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Job Polarization in Europe: Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries 欧洲的就业两极分化:来自中欧和东欧国家的证据
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/DANB-2020-0004
Dennis Nchor, Petr Rozmahel
Abstract Job polarization simply refers to the decline or disappearance of employment in middle skill occupations. Recent literature focuses on this phenomenon as a source of rising income inequality in countries. The hypothesis is that growth in employment over the last decades has favoured jobs at the low and high skill occupations with declines in employment shares in the middle of the distribution. First, this paper seeks to investigate whether labour polarization occurs in Central and Eastern European countries. Secondly, the paper assesses the role of technology on employment in the Central and Eastern European countries. Using employment shares and a cointegrated panel autoregressive distributed lag model, the paper presents comprehensive results on labour polarization and the impact of technology on employment in the labour markets of the Central and Eastern European countries. The results show positive impact of technology on high skill employment while negative on low and middle skill employment in the long-run. The study finds that though middle skill employment shares declined, there is no clear case of a U-shape employment distribution to indicate labour polarization.
摘要工作两极分化只是指中等技能职业的就业减少或消失。最近的文献将这一现象作为各国收入不平等加剧的根源。该假说认为,过去几十年就业的增长有利于低技能和高技能职业的就业,而就业份额在分布中间有所下降。首先,本文试图调查中欧和东欧国家是否存在劳动力两极分化现象。其次,本文评估了技术对中欧和东欧国家就业的作用。利用就业份额和协整面板自回归分布滞后模型,给出了中欧和东欧国家劳动力市场劳动力两极分化和技术对就业影响的综合结果。结果表明,从长期来看,技术对高技能就业有正向影响,而对中低技能就业有负向影响。研究发现,尽管中等技能就业份额下降,但没有明确的U型就业分布表明劳动力两极分化。
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引用次数: 3
Social Workers’ Compensation Models and the Czech Statutory Employer Liability Insurance 社会工作者补偿模式与捷克法定雇主责任保险
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/DANB-2020-0002
Jaroslav Vostatek
Abstract Czech workers’ compensation is “exemplified” by the adoption of the Worker’s Accident Insurance Act in 2006, four deferments of its effective date and then complete annulment of the Act. A temporary settlement aimed at resolving the incompatibility of the communist model of workers’ compensation for work accidents and occupational illnesses with the transition to a market economy after 1989 involved the implementation of statutory employer liability insurance for work accidents and occupational illnesses, outsourced to two private insurance companies; the current Czech government does not seem to have a know how to deal with it. The objective of this paper is primarily to advise the government using primarily the formulation and comparison of four basic social workers’ compensation models and furthermore considering the existing sickness, pension and health insurance systems. The choice of a social model is namely a matter of public choice, but intensive lobbying also constitutes part of these processes. The analyses result in a recommendation to “dissolve” the statutory employer liability insurance into a jointly collected social insurance contribution for sickness and pension insurance, and partly to transform the current accident benefits into increased sickness and pension benefit assessments and partly to cancel them.
2006年通过了《工人意外保险法》,四次推迟了生效日期,然后完全废除了该法,这是捷克工人赔偿的“例证”。一项旨在解决共产主义工伤和职业病赔偿模式与1989年后向市场经济过渡不兼容的临时解决方案涉及实施法定的工伤和职业疾病雇主责任保险,外包给两家私人保险公司;捷克现任政府似乎不知道如何应对。本文的目的主要是建议政府主要使用四种基本社会工作者补偿模式的制定和比较,并进一步考虑现有的疾病、养老金和健康保险制度。社会模式的选择就是公众选择的问题,但密集的游说也构成了这些过程的一部分。分析结果建议将法定雇主责任保险“解散”为共同征收的疾病和养老保险社会保险缴款,部分将目前的事故福利转化为增加的疾病和养老金福利评估,部分取消。
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引用次数: 1
Economic Reformation of Ukraine: Historical and Legal Aspects 乌克兰的经济改革:历史和法律方面
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/DANB-2020-0003
Svitlana I. Khomyachenko, S. Yuldashev
Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze economic reforms conducted in Ukraine during the period of the state’s independence. And also to identify, with the help of scientific tools – system analysis, management problems in the economy, their diagnosis, identification of the consequences that led to these problems, and ways development (at conceptual level) for their solving. The authors of the article proposed the concept of reforms in Ukraine. At the heart of the concept is the administrative reform aimed at creating organizational conditions under which corruption in power is almost completely neutralized. It is argued that such conditions are created by ensuring transparency, introduction of new information technologies, and minimizing the proportion of the so-called “human factor”. Within the framework of the innovative project (model) of economic management, it is envisaged to redistribute central power between the central apparatus of economic management, local authorities and the non-state sector.
摘要本研究的目的是分析乌克兰独立期间进行的经济改革。同时,借助科学工具——系统分析——识别经济中的管理问题,对其进行诊断,识别导致这些问题的后果,以及解决这些问题的方法(在概念层面)。这篇文章的作者提出了乌克兰改革的概念。这一概念的核心是行政改革,旨在创造几乎完全消除权力腐败的组织条件。有人认为,这些条件是通过确保透明度、引入新的信息技术和最大限度地减少所谓“人为因素”的比例而创造的。在经济管理创新项目(模式)的框架内,设想在中央经济管理机构、地方当局和非国家部门之间重新分配中央权力。
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引用次数: 1
The International Court of Justice and the Legality of UN Security Council Resolutions 国际法院和联合国安理会决议的合法性
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/danb-2014-0011
Jaroslav Ušiak, Ľubica Saktorová
Abstract Through the United Nation’s Charter, the UN Security Council represents the most powerful executive institutional body in the field of collective security. Moreover, its ultra vires acts may have distinct legal consequences. Accordingly, questions arising from these facts are whether such a large scope of competences could be abused, what are the limits of the executed power and above all, affirmation of the legality of the actions of Council. Predominantly by means of the analytical method as well as a case study of the Lockerbie case, the present study provides the related argumentative discourse. Notwithstanding the fact that the decisions of the Council appear to be without any limitations, it is obliged to act within the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. The opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legality of the SC’s actions in the field of collective security are still, however, indirectly expressed through its general function.
通过《联合国宪章》,联合国安理会是集体安全领域最强大的执行机构。此外,其越权行为可能会产生明显的法律后果。因此,从这些事实中产生的问题是,如此大范围的权限是否可能被滥用,执行权力的限制是什么,最重要的是,确认安理会行动的合法性。本研究主要通过分析方法和洛克比案的案例研究,提供了相关的论证话语。尽管安理会的决定似乎没有任何限制,但它有义务在《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则范围内行动。但是,国际法院关于最高法院在集体安全领域行动的合法性的意见仍然是通过其一般职能间接表达的。
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引用次数: 1
German Language Proficiency among Students of Business and Management in the Czech Republic and its Perception: The Importance of German Language Skills on the Labour Market and the Role of Universities in Foreign Language Training 捷克共和国工商管理专业学生的德语水平及其感知:德语技能对劳动力市场的重要性以及大学在外语培训中的作用
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/danb-2014-0010
M. Zinecker, Zdeňka Konečná
Abstract This paper presents the results of an empirical study designed to map German language proficiency among students at Czech universities of business and management. The results of this empirical survey can be summarised as follows. First, the ability of students at Czech universities of business and management to communicate in German is poor, and exceeds the general German language proficiency of the Czech population only to an insignificant extent. Second, the school environment (the opportunity to learn the language, compulsory subject, language study motivation) has a decisive influence on the respondents’ ability to communicate in German. Third, nearly three-quarters of the respondents perceive German as a language that is very or rather important for their profession and career growth. Fourth, almost two-thirds of the respondents consider the role played by a university of business and management in the improvement of German language proficiency rather or very important. In conclusion, the study proposes directions for the potential development of the national educational system in the area of German language proficiency of university graduates in business and management in the Czech Republic, with an emphasis on the concept of content and language integrated learning (CLIL). We believe that the survey results are also very important from the point of view of enterprises operating in the Czech Republic because of the very close economic relations between the Czech Republic and German-speaking countries.
摘要本文介绍了一项实证研究的结果,旨在绘制捷克商业和管理大学学生的德语水平。本次实证调查的结果可以总结如下。首先,捷克商业和管理大学的学生用德语交流的能力很差,仅在很小的程度上超过捷克人口的一般德语水平。其次,学校环境(学习语言的机会、必修科目、语言学习动机)对受访者的德语交流能力有决定性的影响。第三,近四分之三的受访者认为德语对他们的专业和职业发展非常或相当重要。第四,近三分之二的受访者认为商业和管理大学在提高德语水平方面发挥的作用相当重要。最后,该研究提出了捷克共和国商业和管理专业大学毕业生德语能力领域国家教育系统的潜在发展方向,重点是内容和语言综合学习(CLIL)的概念。我们认为,从在捷克共和国经营的企业的角度来看,调查结果也非常重要,因为捷克共和国与德语国家之间的经济关系非常密切。
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引用次数: 0
Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Agricultural and Food Products Between Poland and EU Countries 波兰与欧盟国家间农产品和食品产业内贸易的决定因素
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/danb-2014-0009
J. Łapińska
Abstract The present study investigates the country-specific determinants of intra-industry trade between Poland and its European Union trading partners in agricultural and food products during the time period 2002-2011. An econometric model for panel data is applied for the analysis of the factors determining Polish bilateral intra-industry trade with European Union countries. The research leads to the formulation of a statement that the intensity of intra-industry trade in agricultural and food products is positively influenced by the intensity of trade with EU countries and the level of economic development of the member countries (as measured by the size of their GDP per capita). Increase in intra-trade turnover is also facilitated by EU membership and by the fact that Poland’s trade partners use similar Slavic-based languages. Relative differences in the size of the economies and relative differences in Poland’s and its trading partners’ levels of economic development have a negative impact. The degree of the imbalance of trade turnover between trading partners also negatively influences the intensity of intra-trade exchange. The research confirms that the impact of all of the identified factors determining intra-industry trade is consistent with the predictions of the theory.
摘要本研究调查了2002-2011年期间波兰与其欧盟贸易伙伴之间农业和食品产品产业内贸易的国家特定决定因素。面板数据的计量经济学模型应用于分析波兰与欧盟国家双边产业内贸易的决定因素。该研究得出了一个结论,即农产品和食品的产业内贸易强度受到与欧盟国家的贸易强度和成员国经济发展水平(以其人均国内生产总值的规模衡量)的积极影响。欧盟成员国的身份以及波兰的贸易伙伴使用类似的斯拉夫语也促进了内部贸易额的增长。经济规模的相对差异以及波兰及其贸易伙伴经济发展水平的相对差异产生了负面影响。贸易伙伴之间贸易额的不平衡程度也对贸易内交换的强度产生负向影响。研究证实,所有确定的因素对产业内贸易的影响与理论预测一致。
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引用次数: 13
Methodology For The Selection Of Compensation Trade Tools In SMEs 中小企业补偿交易工具选择的方法论
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/danb-2014-0012
František Milichovský, Jiří Koleňák
Abstract The main aim of this paper is to determine which factors of business tools are important in Czech companies. To find these factors, theoretical information from the area of trade tools and data from primary research (obtained via questionnaire) were used. These data are applied by a statistical evaluation of selected indicators which could help determine the significance of the indicators in the area being monitored. Activities concerning the management of company finances are also partially incorporated, as due to their close cohesion with business, they cannot be excluded from the field of turnaround management. The business tools described in the paper see excellent usage not only during times of crisis but also in periods of prosperity, when their application provides companies with unique competitive advantages as a way of increasing GDP. The results of the paper confirm the necessity for compensation tools in the business environment and provide the significance level of the compensation tools used. Accurate usage could create an advantage in a global market characterised by high competition.
本文的主要目的是确定哪些因素的业务工具是重要的捷克公司。为了找到这些因素,使用了来自交易工具领域的理论信息和来自主要研究的数据(通过问卷调查获得)。这些数据是通过对选定指标的统计评价加以应用的,这有助于确定这些指标在被监测地区的重要性。与公司财务管理有关的活动也被部分纳入,因为它们与商业密切相关,不能将它们排除在周转管理领域之外。本文中描述的商业工具不仅在危机时期,而且在繁荣时期也有很好的用途,当它们的应用为公司提供独特的竞争优势作为增加GDP的一种方式时。本文的结果证实了在商业环境中使用薪酬工具的必要性,并提供了所使用的薪酬工具的显著性水平。准确的使用可以在竞争激烈的全球市场中创造优势。
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引用次数: 3
Challenges to Professional Football Companies and their Answers with Particular Regard to Organisational Changes 职业足球公司的挑战和他们的答案,特别是关于组织变革
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-07-08 DOI: 10.2478/danb-2014-0006
É. Bács
Abstract Professional football has been going through a period of unprecedented economic growth since the ’90s. Football ventures are increasingly becoming medium-sized companies. There have also been organizational changes, reflected in changes in the legal forms of professional football clubs, and in the use of modern controlling, planning, risk and financial management. Important questions remain unanswered with regard to the financing of football clubs, such as the impact of risks or the market value of capital costs. In addition to liquidity and the above, the acceptance of the determinational dependence of certain capital funds on sports results and the development of a strategy suitable for the optimal target system are also important requirements. In this article, we would like to present the answers football companies have given to the challenges they have been facing which affect their organisational system. In the light of international comparison, we examine the status of Hungarian football, which was once world famous and enjoyed better times in the past.
自90年代以来,职业足球经历了一个前所未有的经济增长期。足球企业正日益成为中型企业。组织也发生了变化,体现在职业足球俱乐部法律形式的变化,以及现代控制、规划、风险和财务管理的使用上。关于足球俱乐部的融资,一些重要的问题仍然没有答案,比如风险的影响或资本成本的市场价值。除了流动性和以上,接受某些资本资金对体育成绩的决定性依赖以及制定适合最优目标系统的策略也是重要的要求。在这篇文章中,我们将介绍足球公司对他们所面临的影响其组织体系的挑战所给出的答案。在国际比较的基础上,我们考察了匈牙利足球的现状,它曾经世界闻名,过去也曾有过更好的时光。
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引用次数: 4
Judges as Fiscal Activists: Can Constitutional Review Shape Public Finance? 作为财政活动家的法官:宪法审查能影响公共财政吗?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-07-08 DOI: 10.2478/danb-2014-0005
Jarosław Kantorowicz
Abstract The judicialization of politics, or alternatively, politization of the judiciary has been much discussed over the last twenty years. Despite this, the way judges influence fiscal policy outcomes remains, to a large extent, unexplored. This paper attempts, at least partially, to fill this research gap. A judicial (constitutional) review constitutes the central element of the current analysis since it is considered as a key institutional device through which Constitutional (Supreme) Courts intervene in politics, including public finance. Specifically, this paper seeks to investigate empirically whether there is any systematic pattern according to which judges executing judicial review shape fiscal outcomes. The conceptual framework is based on the strategic interaction model and the assumption that the Constitutional Courts reflect public opinion (i.e. the Court as a majoritarian institution). Some preliminary results for a panel of 24 EU countries in the period 1995–2005 suggest that a strong judicial review correlates with a smaller size of government, measured as government income to GDP.
政治司法化,或者说司法政治化,在过去的二十年里一直是人们讨论的话题。尽管如此,法官影响财政政策结果的方式在很大程度上仍未得到探索。本文试图,至少部分地,填补这一研究空白。司法(宪法)审查是当前分析的中心要素,因为它被认为是宪法(最高)法院干预政治(包括公共财政)的关键体制手段。具体而言,本文试图从实证角度考察法官执行司法审查是否存在影响财政结果的系统模式。概念框架基于战略互动模式和宪法法院反映民意的假设(即法院作为多数主义机构)。一个由24个欧盟国家组成的小组在1995年至2005年期间得出的一些初步结果表明,以政府收入占GDP的比例来衡量,强有力的司法审查与较小的政府规模相关。
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引用次数: 4
Development of Concepts and Models of Performance Evaluation from the 19th Century to the Present 19世纪至今绩效评估概念与模式的发展
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-07-08 DOI: 10.2478/danb-2014-0008
J. Hornungová
Abstract The main aim of this paper is to provide a framework of concepts and models from the area of performance measurement. Due to the fact that the business environment is con-stantly changing, changes also occur in the trends relating to performance. Traditional financial performance measures have been highly criticized and the need identified to integrate non-financial perspectives, such as level of innovation, degree of motivation, intellectual capital and other criteria. Intellectual capital is often a crucial factor in the creation of value in a company. This paper provides a literature review supplemented by the author’s research in the field of performance. The article shows that the performance appraisal system is currently focused on several areas that could affect the performance of the company, which is also part of the overall performance of the economy in the form of GDP growth. Based on the research, it can be said that, for the sample tracked, the selection of performance evaluation system does not depend on the legal form of the business.
摘要本文的主要目的是提供绩效评估领域的概念和模型框架。由于商业环境是不断变化的,与绩效相关的趋势也会发生变化。传统的财务绩效指标受到了高度批评,并确定了整合非财务观点的必要性,例如创新水平、激励程度、智力资本和其他标准。智力资本往往是公司创造价值的关键因素。本文在文献综述的基础上,补充了笔者在绩效领域的研究。文章表明,绩效考核制度目前集中在几个可能影响公司绩效的领域,这也是GDP增长形式的整体经济绩效的一部分。基于研究,可以说,对于所跟踪的样本,绩效评估体系的选择并不依赖于企业的法律形式。
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引用次数: 10
期刊
Danube
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