Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90467
L. Cander, B. Zolesi
Ionospheric monitoring and modeling in costal and marine environment is reviewed and characterized in terms of state of art, global, regional, and local issues across different domains of solar-terrestrial conditions for practical applications. Their effects on critical technological systems are either controlled by the Earth ’ s ionosphere, as in telecommunications and information systems, or simply influenced by its variability, as in trans-ionospheric radio communication, and navigation systems. The evolution of long-distance high-frequency (HF) communications and then still the actuality of HF radio links especially for the coast environment, maritime services, and aeronautical applications, for control and emergency services, for communications equally important in case of great islands and remote areas, for economic reasoning and easy management, and for efficient backup in case of cyber threats are discussed. Some preferred methods for a proper assessment of HF networks have been identified, and examples of existing long-term prediction and near real-time nowcasting in ionospheric space weather modeling to be used, particularly in the Mediterranean area, are presented along with contemporary references.
{"title":"Ionospheric Monitoring and Modeling Applicable to Coastal and Marine Environments","authors":"L. Cander, B. Zolesi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90467","url":null,"abstract":"Ionospheric monitoring and modeling in costal and marine environment is reviewed and characterized in terms of state of art, global, regional, and local issues across different domains of solar-terrestrial conditions for practical applications. Their effects on critical technological systems are either controlled by the Earth ’ s ionosphere, as in telecommunications and information systems, or simply influenced by its variability, as in trans-ionospheric radio communication, and navigation systems. The evolution of long-distance high-frequency (HF) communications and then still the actuality of HF radio links especially for the coast environment, maritime services, and aeronautical applications, for control and emergency services, for communications equally important in case of great islands and remote areas, for economic reasoning and easy management, and for efficient backup in case of cyber threats are discussed. Some preferred methods for a proper assessment of HF networks have been identified, and examples of existing long-term prediction and near real-time nowcasting in ionospheric space weather modeling to be used, particularly in the Mediterranean area, are presented along with contemporary references.","PeriodicalId":377206,"journal":{"name":"Coastal and Marine Environments - Physical Processes and Numerical Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126198329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-07DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88509
M. Kaiser, Walaa A. Ali, Maysara Khairy El Tahan
The main objective of this research is applying numerical modeling to simulate the impact of the Suez Canal jetties on the beach morphology and hydrodynamic regime along the Suez Canal coastal zone. In addition, coastal processes including waves and wave-induced currents will be evaluated using 2D modeling. This research will contribute to quantify the shoreline stability during the last three decades. Hydrodynamic and sediment transport (ST) models are utilized to predict sediment transport pathways and how sediment might move within the entrance of Suez Canal port. Remote sensing analyses of the Landsat Thematic Mapper images during 2000–2018 show siltation processes at the entrance of the Suez Canal. Vector analyses of the images’ data indicated updrift accretion at a rate of +15 m/year and downdrift erosion at a rate of − 13 m/year. Coastal processes including waves and currents contribute to shoaling problem along the navigation channel of the Suez Canal port. Applications of 2-3D models were used to simulate wave and current dissipation. In addition, beach slope profiles and hydrodynamic models are used to help in understanding the impact of coastal processes on beach morphology and hydrodynamic regime controlling siltation problem along the entrance of Port Said harbor.
{"title":"Modeling of Coastal Processes in the Mediterranean Sea: A Pilot Study on the Entrance of Suez Canal in Egypt","authors":"M. Kaiser, Walaa A. Ali, Maysara Khairy El Tahan","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88509","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this research is applying numerical modeling to simulate the impact of the Suez Canal jetties on the beach morphology and hydrodynamic regime along the Suez Canal coastal zone. In addition, coastal processes including waves and wave-induced currents will be evaluated using 2D modeling. This research will contribute to quantify the shoreline stability during the last three decades. Hydrodynamic and sediment transport (ST) models are utilized to predict sediment transport pathways and how sediment might move within the entrance of Suez Canal port. Remote sensing analyses of the Landsat Thematic Mapper images during 2000–2018 show siltation processes at the entrance of the Suez Canal. Vector analyses of the images’ data indicated updrift accretion at a rate of +15 m/year and downdrift erosion at a rate of − 13 m/year. Coastal processes including waves and currents contribute to shoaling problem along the navigation channel of the Suez Canal port. Applications of 2-3D models were used to simulate wave and current dissipation. In addition, beach slope profiles and hydrodynamic models are used to help in understanding the impact of coastal processes on beach morphology and hydrodynamic regime controlling siltation problem along the entrance of Port Said harbor.","PeriodicalId":377206,"journal":{"name":"Coastal and Marine Environments - Physical Processes and Numerical Modelling","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117328390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88123
J. D. Carmo
In the recent past, coastal public works solutions were generally designed as engineering problems. By that time, prior to the 1980s, the primary goal of coastal works projects was to maximize safety, taking into account only engineering knowledge and existing economic constraints. Today, concerns are no longer limited to safety; lifestyle and quality of life have become essential ingredients in building a successful coastal works project. Other aspects of the project are also important, such as environmental impact, attractiveness, and sustainability. These additionalcomplexities are further aggravated by other pieces of the puzzle that need to be integrated into the overall design, such as the non-engineering and non-science aspects. A synthesis of recent concerns regarding coastal public works projects has, in fact, become much more difficult for engineers to manage due to new assumptions of value, social acceptance, and sustainability of these projects. In this context, it is common knowledge that decision-making on a coastal issue should be based on criteria such as technical effectiveness, costs, benefits, implementation, and monitoring. This chapter addresses coastal issues using a dual perspective of meeting current needs and ensuring future sustainability. Contemporary adaptation measures and future accommodation options are also discussed.
{"title":"Coastal Adaptation: Past Behaviors, Contemporary Management, and Future Options","authors":"J. D. Carmo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88123","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent past, coastal public works solutions were generally designed as engineering problems. By that time, prior to the 1980s, the primary goal of coastal works projects was to maximize safety, taking into account only engineering knowledge and existing economic constraints. Today, concerns are no longer limited to safety; lifestyle and quality of life have become essential ingredients in building a successful coastal works project. Other aspects of the project are also important, such as environmental impact, attractiveness, and sustainability. These additionalcomplexities are further aggravated by other pieces of the puzzle that need to be integrated into the overall design, such as the non-engineering and non-science aspects. A synthesis of recent concerns regarding coastal public works projects has, in fact, become much more difficult for engineers to manage due to new assumptions of value, social acceptance, and sustainability of these projects. In this context, it is common knowledge that decision-making on a coastal issue should be based on criteria such as technical effectiveness, costs, benefits, implementation, and monitoring. This chapter addresses coastal issues using a dual perspective of meeting current needs and ensuring future sustainability. Contemporary adaptation measures and future accommodation options are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":377206,"journal":{"name":"Coastal and Marine Environments - Physical Processes and Numerical Modelling","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122846712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-06DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86243
N. Busireddy, Kumar Ankur, K. Osuri
Bay of Bengal (BoB) is an affluent region for the mesoscale (eddies) and synoptic scale (cyclones) systems. It occurs primarily through the seasonal variations, dynamical instabilities and equatorial wind forcing mechanisms. The individual or cumulative effect of these changes is vulnerable to the coastal and marine ecosys-tems. For example, tropical cyclone (TC) AILA experienced a warm core eddy (WCE) before the landfall, and consequently it intensified into a severe cyclonic storm (CS) and remained as a CS up to 15 h after the landfall. Its severity produces a heavy rainfall of >18 cm day (cid:1) 1 , thus leads to the coastal flooding. The eddy contri-bution to the TC is witnessed during and after the landfall. Inappropriately, high resolution in-situ observations are not available to identify such important processes on different time and spatial scales. Therefore, the present chapter analyses the northern BoB eddy induced signals using both in-situ and satellite (advanced microwave scanning radiometer — AMSR-2) derived products. Two in-situ locations (BD08 and BD09) are employed for this study purpose. The eddy responses at no-eddy, during and after eddy, have been analyzed. Besides, WCE imprints on the overlying atmosphere are also observed. The relationship between sea surface temperature and wind speed over the BoB region is assessed.
{"title":"Significance of Mesoscale Warm Core Eddy on Marine and Coastal Environment of the Bay of Bengal","authors":"N. Busireddy, Kumar Ankur, K. Osuri","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86243","url":null,"abstract":"Bay of Bengal (BoB) is an affluent region for the mesoscale (eddies) and synoptic scale (cyclones) systems. It occurs primarily through the seasonal variations, dynamical instabilities and equatorial wind forcing mechanisms. The individual or cumulative effect of these changes is vulnerable to the coastal and marine ecosys-tems. For example, tropical cyclone (TC) AILA experienced a warm core eddy (WCE) before the landfall, and consequently it intensified into a severe cyclonic storm (CS) and remained as a CS up to 15 h after the landfall. Its severity produces a heavy rainfall of >18 cm day (cid:1) 1 , thus leads to the coastal flooding. The eddy contri-bution to the TC is witnessed during and after the landfall. Inappropriately, high resolution in-situ observations are not available to identify such important processes on different time and spatial scales. Therefore, the present chapter analyses the northern BoB eddy induced signals using both in-situ and satellite (advanced microwave scanning radiometer — AMSR-2) derived products. Two in-situ locations (BD08 and BD09) are employed for this study purpose. The eddy responses at no-eddy, during and after eddy, have been analyzed. Besides, WCE imprints on the overlying atmosphere are also observed. The relationship between sea surface temperature and wind speed over the BoB region is assessed.","PeriodicalId":377206,"journal":{"name":"Coastal and Marine Environments - Physical Processes and Numerical Modelling","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115618108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-27DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85882
L. Breaker
We examine to what extent the waters of Monterey Bay act independently of those along the central California coast. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from 1920 to 2014 from the central California coast and Monterey Bay were analyzed for long-term trends. To estimate the trends, singular spectrum analysis and empirical mode decomposition were employed. Between 1920 and 1940, long-term trends inside and outside Monterey Bay revealed rapidly increasing temperatures. After 1940 trends inside the bay indicate that temperatures increased from ~1950 for the next 40 years, peaking around 1990, and then decreased rapidly through 2013. Offshore, temperatures increased to the early 1960s, after which they decreased until 2014. El Nino episodes, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and increased coastal upwelling contribute to the long-term trends. Also, the impact of regime shifts associated with the PDO may be sustained for decades. Overall, the differences in the trends inside and outside Monterey Bay are significant only during summer where large-scale processes dominate offshore, and smaller-scale processes are important in and around the bay. Finally, our results suggest that waters inside the bay, although they co-vary with the waters further offshore, often appear to behave independently based on the long-term trends.
{"title":"Long-Term Changes in Sea Surface Temperature Off the Coast of Central California and Monterey Bay from 1920 to 2014: Are They Commensurate?","authors":"L. Breaker","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85882","url":null,"abstract":"We examine to what extent the waters of Monterey Bay act independently of those along the central California coast. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from 1920 to 2014 from the central California coast and Monterey Bay were analyzed for long-term trends. To estimate the trends, singular spectrum analysis and empirical mode decomposition were employed. Between 1920 and 1940, long-term trends inside and outside Monterey Bay revealed rapidly increasing temperatures. After 1940 trends inside the bay indicate that temperatures increased from ~1950 for the next 40 years, peaking around 1990, and then decreased rapidly through 2013. Offshore, temperatures increased to the early 1960s, after which they decreased until 2014. El Nino episodes, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and increased coastal upwelling contribute to the long-term trends. Also, the impact of regime shifts associated with the PDO may be sustained for decades. Overall, the differences in the trends inside and outside Monterey Bay are significant only during summer where large-scale processes dominate offshore, and smaller-scale processes are important in and around the bay. Finally, our results suggest that waters inside the bay, although they co-vary with the waters further offshore, often appear to behave independently based on the long-term trends.","PeriodicalId":377206,"journal":{"name":"Coastal and Marine Environments - Physical Processes and Numerical Modelling","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128655503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-21DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85521
I. Iglesias, P. Avilez-Valente, J. Pinho, A. Bio, J. Vieira, L. Bastos, F. Veloso-Gomes
Estuarine and coastal areas have been intensively studied given their complexity, ecological, and societal value and the importance of their ecosystem services. Estuarine and coastal management must be based on a sound characterization of these areas, which is achievable complementing the comprehensive field measurements with numerical models solutions. Based on a detailed comparison between two close-by, but extremely different, Portuguese estuaries (the Douro and Minho estuaries), this chapter intends to discuss how accurately numerical modeling tools can provide relevant information for a variety of coastal zones. They can be very useful for various applications in the planning and management fields, such as coastal and infrastructures protection, harbor activities, fisheries, tourism, and coastal population safety, thus supporting an effective and integrated estuarine and coastal management, which must consider both the safety of the populations and the sustainability of the marine ecosystems and services. In particular, the capacity of the numerical models to give a detailed characterization of morpho-hydrodynamic processes, as well as assess and predict the effects of anthropogenic interventions, extreme events and climate change effects, are presented.
{"title":"Numerical Modeling Tools Applied to Estuarine and Coastal Hydrodynamics: A User Perspective","authors":"I. Iglesias, P. Avilez-Valente, J. Pinho, A. Bio, J. Vieira, L. Bastos, F. Veloso-Gomes","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85521","url":null,"abstract":"Estuarine and coastal areas have been intensively studied given their complexity, ecological, and societal value and the importance of their ecosystem services. Estuarine and coastal management must be based on a sound characterization of these areas, which is achievable complementing the comprehensive field measurements with numerical models solutions. Based on a detailed comparison between two close-by, but extremely different, Portuguese estuaries (the Douro and Minho estuaries), this chapter intends to discuss how accurately numerical modeling tools can provide relevant information for a variety of coastal zones. They can be very useful for various applications in the planning and management fields, such as coastal and infrastructures protection, harbor activities, fisheries, tourism, and coastal population safety, thus supporting an effective and integrated estuarine and coastal management, which must consider both the safety of the populations and the sustainability of the marine ecosystems and services. In particular, the capacity of the numerical models to give a detailed characterization of morpho-hydrodynamic processes, as well as assess and predict the effects of anthropogenic interventions, extreme events and climate change effects, are presented.","PeriodicalId":377206,"journal":{"name":"Coastal and Marine Environments - Physical Processes and Numerical Modelling","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115080355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}