The current interaction paradigm to access the mobile web forces people who are blind to hold out their phone at all times, thus increasing the risk for the device to fall or be robbed. Moreover, such continuous, two-handed interaction on a small screen hampers the ability of people who are blind to keep their hands free to control aiding devices (e.g., cane) or touch objects nearby, especially on-the-go. To investigate alternative paradigms, we are exploring and reifying strategies for "screenless access": a browsing approach that enables users to interact touch-free with aural navigation architectures using one-handed, in-air gestures recognized by an off-the-shelf armband. In this article, we summarize key highlights from an exploratory study with ten participants who are blind or visually impaired who experienced our screenless access prototype. We observed proficient navigation performance after basic training, users conceptual fit with a screen-free paradigm, and low levels of cognitive load, notwithstanding the errors and limits of the design and system proposed. The full paper appeared in W4A2018 [1].
{"title":"Beyond screen and voice: augmenting aural navigation with screenless access","authors":"Mikaylah Gross, D. Bolchini","doi":"10.1145/3264631.3264634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3264631.3264634","url":null,"abstract":"The current interaction paradigm to access the mobile web forces people who are blind to hold out their phone at all times, thus increasing the risk for the device to fall or be robbed. Moreover, such continuous, two-handed interaction on a small screen hampers the ability of people who are blind to keep their hands free to control aiding devices (e.g., cane) or touch objects nearby, especially on-the-go. To investigate alternative paradigms, we are exploring and reifying strategies for \"screenless access\": a browsing approach that enables users to interact touch-free with aural navigation architectures using one-handed, in-air gestures recognized by an off-the-shelf armband. In this article, we summarize key highlights from an exploratory study with ten participants who are blind or visually impaired who experienced our screenless access prototype. We observed proficient navigation performance after basic training, users conceptual fit with a screen-free paradigm, and low levels of cognitive load, notwithstanding the errors and limits of the design and system proposed. The full paper appeared in W4A2018 [1].","PeriodicalId":377435,"journal":{"name":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput.","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121732747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One billion people, or 15% of the world's population, experience some form of disability. Organizations worldwide are recognizing that their digital infrastructure, both internal and external, must be made accessible to meet the needs of their customers and employees with disabilities. Inaccessible systems put them at risk for missing a significant percentage of the market, including the aging population, and at risk for non-compliance with legislation.During the past 25 years, a great number of advancements have been made toward the goal of more accessible information and communications technology (ICT). This includes advancements in operating systems, developer tools, technical industry standards and the growth of a rich ecosystem of assistive technology products. However, as we reflect on the current state of the industry and today's ICT solutions, websites and content, it is clear that many are still not accessible. Even organizations that have established development best practices are struggling to consistently deliver accessible content and solutions. Corporations, government agencies and educational institutions worldwide continue to work diligently to understand and respond to the needs of their employees and customers with disabilities, but significant obstacles continue to hinder their success. One of those obstacles is the lack of accessibility knowledge integrated across their existing employee base and a pipeline of skilled accessibility professionals to accomplish the work that needs to be done.
{"title":"IAAP certification: a tool for advancing your digital accessibility strategies","authors":"S. Spencer","doi":"10.1145/3264631.3264632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3264631.3264632","url":null,"abstract":"One billion people, or 15% of the world's population, experience some form of disability. Organizations worldwide are recognizing that their digital infrastructure, both internal and external, must be made accessible to meet the needs of their customers and employees with disabilities. Inaccessible systems put them at risk for missing a significant percentage of the market, including the aging population, and at risk for non-compliance with legislation.During the past 25 years, a great number of advancements have been made toward the goal of more accessible information and communications technology (ICT). This includes advancements in operating systems, developer tools, technical industry standards and the growth of a rich ecosystem of assistive technology products. However, as we reflect on the current state of the industry and today's ICT solutions, websites and content, it is clear that many are still not accessible. Even organizations that have established development best practices are struggling to consistently deliver accessible content and solutions. Corporations, government agencies and educational institutions worldwide continue to work diligently to understand and respond to the needs of their employees and customers with disabilities, but significant obstacles continue to hinder their success. One of those obstacles is the lack of accessibility knowledge integrated across their existing employee base and a pipeline of skilled accessibility professionals to accomplish the work that needs to be done.","PeriodicalId":377435,"journal":{"name":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput.","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126640343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People with autism consistently exhibit different attention-shifting patterns compared to neurotypical people. Research has shown that these differences can be successfully captured using eye tracking. In this paper, we summarise our recent research on using gaze data from web-related tasks to address two problems: improving web accessibility for people with autism and detecting autism automatically. We first examine the way a group of participants with autism and a control group process the visual information from web pages and provide empirical evidence of different visual searching strategies. We then use these differences in visual attention, to train a machine learning classifier which can successfully use the gaze data to distinguish between the two groups with an accuracy of 0.75. At the end of this paper we review the way forward to improving web accessibility and automatic autism detection, as well as the practical implications and alternatives for using eye tracking in these research areas.
{"title":"Autism and the web: using web-searching tasks to detect autism and improve web accessibility","authors":"Victoria Yaneva","doi":"10.1145/3264631.3264633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3264631.3264633","url":null,"abstract":"People with autism consistently exhibit different attention-shifting patterns compared to neurotypical people. Research has shown that these differences can be successfully captured using eye tracking. In this paper, we summarise our recent research on using gaze data from web-related tasks to address two problems: improving web accessibility for people with autism and detecting autism automatically. We first examine the way a group of participants with autism and a control group process the visual information from web pages and provide empirical evidence of different visual searching strategies. We then use these differences in visual attention, to train a machine learning classifier which can successfully use the gaze data to distinguish between the two groups with an accuracy of 0.75. At the end of this paper we review the way forward to improving web accessibility and automatic autism detection, as well as the practical implications and alternatives for using eye tracking in these research areas.","PeriodicalId":377435,"journal":{"name":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput.","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125788419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How can accessibility research leverage advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence with limited data? In this article, we argue that teachable machines can empower accessibility research by enabling individuals with disabilities to personalize a data-driven assistive technology. By significantly constraining the conditions of the machine learning task to a specific user and their environment, these technologies can achieve higher robustness in real world scenarios. In contrast to automatic personalization, the end user is called to consciously provide training examples and actively interact with the machine learning algorithm to increase its accuracy. We demonstrate this concept with a concrete example: teachable object recognizers trained by and for blind users. Furthermore, we discuss open challenges in designing and building teachable machines with a focus on accessibility.
{"title":"Teachable machines for accessibility","authors":"Hernisa Kacorri","doi":"10.1145/3167902.3167904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3167902.3167904","url":null,"abstract":"How can accessibility research leverage advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence with limited data? In this article, we argue that teachable machines can empower accessibility research by enabling individuals with disabilities to personalize a data-driven assistive technology. By significantly constraining the conditions of the machine learning task to a specific user and their environment, these technologies can achieve higher robustness in real world scenarios. In contrast to automatic personalization, the end user is called to consciously provide training examples and actively interact with the machine learning algorithm to increase its accuracy. We demonstrate this concept with a concrete example: teachable object recognizers trained by and for blind users. Furthermore, we discuss open challenges in designing and building teachable machines with a focus on accessibility.","PeriodicalId":377435,"journal":{"name":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput.","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125988967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While our community has many active projects involving blind people, low vision is rarely addressed. People with low vision have functional vision, but their visual impairment adversely affects their daily life and it cannot be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. Over the last few years, we have been conducting research with this understudied demographic: understanding low vision people's needs and designing applications to address the challenges they face. In this article, we discuss our ongoing research in this area, focusing on designing augmented reality applications for low vision users. We begin this article by describing low vision and motivating our focus on augmented reality applications on smartglasses for low vision people. We then provide overviews of three research projects that exemplify our research agenda: a study where we observed low vision people conducting a navigation and shopping task, a study where we examined low vision people's perception of virtual text and shapes on smartglasses, and the design of a smartglasses application that facilitates a visual search task.
{"title":"Designing smartglasses applications for people with low vision","authors":"Shiri Azenkot, Yuhang Zhao","doi":"10.1145/3167902.3167905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3167902.3167905","url":null,"abstract":"While our community has many active projects involving blind people, low vision is rarely addressed. People with low vision have functional vision, but their visual impairment adversely affects their daily life and it cannot be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. Over the last few years, we have been conducting research with this understudied demographic: understanding low vision people's needs and designing applications to address the challenges they face. In this article, we discuss our ongoing research in this area, focusing on designing augmented reality applications for low vision users. We begin this article by describing low vision and motivating our focus on augmented reality applications on smartglasses for low vision people. We then provide overviews of three research projects that exemplify our research agenda: a study where we observed low vision people conducting a navigation and shopping task, a study where we examined low vision people's perception of virtual text and shapes on smartglasses, and the design of a smartglasses application that facilitates a visual search task.","PeriodicalId":377435,"journal":{"name":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput.","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122538061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Serious games are increasingly used for supporting education and many other activities via entertainment. Unfortunately, they are not accessible to visually-impaired people who have a very limited selection for games, especially in the mobile context. Usually they can only rely on specific games. Our aim is to investigate how to overcome this gap for visually-impaired people. For this, we are presenting a mobile educational game accessible also via screen reader on a touch-screen. Through the app we investigated: (1) a gesture-based interaction modality to perform exercises on a touch-screen when a screen reader is running; (2) an equal opportunity in enjoying perception also by those who cannot see the user interface. A pilot test confirmed a positive impact of the first prototype on the end-users.
{"title":"An inclusive educational game usable via screen reader on a touch-screen","authors":"B. Leporini, Eleonora Palmucci","doi":"10.1145/3167902.3167903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3167902.3167903","url":null,"abstract":"Serious games are increasingly used for supporting education and many other activities via entertainment. Unfortunately, they are not accessible to visually-impaired people who have a very limited selection for games, especially in the mobile context. Usually they can only rely on specific games. Our aim is to investigate how to overcome this gap for visually-impaired people. For this, we are presenting a mobile educational game accessible also via screen reader on a touch-screen. Through the app we investigated: (1) a gesture-based interaction modality to perform exercises on a touch-screen when a screen reader is running; (2) an equal opportunity in enjoying perception also by those who cannot see the user interface. A pilot test confirmed a positive impact of the first prototype on the end-users.","PeriodicalId":377435,"journal":{"name":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput.","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134076599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2016 edition of the International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion (DSAI)4 - commemorates the 10th anniversary of the conference. Over the last decade, DSAI has been a forum where researchers, from all around the world, share the advances in the domain of assistive technologies and software development for people with special needs.
{"title":"DSAI 2016: celebrating one decade enhancing accessibility and fighting info-exclusion","authors":"H. Paredes, Lourdes Moreno, F. Pühretmair","doi":"10.1145/3124144.3124148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3124144.3124148","url":null,"abstract":"The 2016 edition of the International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion (DSAI)4 - commemorates the 10th anniversary of the conference. Over the last decade, DSAI has been a forum where researchers, from all around the world, share the advances in the domain of assistive technologies and software development for people with special needs.","PeriodicalId":377435,"journal":{"name":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput.","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121224606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the past ten years there has been a concerted effort to bring computer science to K-12 students in the United States (US) and in other countries. There is a growing realization that computer science is a fundamental subject like mathematics and sciences. In order to make this effort include the approximately 7.4 million K-12 students with disabilities in the US we created AccessCSforAll, a National Science Foundation project that began in 2014. In this article we review the activities of AccessCSforAll in the professional development of teachers and in tool and curriculum development.
在过去的十年里，人们齐心协力将计算机科学带给美国和其他国家的K-12学生。越来越多的人认识到计算机科学是一门像数学和自然科学一样的基础学科。为了使这项工作包括美国大约740万K-12的残疾学生，我们创建了AccessCSforAll，这是一个国家科学基金会的项目，始于2014年。在本文中，我们回顾了access for all在教师专业发展以及工具和课程开发方面的活动。
{"title":"AccessCSforall: making computer science accessible to K-12 students in the United States","authors":"R. Ladner, A. Stefik","doi":"10.1145/3124144.3124145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3124144.3124145","url":null,"abstract":"For the past ten years there has been a concerted effort to bring computer science to K-12 students in the United States (US) and in other countries. There is a growing realization that computer science is a fundamental subject like mathematics and sciences. In order to make this effort include the approximately 7.4 million K-12 students with disabilities in the US we created AccessCSforAll, a National Science Foundation project that began in 2014. In this article we review the activities of AccessCSforAll in the professional development of teachers and in tool and curriculum development.","PeriodicalId":377435,"journal":{"name":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput.","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125297041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In entering the digital realm, older adults face obstacles beyond the more clearly understood physical and cognitive barriers traditionally associated with accessibility. One of these obstacles, technology related anxiety, is particularly problematic because it discourages exploration and wayfinding, two behaviors critical to the development of digital literacy. As educators at a rural, technologically-focused university, we see opportunities to address this issue and bring isolated older adults into a larger digital community, while simultaneously offering our students with valuable first-hand experience learning about and addressing the challenges faced by capable people struggling with unfamiliar technology. Here, we describe our social-cognitive approach to training digital literacy skills, pairing university student tutors with learners from the local community.
{"title":"Breaking barriers, building understanding: a multigenerational approach to digital literacy instruction for older adults","authors":"Kelly S. Steelman, C. Wallace","doi":"10.1145/3124144.3124146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3124144.3124146","url":null,"abstract":"In entering the digital realm, older adults face obstacles beyond the more clearly understood physical and cognitive barriers traditionally associated with accessibility. One of these obstacles, technology related anxiety, is particularly problematic because it discourages exploration and wayfinding, two behaviors critical to the development of digital literacy. As educators at a rural, technologically-focused university, we see opportunities to address this issue and bring isolated older adults into a larger digital community, while simultaneously offering our students with valuable first-hand experience learning about and addressing the challenges faced by capable people struggling with unfamiliar technology. Here, we describe our social-cognitive approach to training digital literacy skills, pairing university student tutors with learners from the local community.","PeriodicalId":377435,"journal":{"name":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129307639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The field of computing is one that has a special relationship with disability due to both the many opportunities and many flaws that computers present with respect to disability access. However, despite many successes in this arena, the conferences and digital resources of the Association for Computing Machinery are still not all accessible to people with disabilities.
{"title":"SIGCHI and SIGACCESS working together to improve accessibility","authors":"Jennifer Mankoff, Shari Trewin","doi":"10.1145/3124144.3124147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3124144.3124147","url":null,"abstract":"The field of computing is one that has a special relationship with disability due to both the many opportunities and many flaws that computers present with respect to disability access. However, despite many successes in this arena, the conferences and digital resources of the Association for Computing Machinery are still not all accessible to people with disabilities.","PeriodicalId":377435,"journal":{"name":"ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125124663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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