Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197541074.003.0008
B. Lipscomb
This chapter explores Mary Midgley’s unconventional career, and her contributions—through her interests in biology and animal behavior (ethology)—to her friends’ project of reimagining ethics. The connection between Midgley’s work and that of Anscombe, Foot, and Murdoch is often missed because Midgley began writing much later in life. Midgley left her academic career early to follow her husband to Newcastle, where she stayed home, raising their three boys and reviewing books for the BBC. In the mid-1960s, she began teaching philosophy at the University of Newcastle, free from the stifling atmosphere of Oxford. Linking her interest in ethology to ethics, she eventually wrote Beast and Man, raising questions about rationality, instinct, and the sorts of goods—the sort of ethics—toward which humans’ animal nature points. Sadly, Foot never regarded Midgley’s work as “proper philosophy,” though Midgley’s insights could have addressed Foot’s most pressing philosophical worries.
本章探讨了玛丽·米奇利非传统的职业生涯，以及她通过对生物学和动物行为(动物行为学)的兴趣，为她的朋友们重新构想伦理学所做的贡献。米奇利的作品与安斯库姆、富特和默多克的作品之间的联系经常被忽视，因为米奇利开始写作的时间要晚得多。米琪莉很早就离开了她的学术生涯，跟随她的丈夫来到纽卡斯尔，在那里她呆在家里，抚养他们的三个儿子，并为英国广播公司评论书籍。20世纪60年代中期，她开始在纽卡斯尔大学(University of Newcastle)教授哲学，摆脱了牛津令人窒息的氛围。将她对动物行为学的兴趣与伦理学联系起来，她最终写了《兽与人》，提出了关于理性、本能和善良的问题——即人类动物本性所指向的那种伦理。遗憾的是，富特从未将米奇利的著作视为“真正的哲学”，尽管米奇利的见解本可以解决富特最迫切的哲学担忧。
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Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197541074.003.0002
B. Lipscomb
This chapter introduces the remaining women—Iris Murdoch, Mary Scrutton (later Midgley), and Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe (Elizabeth to her friends)—and describes the state of women’s education in Oxford leading up to and during World War II. Somerville College, where all but Anscombe attended, was at that time one of the most selective institutions in the British Empire. This was due not only to its reputation within Oxford, but also to its small enrollment and the limited number of women’s colleges in general. Despite Somerville’s selectivity, the women still faced disadvantages. Oxford still treated its women as “on probation,” and few women had received the education in classical languages that was a gateway to the prestigious “Greats” degree. During the war, however, as Oxford was drained of fighting-age men, women students were able to benefit from more intensive mentoring and other learning opportunities formerly directed toward men.
本章介绍了剩下的女性——iris Murdoch, Mary Scrutton(后来的Midgley)和Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe(她的朋友称呼她为Elizabeth)——并描述了二战前和二战期间牛津大学女性教育的状况。萨默维尔学院(Somerville College)是当时大英帝国最挑剔的学校之一，除了安斯科姆，其他所有人都就读于此。这不仅是因为它在牛津大学的声誉，也是因为它的招生人数少，而且总的来说，女子学院的数量有限。尽管萨默维尔大学对女性进行了筛选，但这些女性仍然面临着劣势。牛津大学仍然把女性视为“试用生”，很少有女性接受过古典语言的教育，而古典语言是通往享有盛誉的“伟人”学位的大门。然而，在战争期间，由于牛津大学的参战年龄男性逐渐减少，女学生能够受益于更密集的指导和其他以前只面向男性的学习机会。
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Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197541074.003.0006
B. Lipscomb
This chapter chronicles the philosophical development of the abrasive, brilliant Elizabeth Anscombe and her contribution to her friends’ implicit project of reshaping mid-century ethics: her all-out attack against “Oxford Moral Philosophy” epitomized by R.M. Hare, and her publication of the influential “Modern Moral Philosophy.” Anscombe was Wittgenstein’s apprentice and translator for much of her early career, rarely publishing original work. She was, nonetheless, a fearsome adversary of anyone she saw as glib or insufficiently serious, including C.S. Lewis and J.L. Austin. Anscombe’s real engagement with ethics began with her attempt to stop Oxford from bestowing an honorary degree on Harry Truman; she abhorred his decision to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. She was invited to give a radio broadcast, “Oxford Moral Philosophy: Does It Corrupt the Youth?”—the opening salvo in a fight with R.M. Hare, which resulted in her influential essay “Modern Moral Philosophy.”
这一章记录了粗鲁而聪明的伊丽莎白·安斯科姆的哲学发展，以及她对朋友们重塑中世纪伦理学的含蓄计划的贡献:她对以R.M.黑尔为代表的“牛津道德哲学”的全力攻击，以及她出版的有影响力的《现代道德哲学》。安斯库姆是维特根斯坦早期职业生涯的学徒和翻译，很少发表原创作品。尽管如此，对于她认为油嘴滑舌或不够严肃的人，包括C.S.刘易斯(C.S. Lewis)和J.L.奥斯汀(J.L. Austin)，她都是一个可怕的对手。安斯科姆真正投身伦理学始于她试图阻止牛津大学授予哈里·杜鲁门荣誉学位;她憎恶他轰炸广岛和长崎的决定。她应邀去做电台广播，题目是“牛津道德哲学:它会腐蚀青年吗?”——这是她与R.M.黑尔(R.M. Hare)争吵的开场白，后来她发表了影响深远的论文《现代道德哲学》(Modern Moral Philosophy)。
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Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197541074.003.0001
B. Lipscomb
This chapter introduces the first of the four main subjects of the book, Philippa Foot, as well as sketching the philosophical outlook against which all four would argue in later years. A young Foot, recently returned to Oxford, confronts for the first time the horrors of the Nazi regime, through a newsreel exposing conditions in the concentration camps. For Foot, this moment encapsulated a major failing of philosophical ethics in the mid-twentieth century: its inability to grapple with real evil. The contemporary philosophy against which Foot and her friends would revolt depended on a background picture, the “billiard-ball” picture of the universe as nothing but inert, value-free matter. A fact–value dichotomy was grounded in this picture, positing that no ethical propositions can validly derive from fact statements; these together led to what Lipscomb calls the “Dawkins sublime”—the Romantic view that adults must bravely face this harsh and denuded world.
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