Pub Date : 2019-03-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84194
Dan Li, Mngereza Mzee Miraj
Due to limited rainfall and uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources, water has become a restraining factor in agriculture and livestock production of China and Tanzania. As it is most considered as common-pool resource, the management of water resources is a complex issue in agricultural and pastoral industry. Traditional water management modes include nationalization and marketization, but complete mar- ket-oriented or government management could not reach the sustainable use of water resource due to nonexclusive and interconnected features of water. Therefore, China and Tanzania introduced water resources community self-management in rural arid areas. Farmers as resource users in community conducted mutual supervision and mutual ben- efit to realize reasonable, fair, and sustainable use of water resources. However, commu nity self-management is restricted by formal institution from the government of China, and Tanzania’s community self-management relies on the financial and technical support from foreign NGOs; the communities’ ability to obtain benefit needed to be improved. We compare water resources community self-management mode in China and Tanzania through case studies, put forward the differences of self-management mode in two countries, and analyze the characteristics of successful water resources community self-management mode.
{"title":"Comparison of Water Resources Community Self-Management Mode between China and Tanzania","authors":"Dan Li, Mngereza Mzee Miraj","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84194","url":null,"abstract":"Due to limited rainfall and uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources, water has become a restraining factor in agriculture and livestock production of China and Tanzania. As it is most considered as common-pool resource, the management of water resources is a complex issue in agricultural and pastoral industry. Traditional water management modes include nationalization and marketization, but complete mar- ket-oriented or government management could not reach the sustainable use of water resource due to nonexclusive and interconnected features of water. Therefore, China and Tanzania introduced water resources community self-management in rural arid areas. Farmers as resource users in community conducted mutual supervision and mutual ben- efit to realize reasonable, fair, and sustainable use of water resources. However, commu nity self-management is restricted by formal institution from the government of China, and Tanzania’s community self-management relies on the financial and technical support from foreign NGOs; the communities’ ability to obtain benefit needed to be improved. We compare water resources community self-management mode in China and Tanzania through case studies, put forward the differences of self-management mode in two countries, and analyze the characteristics of successful water resources community self-management mode.","PeriodicalId":378141,"journal":{"name":"Water and Sustainability","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114203178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85150
P. T. Chandrasekaran
Water is the largest limited natural resource which is vital for survival of all living beings. Floods, droughts, and famines brought about by climate changes have been noted to occur with more frequency in the recent years. Therefore, the need for the adoption of sustainable methods toward water use and management is critical in the present-day scenario. In addition, there is also an urgent need to develop policies and make smart investment decisions to promote water sustainability in the light of climate change.
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Water Sustainability in a Dynamic World","authors":"P. T. Chandrasekaran","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85150","url":null,"abstract":"Water is the largest limited natural resource which is vital for survival of all living beings. Floods, droughts, and famines brought about by climate changes have been noted to occur with more frequency in the recent years. Therefore, the need for the adoption of sustainable methods toward water use and management is critical in the present-day scenario. In addition, there is also an urgent need to develop policies and make smart investment decisions to promote water sustainability in the light of climate change.","PeriodicalId":378141,"journal":{"name":"Water and Sustainability","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125141694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82853
W. Sarni, J. Sperling
New management choices, with new approaches to urbanization and integrated water- energy-food management, are emerging as critical to combat water stress. Urban strategies and tactics are explored in this chapter with a focus on scaling effective solutions and approaches. This includes a focus on small, modular, and integrated water-energy-food hubs; off-grid and localized “circular economy” services that are affordable, accessible, and reliable; blended finance for new technologies, infrastructure and business models, strategic plans, and policies; and urban, behavioral, and decision sciences-informed deci - sions and new public-private-research-driven partnerships and processes. There are two key messages: first, business as usual could lead to “running out” of water where it’s needed most—in cities and for agricultural and industrial production. Second, “innova tors” and “early adopters” of market-based and data-driven efforts can help scale solu - tions led by people and communities investing in new ways to integrate urban water, energy, and food systems. The chapter concludes with discussion on a new, proactive “maturity” model, enabling integrated urban infrastructure systems, governance, and cross-sector innovation. This includes market-based and data-driven responses that first focus on improving quality of life, sustainability, and resilience of communities, bringing valued services via water-energy-food nexus decisions.
{"title":"A Call to Cities: Run Out of Water or Create Resilience and Abundance?","authors":"W. Sarni, J. Sperling","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82853","url":null,"abstract":"New management choices, with new approaches to urbanization and integrated water- energy-food management, are emerging as critical to combat water stress. Urban strategies and tactics are explored in this chapter with a focus on scaling effective solutions and approaches. This includes a focus on small, modular, and integrated water-energy-food hubs; off-grid and localized “circular economy” services that are affordable, accessible, and reliable; blended finance for new technologies, infrastructure and business models, strategic plans, and policies; and urban, behavioral, and decision sciences-informed deci - sions and new public-private-research-driven partnerships and processes. There are two key messages: first, business as usual could lead to “running out” of water where it’s needed most—in cities and for agricultural and industrial production. Second, “innova tors” and “early adopters” of market-based and data-driven efforts can help scale solu - tions led by people and communities investing in new ways to integrate urban water, energy, and food systems. The chapter concludes with discussion on a new, proactive “maturity” model, enabling integrated urban infrastructure systems, governance, and cross-sector innovation. This includes market-based and data-driven responses that first focus on improving quality of life, sustainability, and resilience of communities, bringing valued services via water-energy-food nexus decisions.","PeriodicalId":378141,"journal":{"name":"Water and Sustainability","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124827609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-26DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82825
J. Sperling, W. Sarni
A safe, secure and affordable water future—for life, health, economy—are foundational outcomes from a new form of ethics for water stewardship and energy management. Current business as usual in water and energy systems have not led to sustainable, healthy nor resilient pathways for urban and rural communities alike. Today, an esti mated 400 million people live in cities with significant water shortages. This is while 25% of water is currently lost before even used in urban areas (up to 60% in some cities) due to aging infrastructure. In addition, on average, only 10% of wastewater is treated before returning to water bodies in developing countries. By 2040, more than 66% of the world’s populations could suffer from severe water shortages; and by 2050, an 80% increase in urban water demand (over current levels) may result in one billion city dwellers and 36% (one in three) of cities expected to face water crises. A crisis is often a catalyst for innovation and this chapter is a call to cities to enable strategic responses—moving away from legacy ‘siloed’ infrastructures, over-allocated water resources and emerging ethical dilemmas to integrated water- and energy-related urban nexus strategies. century, with both differences and similarities between cities. Proactive strategies and integrated responses focused on the growing number of cities at risk as frontlines for innova tion may continue to emerge. These examples also motivate questions for ongoing exploring of long-term impacts, using data to generate understanding on how best to help reduce costs, improve water security, modernize infrastructure assets, build resilience and ensure sustain able revenue models.
{"title":"Sustainable and Resilient Water and Energy Futures: From New Ethics and Choices to Urban Nexus Strategies","authors":"J. Sperling, W. Sarni","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82825","url":null,"abstract":"A safe, secure and affordable water future—for life, health, economy—are foundational outcomes from a new form of ethics for water stewardship and energy management. Current business as usual in water and energy systems have not led to sustainable, healthy nor resilient pathways for urban and rural communities alike. Today, an esti mated 400 million people live in cities with significant water shortages. This is while 25% of water is currently lost before even used in urban areas (up to 60% in some cities) due to aging infrastructure. In addition, on average, only 10% of wastewater is treated before returning to water bodies in developing countries. By 2040, more than 66% of the world’s populations could suffer from severe water shortages; and by 2050, an 80% increase in urban water demand (over current levels) may result in one billion city dwellers and 36% (one in three) of cities expected to face water crises. A crisis is often a catalyst for innovation and this chapter is a call to cities to enable strategic responses—moving away from legacy ‘siloed’ infrastructures, over-allocated water resources and emerging ethical dilemmas to integrated water- and energy-related urban nexus strategies. century, with both differences and similarities between cities. Proactive strategies and integrated responses focused on the growing number of cities at risk as frontlines for innova tion may continue to emerge. These examples also motivate questions for ongoing exploring of long-term impacts, using data to generate understanding on how best to help reduce costs, improve water security, modernize infrastructure assets, build resilience and ensure sustain able revenue models.","PeriodicalId":378141,"journal":{"name":"Water and Sustainability","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131002565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-28DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80902
Gurdeep Singh, M. Leh
The Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (MRBI) program launched by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) aims to improve the water quality within the Mississippi River Basin. Lake Conway Point Remove (LCPR) water- shed, being one of the MRBI watersheds, is a potential candidate for evaluating the effectiveness of MRBI program. Recommended best management practices (BMPs) for LCPR watershed are pond, wetland, pond and wetland, cover crops, vegetative filter strips, grassed waterways, and forage and biomass planting. Before simulating these practices, it is essential to prepare the data needed for model setup to avoid the issue of garbage in, garbage out. This chapter focuses on detailed steps of preparing the data for model setup along with the calibration and validation of the model. The calibration and validation results were within the acceptable bounds. The results from this study provide the data to help simulate the MRBI best management practices effectively and prioritize monitoring needs for collecting watershed response data in LCPR. The model for at model and satisfactory by studies. Results from this study can be used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of MRBI-recommended agricultural BMPs for analyzing and improving in similar data-limited watersheds.
由美国农业部自然资源保护局(NRCS)发起的密西西比河流域健康流域倡议(MRBI)项目旨在改善密西西比河流域的水质。康威湖点移除(Lake Conway Point Remove, LCPR)流域作为MRBI流域之一，是评估MRBI项目有效性的潜在候选者。LCPR流域推荐的最佳管理实践(BMPs)是池塘、湿地、池塘和湿地、覆盖作物、植被过滤带、植草水道以及饲料和生物质种植。在模拟这些实践之前，有必要准备模型设置所需的数据，以避免垃圾输入和垃圾输出的问题。本章重点介绍了为模型设置准备数据的详细步骤以及模型的校准和验证。校准和验证结果在可接受范围内。本研究的结果提供了数据，有助于有效地模拟MRBI最佳管理实践，并优先考虑LCPR中收集流域响应数据的监测需求。该模型经研究满意。本研究的结果可用于评估mrbi推荐的农业bmp的相对有效性，以分析和改进类似数据有限的流域。
{"title":"Setting Up a Computer Simulation Model in an Arkansas Watershed for the MRBI Program","authors":"Gurdeep Singh, M. Leh","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80902","url":null,"abstract":"The Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (MRBI) program launched by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) aims to improve the water quality within the Mississippi River Basin. Lake Conway Point Remove (LCPR) water- shed, being one of the MRBI watersheds, is a potential candidate for evaluating the effectiveness of MRBI program. Recommended best management practices (BMPs) for LCPR watershed are pond, wetland, pond and wetland, cover crops, vegetative filter strips, grassed waterways, and forage and biomass planting. Before simulating these practices, it is essential to prepare the data needed for model setup to avoid the issue of garbage in, garbage out. This chapter focuses on detailed steps of preparing the data for model setup along with the calibration and validation of the model. The calibration and validation results were within the acceptable bounds. The results from this study provide the data to help simulate the MRBI best management practices effectively and prioritize monitoring needs for collecting watershed response data in LCPR. The model for at model and satisfactory by studies. Results from this study can be used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of MRBI-recommended agricultural BMPs for analyzing and improving in similar data-limited watersheds.","PeriodicalId":378141,"journal":{"name":"Water and Sustainability","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116000521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79732
Elena Kim
This chapter focuses on a discussion of how global efforts to align local irrigation management with the good governance principles affect the lives of the rural poor, specifically women. Drawing in empirical data collected in post-soviet Uzbekistan, I illuminate unexpected effects of an apparently well-intended irrigation project on those categories of farmers whose connections to state apparatus of agricultural commerce of cotton were weak. Using fieldwork data from a village largely affected by desiccation of Aral Sea, I describe the everyday struggles by these people, who are mostly women, engage to make their living and provide subsistence to their families in situation of economic trauma, environmental disaster, and massive outmigration of male population. This analysis puts forward the local voices of real people whose lives are being restructured by sustainability oriented actions. Such perspective is often missed in scholarly and professional literature. These findings are hoped to assist policy developers in formulating irrigation programs in ways that would embrace sustainability both in terms of environmental and social justice.
{"title":"Sustainability of Irrigation in Uzbekistan: Implications for Women Farmers","authors":"Elena Kim","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79732","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on a discussion of how global efforts to align local irrigation management with the good governance principles affect the lives of the rural poor, specifically women. Drawing in empirical data collected in post-soviet Uzbekistan, I illuminate unexpected effects of an apparently well-intended irrigation project on those categories of farmers whose connections to state apparatus of agricultural commerce of cotton were weak. Using fieldwork data from a village largely affected by desiccation of Aral Sea, I describe the everyday struggles by these people, who are mostly women, engage to make their living and provide subsistence to their families in situation of economic trauma, environmental disaster, and massive outmigration of male population. This analysis puts forward the local voices of real people whose lives are being restructured by sustainability oriented actions. Such perspective is often missed in scholarly and professional literature. These findings are hoped to assist policy developers in formulating irrigation programs in ways that would embrace sustainability both in terms of environmental and social justice.","PeriodicalId":378141,"journal":{"name":"Water and Sustainability","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115537423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79666
J. Terreaux, J. Lescot
Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems is a functional process triggered by excessive nutri- ent inputs into water courses. It causes disruption to ecosystems, with impacts on associated goods and services, which consequently might not be provided in a sustainable way. These impacts have served to politicize the issue in recent years. In this chapter, we present the main lessons learned from an international literature review on the economic aspects of eutrophication, first with the purpose of managing the problem in France and second in the context of a European research project. This study aims to help public decision-making in the reduction of this water pollution. By analyzing past experiences and the results of recent modeling work, it allows to avoid a number of pitfalls and focus on efficient solutions.
{"title":"Economic Instruments to Combat Eutrophication: A Survey","authors":"J. Terreaux, J. Lescot","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79666","url":null,"abstract":"Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems is a functional process triggered by excessive nutri- ent inputs into water courses. It causes disruption to ecosystems, with impacts on associated goods and services, which consequently might not be provided in a sustainable way. These impacts have served to politicize the issue in recent years. In this chapter, we present the main lessons learned from an international literature review on the economic aspects of eutrophication, first with the purpose of managing the problem in France and second in the context of a European research project. This study aims to help public decision-making in the reduction of this water pollution. By analyzing past experiences and the results of recent modeling work, it allows to avoid a number of pitfalls and focus on efficient solutions.","PeriodicalId":378141,"journal":{"name":"Water and Sustainability","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129291537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80554
K. Mosepele, W. Hambira, Goemeone E.J.Mogomotsi, P. K. Mogomotsi, O. Moses, MasegoDhliwayo, A. Makati, Bernice Setomba
Freshwater is essential to life, and its availability poses a significant challenge to devel - opmental needs and environmental sustainability globally. Due to increasing popula -tions, global water requirements have increased in the twentieth century, and the trend is similar in the Okavango River Basin (ORB). With a total annual flow of 11 km 3 , the ORB is characterised by a flood pulse regime that drives and supports a diverse eco- sociological system. The Okavango River is a potential water source for the develop ment of the semi-arid nation states of Botswana and Namibia. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that the water resource of this system is managed effectively to ensure water sustainability in the basin. Current water demand in the basin is less than 1% of the current total discharge, while projected demand over the next 10 years also falls below the total discharge. Moreover, the ORB is characterised by multi-functional use, where riparian communities have adapted to change hydrological conditions. While the ORB is relatively pristine, there are potential threats in this system, which can affect its water resources. We conclude that there is a need for a harmonised legislative framework in the basin to ensure that the ethos of water sustainability is maintained.
{"title":"Water, Ecosystem Dynamics and Human Livelihoods in the Okavango River Basin (ORB): Competing Needs or Balanced Use? A Review","authors":"K. Mosepele, W. Hambira, Goemeone E.J.Mogomotsi, P. K. Mogomotsi, O. Moses, MasegoDhliwayo, A. Makati, Bernice Setomba","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80554","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater is essential to life, and its availability poses a significant challenge to devel - opmental needs and environmental sustainability globally. Due to increasing popula -tions, global water requirements have increased in the twentieth century, and the trend is similar in the Okavango River Basin (ORB). With a total annual flow of 11 km 3 , the ORB is characterised by a flood pulse regime that drives and supports a diverse eco- sociological system. The Okavango River is a potential water source for the develop ment of the semi-arid nation states of Botswana and Namibia. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that the water resource of this system is managed effectively to ensure water sustainability in the basin. Current water demand in the basin is less than 1% of the current total discharge, while projected demand over the next 10 years also falls below the total discharge. Moreover, the ORB is characterised by multi-functional use, where riparian communities have adapted to change hydrological conditions. While the ORB is relatively pristine, there are potential threats in this system, which can affect its water resources. We conclude that there is a need for a harmonised legislative framework in the basin to ensure that the ethos of water sustainability is maintained.","PeriodicalId":378141,"journal":{"name":"Water and Sustainability","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130768448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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