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Ionospheric Monitoring and Modeling Applicable to Coastal and Marine Environments 电离层监测和模拟适用于沿海和海洋环境
Pub Date : 2019-12-19 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90467
L. Cander, B. Zolesi
Ionospheric monitoring and modeling in costal and marine environment is reviewed and characterized in terms of state of art, global, regional, and local issues across different domains of solar-terrestrial conditions for practical applications. Their effects on critical technological systems are either controlled by the Earth ’ s ionosphere, as in telecommunications and information systems, or simply influenced by its variability, as in trans-ionospheric radio communication, and navigation systems. The evolution of long-distance high-frequency (HF) communications and then still the actuality of HF radio links especially for the coast environment, maritime services, and aeronautical applications, for control and emergency services, for communications equally important in case of great islands and remote areas, for economic reasoning and easy management, and for efficient backup in case of cyber threats are discussed. Some preferred methods for a proper assessment of HF networks have been identified, and examples of existing long-term prediction and near real-time nowcasting in ionospheric space weather modeling to be used, particularly in the Mediterranean area, are presented along with contemporary references.
对沿海和海洋环境中电离层监测和建模的现状、全球、区域和地方问题进行了回顾和描述,并在不同的日地条件领域进行了实际应用。它们对关键技术系统的影响要么受到地球电离层的控制,如在电信和信息系统中,要么仅仅受到其可变性的影响,如在跨电离层无线电通信和导航系统中。讨论了远距离高频(HF)通信的发展以及高频无线电链路的现状,特别是在沿海环境、海事服务和航空应用、控制和应急服务、在大岛和偏远地区同样重要的通信、经济推理和易于管理以及在网络威胁情况下的有效备份方面。已经确定了适当评估高频网络的一些首选方法,并介绍了电离层空间天气模拟中使用的现有长期预测和近实时临近预报的例子,特别是在地中海地区,以及当代参考资料。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling of Coastal Processes in the Mediterranean Sea: A Pilot Study on the Entrance of Suez Canal in Egypt 地中海沿岸过程的模拟:对埃及苏伊士运河入口的初步研究
Pub Date : 2019-09-07 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88509
M. Kaiser, Walaa A. Ali, Maysara Khairy El Tahan
The main objective of this research is applying numerical modeling to simulate the impact of the Suez Canal jetties on the beach morphology and hydrodynamic regime along the Suez Canal coastal zone. In addition, coastal processes including waves and wave-induced currents will be evaluated using 2D modeling. This research will contribute to quantify the shoreline stability during the last three decades. Hydrodynamic and sediment transport (ST) models are utilized to predict sediment transport pathways and how sediment might move within the entrance of Suez Canal port. Remote sensing analyses of the Landsat Thematic Mapper images during 2000–2018 show siltation processes at the entrance of the Suez Canal. Vector analyses of the images’ data indicated updrift accretion at a rate of +15 m/year and downdrift erosion at a rate of − 13 m/year. Coastal processes including waves and currents contribute to shoaling problem along the navigation channel of the Suez Canal port. Applications of 2-3D models were used to simulate wave and current dissipation. In addition, beach slope profiles and hydrodynamic models are used to help in understanding the impact of coastal processes on beach morphology and hydrodynamic regime controlling siltation problem along the entrance of Port Said harbor.
本研究的主要目的是应用数值模拟模拟苏伊士运河码头对苏伊士运河海岸带海滩形态和水动力制度的影响。此外,海岸过程包括波浪和波浪引起的水流将使用二维模型进行评估。这项研究将有助于量化过去三十年来的海岸线稳定性。水动力和泥沙输运(ST)模型用于预测泥沙输运路径以及泥沙如何在苏伊士运河港口入口内移动。对2000-2018年Landsat专题制图器图像的遥感分析显示了苏伊士运河入口处的淤塞过程。对图像数据的矢量分析表明,上漂侵蚀的速率为+15 m/年,下漂侵蚀的速率为- 13 m/年。包括波浪和洋流在内的海岸过程导致了苏伊士运河港口航道的浅滩问题。利用二维三维模型模拟了波浪和电流的耗散。此外,本文还利用岸坡剖面和水动力模型研究了塞得港入海口海岸过程对岸滩形态和控制淤积问题的水动力机制的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Coastal Adaptation: Past Behaviors, Contemporary Management, and Future Options 沿海适应:过去的行为、当代管理和未来选择
Pub Date : 2019-07-18 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88123
J. D. Carmo
In the recent past, coastal public works solutions were generally designed as engineering problems. By that time, prior to the 1980s, the primary goal of coastal works projects was to maximize safety, taking into account only engineering knowledge and existing economic constraints. Today, concerns are no longer limited to safety; lifestyle and quality of life have become essential ingredients in building a successful coastal works project. Other aspects of the project are also important, such as environmental impact, attractiveness, and sustainability. These additionalcomplexities are further aggravated by other pieces of the puzzle that need to be integrated into the overall design, such as the non-engineering and non-science aspects. A synthesis of recent concerns regarding coastal public works projects has, in fact, become much more difficult for engineers to manage due to new assumptions of value, social acceptance, and sustainability of these projects. In this context, it is common knowledge that decision-making on a coastal issue should be based on criteria such as technical effectiveness, costs, benefits, implementation, and monitoring. This chapter addresses coastal issues using a dual perspective of meeting current needs and ensuring future sustainability. Contemporary adaptation measures and future accommodation options are also discussed.
在最近的过去,海岸公共工程解决方案通常被设计为工程问题。当时,在20世纪80年代之前,沿海工程项目的主要目标是最大限度地提高安全性,只考虑工程知识和现有的经济限制。今天,人们的担忧不再局限于安全;生活方式和生活质量已成为建设一个成功的海岸工程项目的重要因素。项目的其他方面也很重要,如环境影响、吸引力和可持续性。这些额外的复杂性被其他需要集成到整体设计中的难题进一步加剧,例如非工程和非科学方面。事实上,由于对这些项目的价值、社会接受度和可持续性的新假设,最近对沿海公共工程项目的综合关注对工程师来说变得更加难以管理。在这种情况下,关于沿海问题的决策应该基于诸如技术有效性、成本、效益、实施和监测等标准,这是常识。本章从满足当前需求和确保未来可持续性的双重角度来解决沿海问题。还讨论了当前的适应措施和未来的住宿选择。
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引用次数: 1
Significance of Mesoscale Warm Core Eddy on Marine and Coastal Environment of the Bay of Bengal 中尺度暖核涡对孟加拉湾海洋和海岸环境的意义
Pub Date : 2019-07-06 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86243
N. Busireddy, Kumar Ankur, K. Osuri
Bay of Bengal (BoB) is an affluent region for the mesoscale (eddies) and synoptic scale (cyclones) systems. It occurs primarily through the seasonal variations, dynamical instabilities and equatorial wind forcing mechanisms. The individual or cumulative effect of these changes is vulnerable to the coastal and marine ecosys-tems. For example, tropical cyclone (TC) AILA experienced a warm core eddy (WCE) before the landfall, and consequently it intensified into a severe cyclonic storm (CS) and remained as a CS up to 15 h after the landfall. Its severity produces a heavy rainfall of >18 cm day (cid:1) 1 , thus leads to the coastal flooding. The eddy contri-bution to the TC is witnessed during and after the landfall. Inappropriately, high resolution in-situ observations are not available to identify such important processes on different time and spatial scales. Therefore, the present chapter analyses the northern BoB eddy induced signals using both in-situ and satellite (advanced microwave scanning radiometer — AMSR-2) derived products. Two in-situ locations (BD08 and BD09) are employed for this study purpose. The eddy responses at no-eddy, during and after eddy, have been analyzed. Besides, WCE imprints on the overlying atmosphere are also observed. The relationship between sea surface temperature and wind speed over the BoB region is assessed.
孟加拉湾是中尺度(涡旋)和天气尺度(气旋)系统的富集区。它主要通过季节变化、动力不稳定和赤道风强迫机制发生。这些变化的个别或累积效应很容易受到沿海和海洋生态系统的影响。例如,热带气旋(TC) AILA在登陆前经历了一个暖核涡(WCE),并因此增强为强气旋风暴(CS),并在登陆后15小时保持为CS。其严重程度导致日降雨量大于18厘米(cid:1),从而导致沿海洪水。在登陆期间和登陆后,涡旋对TC的贡献是可见的。在不同的时间和空间尺度上,没有高分辨率的原位观测来识别这些重要的过程。因此,本章使用原位和卫星(先进微波扫描辐射计- AMSR-2)衍生产品对北方BoB涡旋感应信号进行了分析。本研究采用了两个原位位置(BD08和BD09)。分析了无涡时、有涡时和有涡后的涡响应。此外,还观测到WCE在上覆大气上的印记。评估了鲍伯区海面温度与风速的关系。
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引用次数: 1
Long-Term Changes in Sea Surface Temperature Off the Coast of Central California and Monterey Bay from 1920 to 2014: Are They Commensurate? 1920年至2014年加州中部和蒙特利湾海岸海面温度的长期变化:它们相称吗?
Pub Date : 2019-05-27 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85882
L. Breaker
We examine to what extent the waters of Monterey Bay act independently of those along the central California coast. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from 1920 to 2014 from the central California coast and Monterey Bay were analyzed for long-term trends. To estimate the trends, singular spectrum analysis and empirical mode decomposition were employed. Between 1920 and 1940, long-term trends inside and outside Monterey Bay revealed rapidly increasing temperatures. After 1940 trends inside the bay indicate that temperatures increased from ~1950 for the next 40 years, peaking around 1990, and then decreased rapidly through 2013. Offshore, temperatures increased to the early 1960s, after which they decreased until 2014. El Nino episodes, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and increased coastal upwelling contribute to the long-term trends. Also, the impact of regime shifts associated with the PDO may be sustained for decades. Overall, the differences in the trends inside and outside Monterey Bay are significant only during summer where large-scale processes dominate offshore, and smaller-scale processes are important in and around the bay. Finally, our results suggest that waters inside the bay, although they co-vary with the waters further offshore, often appear to behave independently based on the long-term trends.
我们研究了蒙特利湾的水域在多大程度上独立于加利福尼亚中部海岸的水域。对1920 - 2014年加利福尼亚中部海岸和蒙特利湾的海表温度(SSTs)进行了长期趋势分析。采用奇异谱分析和经验模态分解来估计趋势。1920年至1940年间,蒙特利湾内外的长期趋势显示气温迅速上升。1940年后海湾内部的趋势表明,在接下来的40年里,温度从1950年开始上升,在1990年左右达到峰值,然后在2013年迅速下降。在近海,温度上升到20世纪60年代初,之后一直下降到2014年。厄尔尼诺事件、太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)和沿海上升流的增加对长期趋势有贡献。此外,与PDO相关的政权更迭的影响可能会持续数十年。总的来说,蒙特雷湾内外的趋势差异只有在夏季才显著,在夏季,大规模过程在海上占主导地位,而海湾内外的小规模过程则很重要。最后,我们的结果表明,海湾内的水域,尽管它们与离岸更远的水域共同变化,但往往表现出独立于长期趋势的行为。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical Modeling Tools Applied to Estuarine and Coastal Hydrodynamics: A User Perspective 应用于河口和海岸流体动力学的数值模拟工具:用户视角
Pub Date : 2019-03-21 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85521
I. Iglesias, P. Avilez-Valente, J. Pinho, A. Bio, J. Vieira, L. Bastos, F. Veloso-Gomes
Estuarine and coastal areas have been intensively studied given their complexity, ecological, and societal value and the importance of their ecosystem services. Estuarine and coastal management must be based on a sound characterization of these areas, which is achievable complementing the comprehensive field measurements with numerical models solutions. Based on a detailed comparison between two close-by, but extremely different, Portuguese estuaries (the Douro and Minho estuaries), this chapter intends to discuss how accurately numerical modeling tools can provide relevant information for a variety of coastal zones. They can be very useful for various applications in the planning and management fields, such as coastal and infrastructures protection, harbor activities, fisheries, tourism, and coastal population safety, thus supporting an effective and integrated estuarine and coastal management, which must consider both the safety of the populations and the sustainability of the marine ecosystems and services. In particular, the capacity of the numerical models to give a detailed characterization of morpho-hydrodynamic processes, as well as assess and predict the effects of anthropogenic interventions, extreme events and climate change effects, are presented.
鉴于河口和沿海地区的复杂性、生态和社会价值及其生态系统服务的重要性,人们对其进行了深入研究。河口和海岸管理必须以这些地区的良好特征为基础,用数值模型解决方案补充全面的实地测量是可以实现的。本章通过对两个相近但截然不同的葡萄牙河口(Douro河口和Minho河口)的详细比较,旨在讨论数值模拟工具如何准确地为各种海岸带提供相关信息。它们对于规划和管理领域的各种应用非常有用,例如沿海和基础设施保护、港口活动、渔业、旅游和沿海人口安全,从而支持有效和综合的河口和沿海管理,这必须考虑到人口的安全以及海洋生态系统和服务的可持续性。特别是,数值模式的能力给出了形态水动力过程的详细特征,以及评估和预测人为干预,极端事件和气候变化的影响,提出。
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引用次数: 14
期刊
Coastal and Marine Environments - Physical Processes and Numerical Modelling
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