Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.54930/tare.2023.13498
Ergul Kodas, Yunus Çiftçi, Kazım Özkan, Cebrail İder
After the studies carried out in recent years, a large number of prehistoric settlements have been identified in Mardin Threshold, an important part of the Southeastern Anatolia Region. The chipped stone finds found in caves and on their terraces in deep valleys in the northern border of the Upper Khabur Region provide new information about the Epipaleolithic and Neolithic periods of the region. Bahçebaşı caves, located at the northern end of a deep valley that serves as a natural transition between the plain and the mountainous region within the borders of Yeşilli district of Mardin province, provide new information about these periods. The caves in question provide new data about the prehistoric ages of the region and set the stage for new research questions.
{"title":"A New Prehistoric Settlement in Southeastern Anatolia: Bahçebaşı Caves, Mardin/Yeşilli","authors":"Ergul Kodas, Yunus Çiftçi, Kazım Özkan, Cebrail İder","doi":"10.54930/tare.2023.13498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54930/tare.2023.13498","url":null,"abstract":"After the studies carried out in recent years, a large number of prehistoric settlements have been identified in Mardin Threshold, an important part of the Southeastern Anatolia Region. The chipped stone finds found in caves and on their terraces in deep valleys in the northern border of the Upper Khabur Region provide new information about the Epipaleolithic and Neolithic periods of the region. Bahçebaşı caves, located at the northern end of a deep valley that serves as a natural transition between the plain and the mountainous region within the borders of Yeşilli district of Mardin province, provide new information about these periods. The caves in question provide new data about the prehistoric ages of the region and set the stage for new research questions.","PeriodicalId":383984,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","volume":"33 S126","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.54930/tare.2023.67350
Birgül Öğüt, Michael Blömer, Matthias Lange, Eva Strothenke-Koch, Deniz Yaşin
The results of the first campaign of the “Land of the Storm God Survey” in the Şehitkamil district of Gaziantep province in Southeastern Türkiye are—according to the two foci of the survey—twofold: First, an off-site survey on the slopes of Dülük Baba Tepesi, the home of a storm god temple built during the Middle Iron Age, was conducted. Here, an expansion of the Roman “priest necropolis,” a second necropolis on the Southern slope, as well as economical installations of Late Antiquity have been documented. The second focus is an on-site survey, where the investigation of six archaeological sites in the vicinity revealed longer settlement phases than previously assumed.
在土尔其东南部加济安泰普省谢赫特卡米尔区开展的 "风暴之神土地调查 "的第一项活动，根据调查的两个重点，取得了两方面的成果：首先，在 Dülük Baba Tepesi 的山坡上进行了异地调查，该山坡上有一座建于中铁器时代的风暴神庙。在这里，记录了罗马 "祭司墓地 "的扩建、南坡上的第二个墓地以及古代晚期的经济设施。第二个重点是现场调查，通过对附近六个考古遗址的调查，发现了比之前假设的更长的定居阶段。
{"title":"Preliminary Report of the First Season of the “Land of the Storm God Survey” in Şehitkamil, Gaziantep, Türkiye","authors":"Birgül Öğüt, Michael Blömer, Matthias Lange, Eva Strothenke-Koch, Deniz Yaşin","doi":"10.54930/tare.2023.67350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54930/tare.2023.67350","url":null,"abstract":"The results of the first campaign of the “Land of the Storm God Survey” in the Şehitkamil district of Gaziantep province in Southeastern Türkiye are—according to the two foci of the survey—twofold: First, an off-site survey on the slopes of Dülük Baba Tepesi, the home of a storm god temple built during the Middle Iron Age, was conducted. Here, an expansion of the Roman “priest necropolis,” a second necropolis on the Southern slope, as well as economical installations of Late Antiquity have been documented. The second focus is an on-site survey, where the investigation of six archaeological sites in the vicinity revealed longer settlement phases than previously assumed.","PeriodicalId":383984,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","volume":"57 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139151961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.54930/tare.2023.29475
Gökay Kanmazalp
This article scrutinizes the cultural heritage regimes pertaining to the Hittite Empire within the Turkish context, with a specific emphasis on archival records, media narratives, and significant political figures. Drawing upon the concept of cultural heritage regimes, this paper argues that the Hittite cultural heritage played a pivotal role in crafting the self-understanding of the emergent Turkish Republic. The focus lies on the strategic appropriation of Hittite symbols by the Republic to foster a palpable connection with an ancient past that thrived within the geographical bounds of contemporary Turkey. This connection aimed to kindle a sense of unity and shared origins among Turkish citizens. In a significant shift, the twenty-first century exhibits a noticeable change in priorities where the media discourse primarily accentuates the economic potential of Hittite cultural artifacts, largely in the context of heritage tourism. Coupled with this economic and touristic orientation is a deliberate endeavor to redefine Turkey’s image. By strategically projecting Turkey’s historical depth, the aim is to catalyze heritage tourism and move beyond the country’s mere representation as a natural “paradise” known for its stereotypical trio of sun, sand, and sea. This shift exemplifies a metamorphosis of cultural heritage regimes, where the anticipated fiscal returns from heritage tourism begin to steer the narrative, simultaneously highlighting the economic dividends of cultural preservation and catalyzing a redefinition of Turkey’s global image.
{"title":"Beyond Sun, Sand, and Sea: The Role of Hittite Heritage in the Transformation of Turkey s Cultural Heritage Regimes","authors":"Gökay Kanmazalp","doi":"10.54930/tare.2023.29475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54930/tare.2023.29475","url":null,"abstract":"This article scrutinizes the cultural heritage regimes pertaining to the Hittite Empire within the Turkish context, with a specific emphasis on archival records, media narratives, and significant political figures. Drawing upon the concept of cultural heritage regimes, this paper argues that the Hittite cultural heritage played a pivotal role in crafting the self-understanding of the emergent Turkish Republic. The focus lies on the strategic appropriation of Hittite symbols by the Republic to foster a palpable connection with an ancient past that thrived within the geographical bounds of contemporary Turkey. This connection aimed to kindle a sense of unity and shared origins among Turkish citizens. In a significant shift, the twenty-first century exhibits a noticeable change in priorities where the media discourse primarily accentuates the economic potential of Hittite cultural artifacts, largely in the context of heritage tourism. Coupled with this economic and touristic orientation is a deliberate endeavor to redefine Turkey’s image. By strategically projecting Turkey’s historical depth, the aim is to catalyze heritage tourism and move beyond the country’s mere representation as a natural “paradise” known for its stereotypical trio of sun, sand, and sea. This shift exemplifies a metamorphosis of cultural heritage regimes, where the anticipated fiscal returns from heritage tourism begin to steer the narrative, simultaneously highlighting the economic dividends of cultural preservation and catalyzing a redefinition of Turkey’s global image.","PeriodicalId":383984,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139150556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.54930/tare.2023.41490
Yavuz Selim Güler
In this article, we will examine mastoid-shaped weights, a somewhat underrepresented topic in the study of historical metrology. Initially, we will review the research that has been ongoing since the nineteenth century, assessing its contributions to the field. Following this, we will address three central debates encountered in this research area, revolving around the chronology of mastoid-shaped weights, their metrological system, and their function, offering insights through examples that have been previously published. Then, we will investigate two previously unpublished mastoid-shaped weights found in the Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation Pera Museum Anatolian Weights and Measures Collection, looking at them through the lenses of both chronology and metrology. Through this work, we hope to facilitate a deeper understanding of mastoid-shaped weights, supporting future identifications in Turkish museums and archaeological excavations and shedding light on their place in the historical metrology of the Eastern Mediterranean.
{"title":"Assessments on Chronology, Metrology, and Function of Mastoid-Shaped Weights","authors":"Yavuz Selim Güler","doi":"10.54930/tare.2023.41490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54930/tare.2023.41490","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we will examine mastoid-shaped weights, a somewhat underrepresented topic in the study of historical metrology. Initially, we will review the research that has been ongoing since the nineteenth century, assessing its contributions to the field. Following this, we will address three central debates encountered in this research area, revolving around the chronology of mastoid-shaped weights, their metrological system, and their function, offering insights through examples that have been previously published. Then, we will investigate two previously unpublished mastoid-shaped weights found in the Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation Pera Museum Anatolian Weights and Measures Collection, looking at them through the lenses of both chronology and metrology. Through this work, we hope to facilitate a deeper understanding of mastoid-shaped weights, supporting future identifications in Turkish museums and archaeological excavations and shedding light on their place in the historical metrology of the Eastern Mediterranean.","PeriodicalId":383984,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","volume":"202 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.54930/tare.2023.32054
Levent Tökün, İpek Bayraktar
There are many national and international legal frameworks for the protection of cultural property. However, even though states enact laws to protect cultural property, ratify multilateral conventions, and adopt bilateral agreements, the illicit trade in cultural property remains a problem. The return of any cultural property is a multi-layered process, and it is critical that a state’s policy towards displaced cultural property is consistent and based on goodwill to ensure international protection of cultural properties. This article elaborates on Türkiye’s goodwill and consistency in returning foreign cultural property to its country of origin. Two repatriation cases are examined to assess how Türkiye applies the principles of the 1970 UNESCO Convention and the bilateral agreements done accordingly regarding goodwill and consistency. The first case is, the Republic of Türkiye & the People’s Republic of China where the return was based on a bilateral agreement while the second case is the Republic of Türkiye & the Republic of Iraq where the repatriation took place based on diplomatic relations.
{"title":"The Goodwill and Consistency of Türkiye in the Repatriation of Foreign Cultural Property: Case Studies of China and Iraq","authors":"Levent Tökün, İpek Bayraktar","doi":"10.54930/tare.2023.32054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54930/tare.2023.32054","url":null,"abstract":"There are many national and international legal frameworks for the protection of cultural property. However, even though states enact laws to protect cultural property, ratify multilateral conventions, and adopt bilateral agreements, the illicit trade in cultural property remains a problem. The return of any cultural property is a multi-layered process, and it is critical that a state’s policy towards displaced cultural property is consistent and based on goodwill to ensure international protection of cultural properties. This article elaborates on Türkiye’s goodwill and consistency in returning foreign cultural property to its country of origin. Two repatriation cases are examined to assess how Türkiye applies the principles of the 1970 UNESCO Convention and the bilateral agreements done accordingly regarding goodwill and consistency. The first case is, the Republic of Türkiye & the People’s Republic of China where the return was based on a bilateral agreement while the second case is the Republic of Türkiye & the Republic of Iraq where the repatriation took place based on diplomatic relations.","PeriodicalId":383984,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","volume":"8 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139148865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.54930/tare.2023.50183
Filiz Yenişehirlioğlu
Situated in the proximity of Eğrikapı in Istanbul’s historical Fatih District, Tekfur Palace (Palace of Porphyrogenitus), a Byzantine structure, was repurposed during the Ottoman era. The eighteenth-century ceramic production initiated by Sultan Ahmed III in the site is also known by the name of the palace. Archaeological excavations carried out in two phases (between 1993–1995 and 2000–2001) have unearthed ceramic kilns, shedding invaluable light on the intricacies of the crafting process. Following the completion of the restoration project by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in 2014, the building opened its doors as the Tekfur Palace Museum in 2019. The museum, designed to be an educational space, showcases artifacts unearthed during the excavations and employs interactive exhibits to enhance the visitor experience. This article will first offer an overview of the archaeological undertakings and then delve into the museological journey of the palace, outlining how the unearthed artifacts are displayed.
泰克福尔宫（Palace of Porphyrogenitus）位于伊斯坦布尔历史悠久的法提赫区 Eğrikapı 附近，是一座拜占庭式建筑，在奥斯曼帝国时期被重新利用。十八世纪苏丹艾哈迈德三世（Sultan Ahmed III）在该遗址发起的陶瓷生产也以该宫殿的名称而闻名。分两个阶段（1993-1995 年和 2000-2001 年）进行的考古发掘出土了陶瓷窑，为了解复杂的制作过程提供了宝贵的资料。继伊斯坦布尔市政府于 2014 年完成修复项目后，该建筑于 2019 年作为泰克福尔宫博物馆对外开放。该博物馆旨在成为一个教育空间，展示发掘过程中出土的文物，并采用互动展品来增强游客体验。本文将首先概述考古工作，然后深入宫殿的博物馆之旅，概述如何展示出土文物。
{"title":"From Excavation to Exhibition: Tekfur Palace (Palace of Porphyrogenitus) Museum","authors":"Filiz Yenişehirlioğlu","doi":"10.54930/tare.2023.50183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54930/tare.2023.50183","url":null,"abstract":"Situated in the proximity of Eğrikapı in Istanbul’s historical Fatih District, Tekfur Palace (Palace of Porphyrogenitus), a Byzantine structure, was repurposed during the Ottoman era. The eighteenth-century ceramic production initiated by Sultan Ahmed III in the site is also known by the name of the palace. Archaeological excavations carried out in two phases (between 1993–1995 and 2000–2001) have unearthed ceramic kilns, shedding invaluable light on the intricacies of the crafting process. Following the completion of the restoration project by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in 2014, the building opened its doors as the Tekfur Palace Museum in 2019. The museum, designed to be an educational space, showcases artifacts unearthed during the excavations and employs interactive exhibits to enhance the visitor experience. This article will first offer an overview of the archaeological undertakings and then delve into the museological journey of the palace, outlining how the unearthed artifacts are displayed.","PeriodicalId":383984,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","volume":"48 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139151191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Starting around the turn of the twentieth century and abruptly declining with the First World War, public discussions on the Baghdad Railway made international headlines and cartoons captured widespread interest as a medium of communication. Pictorial representations where illustrators were able to simplify and exaggerate themes attracted much attention and enabled the fears and expectations regarding the construction project to be articulated in an unfiltered way. The European public debates appearing in satirical magazines in caricature format presented here chronologically allowed the audience to follow the heated discussions in Europe on the construction of initially the Anatolian and thereafter the Baghdad Railway.
{"title":"Cartoons of the Baghdad Railway: A Media Hype in German, French and British Journals","authors":"Axel Heimsoth","doi":"10.54930/tare.2022.4273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54930/tare.2022.4273","url":null,"abstract":"Starting around the turn of the twentieth century and abruptly declining with the First World War, public discussions on the Baghdad Railway made international headlines and cartoons captured widespread interest as a medium of communication. Pictorial representations where illustrators were able to simplify and exaggerate themes attracted much attention and enabled the fears and expectations regarding the construction project to be articulated in an unfiltered way. The European public debates appearing in satirical magazines in caricature format presented here chronologically allowed the audience to follow the heated discussions in Europe on the construction of initially the Anatolian and thereafter the Baghdad Railway.","PeriodicalId":383984,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122117854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Late Epipaleolithic period, also referred to as the Proto-Neolithic and dated back to the eleventh millennium BCE and early tenth millennium BCE, is closely linked with the communities located east of the Fertile Crescent that began to be settled during the Younger Dryas. This period, which started in the first half of the twentieth century and is defined by settlements in the northwestern Zagros region, has long been under the radar, but has been catching on again, especially since the 2000s, for the identification of a Younger Dryas layer found in settlements in the Upper Tigris Valley. The period in question has few architectural data for support and is represented by the chipped stone tool industry, which is thought to be observed in Zagros. It also appears that this period, which was primarily defined through its chipped stone tool industry, is no longer limited to the northwestern Zagros region, but also now includes the Upper Tigris Valley and the Eastern Jazeera (Eastern Fertile Crescent) region. The Younger Dryas layers, also found in the Çemka Höyük settlement during the 2019 excavations, shed new light on the chipped stone tool industry in the Upper Tigris Valley between the eleventh and tenth millennium BCE. The layers also contribute to redeliberating and redefining local and interregional relations.
{"title":"Techno-Typological Analysis of the Late Epipaleolithic/ Proto-Neolithic Chipped Stone Tools at Çemka Höyük","authors":"Ergül Kodaş","doi":"10.54930/tare.2022.3972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54930/tare.2022.3972","url":null,"abstract":"The Late Epipaleolithic period, also referred to as the Proto-Neolithic and dated back to the eleventh millennium BCE and early tenth millennium BCE, is closely linked with the communities located east of the Fertile Crescent that began to be settled during the Younger Dryas. This period, which started in the first half of the twentieth century and is defined by settlements in the northwestern Zagros region, has long been under the radar, but has been catching on again, especially since the 2000s, for the identification of a Younger Dryas layer found in settlements in the Upper Tigris Valley. The period in question has few architectural data for support and is represented by the chipped stone tool industry, which is thought to be observed in Zagros. It also appears that this period, which was primarily defined through its chipped stone tool industry, is no longer limited to the northwestern Zagros region, but also now includes the Upper Tigris Valley and the Eastern Jazeera (Eastern Fertile Crescent) region. The Younger Dryas layers, also found in the Çemka Höyük settlement during the 2019 excavations, shed new light on the chipped stone tool industry in the Upper Tigris Valley between the eleventh and tenth millennium BCE. The layers also contribute to redeliberating and redefining local and interregional relations.","PeriodicalId":383984,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134061958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The question of how the ancient structures, which evoke admiration among visitors to excavation sites, ruins, and museums, came to be, has puzzled almost everyone. Although experimental studies have sought answers from time to time since the 1900s, many questions were answered with the introduction of the field of study of architectural energetics into archaeology in the 1980s. In this study, architectural energetics is used to answer many unanswered questions, such as how the labor force was calculated and whether the economy of the society could be understood with the resulting costs, what kind of social structure this society had, how the labor force was organized, the distribution of gender roles in the workforce, and how to calculate the population of the settlement. The goal is to find answers through the method and provide confirmation of the existing information. Although the use of this “new” method has been applied to specific architectural structures in many settlements in various parts of the world or to the texture of a city or settlement, this process has not yet been the case for Anatolian archaeology. The aim of this study is to practice the method of architectural energetics in Anatolia in the future.
{"title":"A “New” Method in Archaeology: Architectural Energetics","authors":"Ebru Kaner","doi":"10.54930/tare.2022.5693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54930/tare.2022.5693","url":null,"abstract":"The question of how the ancient structures, which evoke admiration among visitors to excavation sites, ruins, and museums, came to be, has puzzled almost everyone. Although experimental studies have sought answers from time to time since the 1900s, many questions were answered with the introduction of the field of study of architectural energetics into archaeology in the 1980s. In this study, architectural energetics is used to answer many unanswered questions, such as how the labor force was calculated and whether the economy of the society could be understood with the resulting costs, what kind of social structure this society had, how the labor force was organized, the distribution of gender roles in the workforce, and how to calculate the population of the settlement. The goal is to find answers through the method and provide confirmation of the existing information. Although the use of this “new” method has been applied to specific architectural structures in many settlements in various parts of the world or to the texture of a city or settlement, this process has not yet been the case for Anatolian archaeology. The aim of this study is to practice the method of architectural energetics in Anatolia in the future.","PeriodicalId":383984,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","volume":"923 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123284757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study poses a specific question for a particular usage of lead in the context of magic: Was lead used in the production of Middle Byzantine amulets called hystera due to the unique apotropaic and magical qualities of the material? In order to understand the background of lead in supernatural contexts, this paper begins with a brief examination of the usage of lead from the Classical period to Late Antiquity. Lead was used across a wide range of areas from construction to medicine, due to its accessibility and malleability. In addition to its natural properties, material evidence including lead curse tablets, effigies, and coffins demonstrate the use of lead in contexts of dark magic and the underworld. Correspondingly, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine written sources refer to the deadly and malevolent nature of lead as a metal. Based on this evidence, I propose that lead was perceived as a material with supernatural power that had the ability to manipulate and bind living beings and evil spirits, contributing to the widespread production of lead hystera amulets in the Middle Byzantine period.
{"title":"Binding Power of Lead: Magical and Amuletic Uses of Lead in Late Antique and Byzantine Periods","authors":"Deniz Sever Georgousakis","doi":"10.54930/tare.2022.6537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54930/tare.2022.6537","url":null,"abstract":"This study poses a specific question for a particular usage of lead in the context of magic: Was lead used in the production of Middle Byzantine amulets called hystera due to the unique apotropaic and magical qualities of the material? In order to understand the background of lead in supernatural contexts, this paper begins with a brief examination of the usage of lead from the Classical period to Late Antiquity. Lead was used across a wide range of areas from construction to medicine, due to its accessibility and malleability. In addition to its natural properties, material evidence including lead curse tablets, effigies, and coffins demonstrate the use of lead in contexts of dark magic and the underworld. Correspondingly, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine written sources refer to the deadly and malevolent nature of lead as a metal. Based on this evidence, I propose that lead was perceived as a material with supernatural power that had the ability to manipulate\u0000and bind living beings and evil spirits, contributing to the widespread production of lead hystera amulets in the Middle Byzantine period.","PeriodicalId":383984,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134149632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：