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Cyber Security: Lessons Learned From Cyber-Attacks on Hospitals in the COVID-19 Pandemic 网络安全:新冠肺炎疫情期间网络攻击医院的经验教训
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.5817/mujlt2021-2-7
Jan Kolouch, T. Zahradnický, A. Kučínský
The article deals with the issue of cyber security, specifically the security of medical facilities. The introduction summarizes and briefly analyzes the cyber attacks demonstrated on Czech health care facilities in the period from 12/2019 to 1/2021, together with the procedures adopted by the responsible authorities. The article also newly presents the current regulatory requirements for cyber security of hospitals. In the context of past attacks and based on analyzes of attacks, current legislation and events, the article will provide an opinion on whether the requirements for cyber security of hospitals are set sufficiently or whether this area should be revised. At the same time, measures will be recommended to strengthen the cyber security of hospitals.
本文讨论了网络安全问题,特别是医疗设施的安全问题。引言总结并简要分析了2019年12月至2021年1月期间捷克医疗机构遭受的网络攻击,以及负责当局采取的程序。文章还新提出了医院网络安全的现行监管要求。在过去的攻击背景下,基于对攻击、当前立法和事件的分析,文章将对医院网络安全的要求是否设置充分或是否应该修改这一领域提出意见。同时,将建议采取措施加强医院的网络安全。
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引用次数: 1
"A Robot Is Watching You”: Humanoid Robots And The Different Impacts On Privacy “一个机器人在看着你”:人形机器人和对隐私的不同影响
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.5817/mujlt2021-2-5
Lucas Cardiell
Robots, particularly the ones that belong to a special type of robotic technologies designed and deployed for communicating and interacting with humans, slip into more and more domains of human life - from the research laboratories and operating rooms to our kitchens, bedrooms, and offices. They can interact with humans with facial expressions, gaze directions, and voices, mimicking the affective dynamics of human relationships. As a result, they create new opportunities, but also new challenges and risks to peoples’ privacy.  The literature on privacy issues in the context of Social Companion Robots (SCRs) is poor and has a strong focus on information privacy and data protection. It has given, however, less attention to other dimensions of privacy, e.g. physical, emotional, or social privacy. This article argues for an “evolving” or “transformable” notion of privacy, as opposed to the “elusive” concept of privacy elaborated by leading privacy theorists such as Daniel J. Solove (2008) and Judith J. Thomson (1975). In other words, rather than assuming that privacy has a single core or definition (as defined, e.g., in Warren and Brandeis' 1890 paper), it maintains that it is important to conceptualize privacy as distinguishable into various aspects, including informational privacy, the privacy of thoughts and actions, and social privacy. This inductive approach makes it possible to identify new dimensions of privacy and therefore effectively respond to the rapid technological evolution in AI technologies which is constantly introducing new spheres of privacy intrusions.
机器人,特别是那些属于一种特殊类型的机器人技术的机器人,设计和部署用于与人类交流和互动,它们进入了人类生活的越来越多的领域——从研究实验室和手术室到我们的厨房、卧室和办公室。它们可以通过面部表情、凝视方向和声音与人类互动,模仿人类关系的情感动态。因此,它们为人们的隐私创造了新的机会,但也带来了新的挑战和风险。关于社交伴侣机器人(SCR)背景下的隐私问题的文献很少,并且非常关注信息隐私和数据保护。然而,它很少关注隐私的其他方面,例如身体、情感或社交隐私。这篇文章主张隐私的概念是“不断发展的”或“可转换的”,而不是由Daniel J.Solove(2008)和Judith J.Thomson(1975)等著名隐私理论家阐述的“难以捉摸的”隐私概念。换言之,与其假设隐私有一个单一的核心或定义(如Warren和Brandeis在1890年的论文中所定义的),它认为重要的是将隐私概念化为可区分的各个方面,包括信息隐私、思想和行动的隐私以及社会隐私。这种归纳方法使识别隐私的新维度成为可能,从而有效应对人工智能技术的快速技术演变,人工智能技术不断引入新的隐私入侵领域。
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引用次数: 1
Exploring the Relation Between the Indegree Centrality and Authority Score of a Decision and the Reason for Which It Was Cited: A Case Study 决策的不确定性中心性与权威性得分的关系及其被引用的原因探讨——以案例研究为例
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.5817/mujlt2021-2-4
Terezie Smejkalová, Tereza Novotná
Some of the recent network citation analyses that in continental legal settings have suggested that the most cited decisions (in terms of network citation analysis those with the highest indegree, or authority score) tend to be related to procedural issues, or issues of a more general nature, capable of being referred to in a more varied situations. While it may seem intuitive that decisions with the highest indegree centrality or authority score would settle issues of a more general nature, hence making them more widely applicable to various kinds of subsequent cases, we were wondering, whether this trend would be noticeable in less exposed decisions. To this end, we have conducted a case study within the boundaries of the Czech legal system. We have chosen five decisions containing a chosen keyword based on their indegree centrality in a corpus of Czech apex courts’ decisions. Subsequently, we have constructed eleven strings of decisions (connected to one another by a citation) leading to these five decisions, again paying attention to their indegree. We theorize that the decisions with higher indegree centrality as well as decisions with higher authority score will be cited in situations seeking a case-law argument for either procedural issue, or an issue of a more general nature, or an issue of principle, while the decisions with low indegree centrality or low authority score will be cited for their substantive law merit. This paper seeks to demonstrate how the network analysis in combination with a qualitative approach may serve as a useful approach in further exploring this hypothesis. We show that the actual citation environment in Czech legal setting might be more complex than this hypothesis suggests, but that this methodological approach may be further useful in exploring the normative nature of judicial decisions in non-precedential legal settings.
最近在大陆法律环境中进行的一些网络引文分析表明,被引用最多的决定(就网络引文分析而言,那些不同意度或权威分数最高的决定)往往与程序问题或更一般性质的问题有关,能够在更多样的情况下提及。虽然具有最高独立度中心性或权威性得分的决策会解决更普遍的问题,从而使其更广泛地适用于各种后续案件,这似乎是直观的,但我们想知道,这种趋势是否会在曝光度较低的决策中显示出来。为此,我们在捷克法律体系的范围内进行了一次案例研究。我们根据捷克最高法院判决语料库中的不一致中心性,选择了五项包含所选关键词的判决。随后,我们构建了11个决定串(通过引用相互连接),导致这五个决定,再次注意它们的不一致性。我们的理论是,在寻求程序问题、更一般性质的问题或原则问题的判例法论据的情况下,具有较高独立度中心性的裁决以及具有较高权威分数的裁决将被引用,而具有较低独立度中心度或低权威分数的决策将因其实体法价值而被引用。本文试图证明网络分析与定性方法相结合如何成为进一步探索这一假设的有用方法。我们表明,捷克法律环境中的实际引用环境可能比这一假设更复杂,但这种方法论方法可能有助于探索非判例法律环境中司法裁决的规范性。
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引用次数: 0
Online Platforms and "Depending Work" After Uber 在线平台与优步之后的“依赖工作”
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.5817/mujlt2021-2-3
Silvia Lattová
Digitalization is bringing new challenges, including the way how people used to work. The future of work is uncertain. Technology driven innovations are changing the way, how society react to such development by creating different types of jobs and workplaces. What is important today can be redundant tomorrow. Having said that the labour law and civil law will most probably need to react in certain way. The main aim of this paper is to focus on the specific types of activities – such as virtual work or crowd work as well as on relationships between digital platforms, workers, employers and clients while offering and providing services via online platforms. Further the paper will outline the responsibility of online platforms if considered to be in a position of an employer. Due to the lack of compliance with labour laws related duties the online platforms are gaining the unfair competition advantage comparing with "traditional" employer. When it comes to the virtual workers, they can potentially suffer from inadequate or limited access to the certain kind of protection (when compared to the "traditional" employees).
数字化带来了新的挑战,包括人们过去的工作方式。工作的未来是不确定的。技术驱动的创新正在改变方式,通过创造不同类型的工作和工作场所,社会如何应对这种发展。今天重要的事情,明天可能就多余了。尽管如此,劳动法和民法很可能需要以某种方式作出反应。本文的主要目的是关注特定类型的活动-例如虚拟工作或人群工作以及数字平台,工人,雇主和客户之间的关系,同时通过在线平台提供和提供服务。此外,该文件还将概述在线平台在被视为雇主的情况下的责任。由于缺乏遵守劳动法相关义务,与“传统”雇主相比,在线平台正在获得不公平的竞争优势。当涉及到虚拟员工时,他们可能会受到某种保护的不充分或有限的影响(与“传统”员工相比)。
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引用次数: 0
Standard Setting Organisations for the IoT: How To Ensure a Better Degree of Liability? 物联网标准制定组织:如何确保更好的责任程度?
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.5817/mujlt2021-2-1
F. Gennari
This early stage research article aims to outline an issue that, though not strictly connected to the cyber-sphere, is most likely going to affect it. Standard Setting/Developing Organisations (SSOs/SDOs) are getting more and more important in the electronics manufacturing field and also in the IP field by setting de facto mandatory rules for products to be safer but, most importantly, more efficient. Standards create trust in complex objects such as IoT devices, that are increasingly more available, especially the ones for the house. It is worth mentioning that the standards these organisations envision are not comparable to legislation but carry a significant ‘moral’ weight (soft law). However, these organisations are private in character and work on a voluntary basis. The problem lies in the creation of the standard when the essentiality of a patented innovation has to be assessed. These processes rely on the self-certification of businesses that their invention is truly essential to the development of a certain standard, which has led to a proliferation of new Standard Essential Patents (S.E.P.s). But in this case, there are no means to ensure some form of liability of these organisations when defects and shortcomings arise. It is argued that unless some form of liability is created for these organisations, IoT objects will never gain the trust of final users.
这篇早期研究文章旨在概述一个问题,尽管与网络领域没有严格联系,但最有可能影响它。标准制定/开发组织(SSOs/ sdo)在电子制造领域和知识产权领域变得越来越重要,它们为产品制定了事实上的强制性规则,使其更安全,但最重要的是,更高效。标准建立了对物联网设备等复杂对象的信任,物联网设备的可用性越来越高,尤其是家庭设备。值得一提的是,这些组织所设想的标准与立法没有可比性,但具有重要的“道德”分量(软法)。然而,这些组织是私人性质的,在自愿的基础上工作。问题在于当必须评估专利创新的重要性时,标准的制定。这些过程依赖于企业的自我认证,即他们的发明对某一标准的发展确实至关重要,这导致了新的标准必要专利(S.E.P.s)的激增。但在这种情况下,当缺陷和缺点出现时,没有办法确保这些组织承担某种形式的责任。有人认为,除非为这些组织创建某种形式的责任,否则物联网对象将永远无法获得最终用户的信任。
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引用次数: 0
AI-based Legal Technology: A Critical Assessment of the Current Use of Artificial Intelligence in Legal Practice 基于人工智能的法律技术:对当前人工智能在法律实践中的应用的批判性评估
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.5817/mujlt2021-2-6
J. Soukupová
In recent years, disruptive legal technology has been on the rise. Currently, several AI-based tools are being deployed across the legal field, including the judiciary. Although many of these innovative tools claim to make the legal profession more efficient and justice more accessible, we could have seen several critical voices against their use and even attempts to ban these services.  This article deals with the use of artificial intelligence in legal technology and offers a critical reflection on the current state of the art. As much as artificial intelligence proved that it could improve the legal profession, there are still some underlying risks connected to the technology itself, which may deem its use disturbing.
近年来,颠覆性法律技术呈上升趋势。目前,包括司法部门在内的法律领域正在部署几种基于人工智能的工具。尽管这些创新工具中的许多声称可以提高法律职业的效率,让司法更容易获得,但我们本可以看到一些反对使用它们的批评声音,甚至试图禁止这些服务。本文讨论了人工智能在法律技术中的使用,并对当前的技术现状进行了批判性反思。尽管人工智能证明了它可以改善法律职业,但技术本身仍然存在一些潜在的风险,人们可能会认为它的使用令人不安。
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引用次数: 3
Lex Ex Machina: Reasons for Algorithmic Regulation 机械法:算法监管的原因
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.5817/mujlt2021-1-4
Mirko Pečarič
A major unanswered question in regulation concerns the application of cognitive diversity and various data as inputs for the creation of general legal rules. The paper claims this diversity can be assured with the help of algorithmic planning. Classical regulation is hence put under question due to its inability to quickly adapt to changing conditions, where relations per se change also intentions, tools and goals. The paper proposes two paths towards a computational simulation of legal situations: with the help of algorithms that can ensure the needed adaptability and relevancy of hidden data correlations, and with collective intelligence based on human inputs where data for algorithms is not available. The aim of this work is to extend the pre-regulatory practice of extracting information from data with the help of algorithms to determine patterns and predict future results and trends (written now as general legal rules). Nowadays, algorithms could be used at least as advice, especially in a prepreparation, draft phase of legal acts.
监管中一个尚未回答的主要问题涉及应用认知多样性和各种数据作为制定一般法律规则的投入。该论文声称,这种多样性可以在算法规划的帮助下得到保证。因此,传统监管因无法快速适应不断变化的条件而受到质疑,在这种情况下,关系本身也会改变意图、工具和目标。本文提出了两条对法律情况进行计算模拟的途径:借助能够确保隐藏数据相关性所需的适应性和相关性的算法,以及在无法获得算法数据的情况下基于人类输入的集体智能。这项工作的目的是扩展监管前的做法,即借助算法从数据中提取信息,以确定模式并预测未来的结果和趋势(现在作为一般法律规则编写)。如今,算法至少可以用作建议,尤其是在法律行为的准备前、起草阶段。
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引用次数: 3
Everything is NOT Awesome. A Lego Brick as a 3D Trade Mark 一切都不太好。作为3D商标的乐高积木
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.5817/mujlt2021-1-1
Rafał Skibicki
This paper discusses the reasoning of the protection of the flagship Lego products – the rectangular brick and the Lego minifigure as the trade marks from the perspective of European Union trade mark system and the Polish legal system. The main part is dedicated to the most important absolute grounds for refusal of trade mark registration, i. e. the distinctive character and the shape of goods necessary to obtain a technical result. However, it is crucial to understand the history, especially the history of legal protection, of both the brick and the minifigure. In the end, the Lego case allows to draw general conclusions about the overlapping of different intellectual property protection regimes and the relation of public domain to the trade mark registration. All these considerations are presented with the use of both comparative and doctrinal method.
本文从欧盟商标制度和波兰法律制度的角度探讨了乐高旗舰产品——矩形砖和乐高小雕像作为商标的保护理由。主要部分论述了拒绝商标注册的最重要的绝对理由,即获得技术成果所必需的商品的独特特征和形状。然而,了解砖块和微型雕像的历史,特别是法律保护的历史,是至关重要的。最后,Lego案可以就不同知识产权保护制度的重叠以及公共领域与商标注册的关系得出一般性结论。所有这些考虑都是通过使用比较法和学说法来提出的。
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引用次数: 0
Digital Content Portability and its Relation to Conformity with the Contract 数字内容的可移植性及其与合同合规性的关系
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.5817/mujlt2021-1-3
Pavel Koukal
In this paper the author analyses the possible convergences and divergences of two current legislative proposals of the European Commission: the Portability Regulation and the Digital Content Directive. Both proposals address the issue of access to digital content from different perspectives and complement each other, although they use different legal terminology and in some respects have a different scope of application in the question of cross-border portability of the digital content provided for monetary counter performance to consumers. The Portability Regulation focuses on the cross-border portability of digital content [Art. 3 (1) Portability Regulation), while the Digital Content Directive specifies the consumer rights related to the distribution of digital content and subsumes the accessibility of digital content under the concept of “conformity of the digital content with the contract” [Art. 6 (1), (2) Digital Content Directive). The author aims to answer whether a consumer who is not allowed to use the digital content in EU Member States besides the Member State of his residence will be entitled to pursue claims arising from the non-conformity of the digital content with the contract.
本文分析了欧盟委员会现行两项立法提案:《可携带性条例》和《数字内容指令》可能存在的趋同和分歧。这两项提案都从不同的角度处理了获取数字内容的问题,并相互补充,尽管它们使用了不同的法律术语,在某些方面,在为消费者提供货币对抗性能的数字内容的跨境可移植性问题上有不同的适用范围。《可携带性条例》侧重于数字内容的跨境可携带性[第3(1)条可携带性规定],而《数字内容指令》规定了与数字内容分发相关的消费者权利,并将数字内容的可访问性纳入“数字内容与合同合规性”的概念[第6(1)、(2)条数字内容指令)。提交人的目的是回答,除了其住所的成员国之外,在欧盟成员国不允许使用数字内容的消费者是否有权因数字内容不符合合同而提出索赔。
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引用次数: 0
Sexting and Revenge Pornography. Legislative and Social Dimensions of a Modern Digital Phenomenon. Phippen, A.; Brennan, M. 色情与复仇。现代数字现象的立法和社会层面。Phippen,A。;Brennan,M。
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.5817/mujlt2021-1-6
M. Dvorakova
Phippen, A.; Brennan, M. (2020) Sexting and Revenge Pornography. Legislative and Social Dimensions of a Modern Digital Phenomenon. Abingdon, New York: Routledge, 164 p.
Phippen,A。;Brennan,M.(2020)《色情与复仇》。现代数字现象的立法和社会层面。阿宾顿,纽约:劳特利奇,第164页。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology
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