate Amazon's Simple Storage Service (S3). We report on our unexpected findings.
在过去的几年里,云存储系统和所谓的NoSQL数据存储被广泛采用。与传统数据库相比,这些存储系统通常会牺牲一致性,以支持CAP定理所要求的延迟和可用性,因此它们只能保证最终的一致性。现有的对这些存储系统进行基准测试的方法通常会忽略一致性维度,或者没有研究一致性保证的可能性。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新的方法来对分布式数据存储中的过时性进行基准测试,并使用该方法来评估Amazon的简单存储服务(S3)。我们报道我们的意外发现。
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引用次数: 152
Experimental evaluation of distributed middleware with a virtualized Java environment 分布式中间件在虚拟Java环境下的实验评估
Pub Date : 2011-12-12 DOI: 10.1145/2093185.2093188
N. Carvalho, João Bordalo, F. Campos, J. Pereira
The correctness and performance of large scale service oriented systems depend on distributed middleware components performing various communication and coordination functions. It is, however, very difficult to experimentally assess such middleware components, as interesting behavior often arises exclusively in large scale settings, but such deployments are costly and time consuming. We address this challenge with Minha, a system that virtualizes multiple JVM instances within a single JVM while simulating key environment components, thus reproducing the concurrency, distribution, and performance characteristics of the actual system. The usefulness of Minha is demonstrated by applying it to the WS4D Java stack, a popular implementation of the Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) specification.
大规模面向服务系统的正确性和性能依赖于执行各种通信和协调功能的分布式中间件组件。然而,通过实验来评估这样的中间件组件是非常困难的,因为有趣的行为通常只出现在大规模的设置中,但是这样的部署既昂贵又耗时。我们使用Minha来解决这个问题,Minha是一个系统,它在模拟关键环境组件的同时,在单个JVM中虚拟化多个JVM实例,从而再现实际系统的并发性、分布和性能特征。通过将Minha应用于WS4D Java堆栈(一种流行的Web服务设备配置文件(DPWS)规范的实现),可以证明它的有用性。
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引用次数: 9
A middleware for adaptive service orientation in pervasive computing environments 在普适计算环境中用于自适应面向服务的中间件
Pub Date : 2010-11-29 DOI: 10.1145/1890912.1890916
N. Narendra, U. Bellur
As enterprises become more mobile, the need for a pervasive computing environment where their applications "follow the user" becomes increasingly important. This can be achieved by the client side simply adapting to changes in the environment (caused by mobility) by rebinding to equivalent services in the new environment or by choosing "'more suitable"' services as the operating context changes. However, the static, hard-wired nature of today's enterprise applications does not lend itself well to such dynamism. Service orientation provides a promising foundation for such computing models, where services are stateless and can be replaced on the fly. Much more needs to be done though - service orientation needs to be made adaptive where rebinding happens automatically driven by triggers caused by context changes. This impacts both the programming model that developers use to express the flexibility as well as the runtime (middleware) that interprets this expression and acts upon it. In this paper, we present a programming model and run time architecture for adaptive service orientation based on semantic descriptions of services and service elements (tasks) augmented with contextually dependent resource-based requirements.
随着企业的移动性越来越强,对普适计算环境的需求变得越来越重要,在这种环境中,应用程序可以“跟随用户”。这可以通过客户端简单地通过重新绑定到新环境中的等效服务来适应环境中的变化(由移动性引起),或者通过在操作上下文发生变化时选择“更合适”的服务来实现。然而,当今企业应用程序的静态、硬连接特性并不能很好地适应这种动态。面向服务为这样的计算模型提供了一个很有前途的基础,其中服务是无状态的,可以动态替换。但是需要做的还有很多——面向服务需要自适应,重新绑定由上下文变化引起的触发器自动驱动。这既影响了开发人员用来表达灵活性的编程模型,也影响了解释该表达式并对其进行操作的运行时(中间件)。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于服务和服务元素(任务)的语义描述的自适应面向服务的编程模型和运行时体系结构,并增加了与上下文相关的基于资源的需求。
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引用次数: 4
EVEREST+: run-time SLA violations prediction EVEREST+:运行时SLA违规预测
Pub Date : 2010-11-29 DOI: 10.1145/1890912.1890915
Davide Lorenzoli, G. Spanoudakis
Monitoring the preservation of QoS properties during the operation of service-based systems at run-time is an important verification measure for checking if the current service usage is compliant with agreed SLAs. Monitoring, however, does not always provide sufficient scope for taking control actions against violations as it only detects violations after they occur. In this paper we describe a model-based prediction framework, EVEREST+, for both QoS predictors development and execution. EVEREST+ was designed to provide a framework for developing in an easy and fast way QoS predictors only focusing on their prediction algorithms implementation without the need for caring about how to collect or retrieve historical data or how to infer models out of collected data. It also provides a run-time environment for executing QoS predictors and storing their predictions.
在基于服务的系统运行期间,监控QoS属性的保存是一项重要的验证措施,用于检查当前服务的使用是否符合商定的sla。然而,监视并不总是为针对违规行为采取控制行动提供足够的范围,因为它只是在违规行为发生后才进行检测。在本文中,我们描述了一个基于模型的预测框架EVEREST+,用于QoS预测器的开发和执行。EVEREST+旨在提供一个框架,以一种简单快速的方式开发QoS预测器,只关注其预测算法的实现,而不需要关心如何收集或检索历史数据或如何从收集的数据中推断模型。它还提供了一个运行时环境,用于执行QoS预测器和存储它们的预测。
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引用次数: 12
Design and implementation of user-managed access framework for web 2.0 applications web 2.0应用程序用户管理访问框架的设计与实现
Pub Date : 2010-11-29 DOI: 10.1145/1890912.1890913
Maciej P. Machulak, Lukasz Moren, A. Moorsel
Web 2.0 applications allow individuals to manage their content online and to share it with other users and services on the Web. Such sharing requires access control to be put in place. Existing access control solutions, however, are unsatisfactory as they do not offer the functionality that users need in the open and user-driven Web environment. Additionally, such solutions are often custom-built and require substantial development effort, or use existing frameworks that provide benefits to developers only. New proposals such as User-Managed Access (UMA) show a promising solution to authorization for Web 2.0 applications. UMA puts the end user in charge of assigning access rights to Web resources. It allows users to share data more selectively using centralized authorization systems which make access decisions based on user instructions. In this paper, we present the UMA/j framework which implements the UMA protocol and allows users of Web applications to use their preferred authorization mechanisms. It also supports developers in building access control for their Web 2.0 applications by providing ready-to-use components that can be integrated with minimum effort.
Web 2.0应用程序允许个人在线管理他们的内容,并在Web上与其他用户和服务共享。这种共享需要适当的访问控制。然而,现有的访问控制解决方案并不令人满意,因为它们不能提供用户在开放和用户驱动的Web环境中所需的功能。此外,这样的解决方案通常是定制的,需要大量的开发工作,或者使用仅为开发人员提供好处的现有框架。用户管理访问(User-Managed Access, UMA)等新提议为Web 2.0应用程序的授权提供了一个很有前景的解决方案。UMA让最终用户负责为Web资源分配访问权限。它允许用户使用基于用户指令做出访问决策的集中式授权系统更有选择性地共享数据。在本文中,我们提出了UMA/j框架,它实现了UMA协议,并允许Web应用程序的用户使用他们首选的授权机制。它还支持开发人员为其Web 2.0应用程序构建访问控制,方法是提供可以轻松集成的即用组件。
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引用次数: 7
Middleware enabled data sharing on cloud storage services 中间件支持云存储服务上的数据共享
Pub Date : 2010-11-29 DOI: 10.1145/1890912.1890918
Jianzong Wang, P. Varman, C. Xie
With the emergence of public cloud storage platforms like Amazon, Microsoft and Google etc, individual applications and some enterprise storage are being increasingly deployed on Clouds. However, dynamic data sharing in public clouds face problems of low performance and lack of SLA guarantees. We propose a middleware called mCloud between the Cloud storage and clients to provide data sharing services with better performance and SLA satisfaction. Technologies including virtualization, chunking, and caching, are integrated into mCloud. Experiential results based on Amazon Web Services (AWS) have shown that mCloud is able to improve shared IO performance in term of aggregate IO throughput and help provide better SLAs for cloud storage.
随着亚马逊、微软和谷歌等公共云存储平台的出现,个人应用程序和一些企业存储越来越多地部署在云上。然而,公共云中的动态数据共享面临着性能低下和缺乏SLA保障的问题。我们在云存储和客户端之间提出了一个名为mCloud的中间件,以提供更好的性能和SLA满意度的数据共享服务。mCloud集成了虚拟化、分块和缓存等技术。基于Amazon Web Services (AWS)的经验结果表明,mCloud能够在聚合IO吞吐量方面提高共享IO性能,并有助于为云存储提供更好的sla。
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引用次数: 13
Carbon: towards a server building framework for SOA platform 碳:面向SOA平台的服务器构建框架
Pub Date : 2010-11-29 DOI: 10.1145/1890912.1890914
Paul Fremantle, S. Perera, A. Azeez, Sameera Jayasoma, Sumedha Rubasinghe, Ruwan Linton, S. Weerawarana, Samisa Abeysinghe
SOA proposes an architecture that composes many services together in a loosely coupled manner, and those services may provide a wide spectrum of features like implementing Business Logic, supporting Service Orchestration, Service Mediation, and Eventing, etc. Each user would, typically, choose a subset of these features and build his architecture on them. Although it is conceptually possible to fit all the features into the same server, due to performance and modularity concerns, the functionalities are broken across several servers and deployed rather than deploying as a single server. This paper presents Carbon, a component based server building framework that allows users to pick and choose different SOA concepts and build their own customized servers. Furthermore, the same framework enables those different features to share cross cutting concerns like storage, security, user interfaces, throttling, eventing etc., thus simplifying the server development process and reducing the footprint of the overall implementation. We present Carbon, the design decisions, and architecture while comparing and contrasting the proposed framework with other component based frameworks. The primary contributions of this paper are proposing a server building framework for SOA platform, taking initial steps towards defining and implementing such a framework, and sharing experiences of building and using the framework in real world settings. Furthermore, we propose a minimal kernel for SOA upon which the proposed platform can be constructed.
SOA提出了一种体系结构,该体系结构以松散耦合的方式将许多服务组合在一起,这些服务可能提供广泛的功能,如实现业务逻辑、支持服务编排、服务中介和事件处理等。每个用户通常会选择这些特性的一个子集,并在其上构建自己的体系结构。虽然在概念上可以将所有功能都放入同一个服务器中,但出于性能和模块化的考虑,这些功能被分散到多个服务器上进行部署,而不是部署在单个服务器上。本文介绍了Carbon,这是一个基于组件的服务器构建框架,它允许用户挑选不同的SOA概念并构建自己的定制服务器。此外,相同的框架允许那些不同的特性共享横切关注点,如存储、安全性、用户界面、节流、事件等,从而简化了服务器开发过程并减少了整体实现的占用空间。我们介绍了碳、设计决策和体系结构,同时将所提出的框架与其他基于组件的框架进行了比较和对比。本文的主要贡献是提出了一个用于SOA平台的服务器构建框架,为定义和实现这样一个框架迈出了最初的步骤,并分享了在实际环境中构建和使用该框架的经验。此外,我们提出了一个最小的SOA内核,可以在其上构建所建议的平台。
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引用次数: 7
SoapME: a lightweight Java ME web service container SoapME:一个轻量级Java ME web服务容器
Pub Date : 2008-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/1462802.1462805
Holger Schmidt, Andreas Köhrer, F. Hauck
With ubiquitous computing becoming reality there is a great potential of computing power in the surroundings. This can be provided by mobile devices such as mobile phones and PDAs building spontaneous networks. For service provisioning, Web services are an accepted standard. We advocate that these can also be used in ubiquitous scenarios. In this paper, we present SoapME, a novel SOAPbased Web service container for Java ME. SoapME is very lightweight and supports resource-limited devices running only Java ME CLDC. Unlike related work, it provides dynamic deployment of SOAP-based Web services at runtime. Our SoapME prototype provides several extension points, for instance for invocation interception. It shows reasonable performance on a mobile phone and is compliant to the standard SOAP test collection specification.
随着无处不在的计算成为现实,周围环境的计算能力具有巨大的潜力。这可以通过移动设备,如移动电话和pda建立自发网络来提供。对于服务供应,Web服务是一种可接受的标准。我们主张这些也可以用于无处不在的场景。在本文中,我们介绍了SoapME,一种用于Java ME的新颖的基于soap的Web服务容器。SoapME非常轻量级,支持只运行Java ME CLDC的资源有限的设备。与相关工作不同,它在运行时提供基于soap的Web服务的动态部署。我们的SoapME原型提供了几个扩展点,例如用于调用拦截。它在移动电话上显示了合理的性能,并且符合标准SOAP测试集合规范。
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引用次数: 17
Achieving causal and total ordering in publish/subscribe middleware with DSM 使用DSM在发布/订阅中间件中实现因果排序和总排序
Pub Date : 2008-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/1462802.1462813
Cássio M. M. Pereira, D. C. Lobato, C. Teixeira, M. G. Pimentel
Causal and total event ordering are Quality of Service guarantees needed by many distributed applications, such as collaborative whiteboards, chat systems, online multiplayer games, and has also usage when implementing active replication, replicated databases and other systems. Most state of the art Publish/Subscribe middlewares offer no guarantees regarding event ordering either because of the bandwidth overhead associated with the vector clock approach or the bottleneck of a central sequencer. In this paper we propose an architecture based on distributed shared memory, where publishers of the same group can publish at different brokers, while maintaining event ordering. By synchronizing broker access to one shared logical clock per group, causal and total event ordering is achieved. Our architecture allows events to be delivered out-of-order to subscribers, while giving them a way to correctly reorder events. Results of experiments with a reference implementation of the architecture show that the bandwidth consumption of our ordering mechanism can be three orders of magnitude lower than a vector based solution.
因果和总事件排序是许多分布式应用程序(如协作式白板、聊天系统、在线多人游戏)所需的服务质量保证,在实现活动复制、复制数据库和其他系统时也有使用。由于与矢量时钟方法相关的带宽开销或中央顺序器的瓶颈,大多数最新的发布/订阅中间件都不能保证事件排序。本文提出了一种基于分布式共享内存的体系结构,其中同一组的发布者可以在不同的代理上发布,同时保持事件顺序。通过将代理访问同步到每个组的一个共享逻辑时钟,可以实现因果和总事件排序。我们的体系结构允许将事件无序地交付给订阅者,同时为订阅者提供一种正确重新排序事件的方法。基于该架构的参考实现的实验结果表明,我们的排序机制的带宽消耗可以比基于向量的解决方案低三个数量级。
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引用次数: 8
Service oriented adaptive Java applications 面向服务的自适应Java应用程序
Pub Date : 2008-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/1462802.1462810
I. Alshabani, R. Olejnik, B. Toursel
The aim of the SOAJA project (Service Oriented Adaptive Java Applications) is to develop a service-oriented infrastructure enabling efficient application running in complex, networked computing environments (GRID). The SOAJA infrastructure provides components and services enabling static and dynamic load balancing through Java object observation. SOAJA performs large scale computing using idle CPU time of the nodes of a GRID. Java Distributed Applications consist of many objects which are processed in parallel which SOAJA allocates to each Grid nodes at runtime. In this paper, we present the mechanisms and algorithms which ensures the automatic adaptation of the application objects, in response to the computing evolutions and to modifications of the resource availability. These mechanisms permit to control the granularity of the treatment and the distribution of the application on the Grid platform.
SOAJA项目(面向服务的自适应Java应用程序)的目标是开发一个面向服务的基础设施,使应用程序能够在复杂的网络计算环境(GRID)中高效运行。SOAJA基础设施提供通过Java对象观察实现静态和动态负载平衡的组件和服务。SOAJA使用GRID节点的空闲CPU时间执行大规模计算。Java分布式应用程序由许多并行处理的对象组成,SOAJA在运行时将这些对象分配给每个网格节点。在本文中,我们提出了一种机制和算法来保证应用对象的自动适应,以响应计算的发展和资源可用性的变化。这些机制允许在网格平台上控制处理的粒度和应用程序的分布。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Middleware for Service Oriented Computing
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