Transgender and gender-diverse populations have unique medical and psychosocial needs. It is important that clinicians address these needs with a gender-affirming approach in all aspects of health care for these populations. Given the significant burden of HIV experienced by transgender people, such approaches in providing HIV care and prevention are essential both to engage this population in care and to work toward ending the HIV epidemic. This review presents a framework for practitioners caring for transgender and gender-diverse individuals to deliver affirming, respectful health care in HIV treatment and prevention settings.
变性人和性别多元化人群有着独特的医疗和社会心理需求。在为这些人群提供医疗保健的各个方面,临床医生都必须采用性别确认的方法来满足这些需求。鉴于变性人在 HIV 感染方面所承受的巨大负担,在提供 HIV 护理和预防时采用这种方法,对于让这一人群参与护理和致力于终结 HIV 流行至关重要。本综述为变性人和性别多元化人群的护理从业者提供了一个框架,以便在 HIV 治疗和预防环境中提供平权、尊重的医疗护理。
{"title":"Providing gender-affirming care to transgender and gender-diverse individuals with and at risk for HIV.","authors":"Olivia T Van Gerwen, Jill S Blumenthal","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transgender and gender-diverse populations have unique medical and psychosocial needs. It is important that clinicians address these needs with a gender-affirming approach in all aspects of health care for these populations. Given the significant burden of HIV experienced by transgender people, such approaches in providing HIV care and prevention are essential both to engage this population in care and to work toward ending the HIV epidemic. This review presents a framework for practitioners caring for transgender and gender-diverse individuals to deliver affirming, respectful health care in HIV treatment and prevention settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10089290/pdf/tam-31-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9289585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The golden age of antibiotics, which lasted from the 1930s until 2005, brought a brisk clip of antibiotic discovery and fueled optimism about the victory of modern medicine over bacterial infections. Since then, however, with a stalled antibiotic discovery effort and wide-spread antibiotic use, antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major global health threat. Bacteriophages, or phages (literally viruses that infect certain bacteria), have coevolved with bacteria for almost 4 billion years and are the most abundant organisms on the earth. Substantial progress is being made such that selection, engineering, and synthetic production of phages may make it possible for these lethal enemies of bacteria to be harnessed as potent allies in our battle against antimicrobial resistance.
{"title":"Exploring bacteriophage therapy for drug-resistant bacterial infections.","authors":"Robert T Schooley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The golden age of antibiotics, which lasted from the 1930s until 2005, brought a brisk clip of antibiotic discovery and fueled optimism about the victory of modern medicine over bacterial infections. Since then, however, with a stalled antibiotic discovery effort and wide-spread antibiotic use, antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major global health threat. Bacteriophages, or phages (literally viruses that infect certain bacteria), have coevolved with bacteria for almost 4 billion years and are the most abundant organisms on the earth. Substantial progress is being made such that selection, engineering, and synthetic production of phages may make it possible for these lethal enemies of bacteria to be harnessed as potent allies in our battle against antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10089292/pdf/tam-31-23.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9289584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-08DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.29.22282864
H. Chemaitelly, H. Ayoub, P. Coyle, P. Tang, H. Yassine, A. Althani, H. Al-Khatib, M. Hasan, Z. Al-Kanaani, E. Al-Kuwari, A. Jeremijenko, A. Kaleeckal, A. Latif, R. Shaik, H. Abdul-Rahim, Gheyath K Nasrallah, M. Al-Kuwari, H. Al-Romaihi, A. Butt, M. Al-Thani, A. Al-khal, R. Bertollini, L. Abu-Raddad
Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine antigen dosage may affect protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but direct evidence to quantify this effect is lacking. Methods: A matched, retrospective, cohort study that emulated a randomized control trial was conducted in Qatar between February 3, 2022 and November 8, 2022, to provide a head-to-head, controlled comparison of protection induced by two antigen dosages of the BNT162b2 vaccine. The study compared incidence of omicron infection in the national cohort of adolescents 12 years of age who received the two-dose primary-series of the 30-g BNT162b2 vaccine to that in the national cohort of adolescents 11 years of age who received the two-dose primary-series of the pediatric 10-g BNT162b2 vaccine. Associations were estimated using Cox proportional-hazard regression models. Results: Among adolescents with no record of prior infection, cumulative incidence of infection was 6.0% (95% CI: 4.9-7.3%) for the 30-g cohort and 7.2% (95% CI: 6.1-8.5%) for the 10-g cohort, 210 days after the start of follow-up. Incidence during follow-up was dominated by omicron subvariants including, consecutively, BA.1/BA.2, BA.4/BA.5, BA.2.75*, and XBB. The adjusted hazard ratio comparing incidence of infection in the 30-g cohort to the 10-g cohort was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.60-0.98). Corresponding relative effectiveness was 23.4% (95% CI: 1.6-40.4%). Relative effectiveness was -3.3% (95% CI: -68.0-27.5%) among adolescents with a record of prior infection. Conclusions: Three-fold higher BNT162b2 dosage was associated with ~25% higher protection against infection in infection-naive adolescents of similar age. These findings may inform design of future COVID-19 vaccines and boosters for persons of different age groups.
{"title":"Effect of BNT162b2 antigen dosage on protection against SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection","authors":"H. Chemaitelly, H. Ayoub, P. Coyle, P. Tang, H. Yassine, A. Althani, H. Al-Khatib, M. Hasan, Z. Al-Kanaani, E. Al-Kuwari, A. Jeremijenko, A. Kaleeckal, A. Latif, R. Shaik, H. Abdul-Rahim, Gheyath K Nasrallah, M. Al-Kuwari, H. Al-Romaihi, A. Butt, M. Al-Thani, A. Al-khal, R. Bertollini, L. Abu-Raddad","doi":"10.1101/2022.11.29.22282864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.29.22282864","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine antigen dosage may affect protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but direct evidence to quantify this effect is lacking. Methods: A matched, retrospective, cohort study that emulated a randomized control trial was conducted in Qatar between February 3, 2022 and November 8, 2022, to provide a head-to-head, controlled comparison of protection induced by two antigen dosages of the BNT162b2 vaccine. The study compared incidence of omicron infection in the national cohort of adolescents 12 years of age who received the two-dose primary-series of the 30-g BNT162b2 vaccine to that in the national cohort of adolescents 11 years of age who received the two-dose primary-series of the pediatric 10-g BNT162b2 vaccine. Associations were estimated using Cox proportional-hazard regression models. Results: Among adolescents with no record of prior infection, cumulative incidence of infection was 6.0% (95% CI: 4.9-7.3%) for the 30-g cohort and 7.2% (95% CI: 6.1-8.5%) for the 10-g cohort, 210 days after the start of follow-up. Incidence during follow-up was dominated by omicron subvariants including, consecutively, BA.1/BA.2, BA.4/BA.5, BA.2.75*, and XBB. The adjusted hazard ratio comparing incidence of infection in the 30-g cohort to the 10-g cohort was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.60-0.98). Corresponding relative effectiveness was 23.4% (95% CI: 1.6-40.4%). Relative effectiveness was -3.3% (95% CI: -68.0-27.5%) among adolescents with a record of prior infection. Conclusions: Three-fold higher BNT162b2 dosage was associated with ~25% higher protection against infection in infection-naive adolescents of similar age. These findings may inform design of future COVID-19 vaccines and boosters for persons of different age groups.","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81848560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vaccine hesitancy is one of the greatest health care challenges of our time, as recently highlighted by the experience with COVID-19 vaccines. It is now clear that several current COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from the disease, but their effectiveness has been greatly undermined by the many unfounded conspiracy theories, active disinformation, and fears (real or imagined) circulating through social media and through society in general, persuading millions of people worldwide not to receive the vaccine. Fortunately, there are numerous practical strategies that physicians and other health care professionals can employ in communicating effectively with vaccine-hesitant individuals, including using humble inquiry, compassionate listening, and storytelling, as well as engaging the entire health care team in providing accurate information. This article summarizes the major points of an IAS-USA-sponsored webinar held on August 3, 2021, titled COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, Crucial Conversations, and Effective Messaging for Patients and Health Care Teams by Marie T. Brown, MD, an expert on adult immunization. The webinar was moderated by Constance A. Benson, MD.
正如最近COVID-19疫苗的经验所突出的那样,疫苗犹豫是我们这个时代最大的卫生保健挑战之一。现在很明显,目前的几种COVID-19疫苗在预防严重疾病、住院和死亡方面非常有效,但它们的有效性已被许多毫无根据的阴谋论、活跃的虚假信息以及在社交媒体和整个社会传播的恐惧(真实或想象)大大削弱,这些恐惧说服了全世界数百万人不接种疫苗。幸运的是,医生和其他卫生保健专业人员可以采用许多实用的策略与疫苗犹豫不决的个人进行有效沟通,包括谦虚的询问,富有同情心的倾听,讲故事,以及让整个卫生保健团队参与提供准确的信息。本文总结了2021年8月3日由成人免疫专家Marie T. Brown博士主办的国际免疫学会-美国赞助的网络研讨会的主要观点,该研讨会名为“COVID-19疫苗犹豫、关键对话以及为患者和卫生保健团队提供有效信息”。网络研讨会由康斯坦斯A.本森博士主持。
{"title":"Addressing the Challenges of Vaccine Hesitancy Broadly and Related to COVID-19 Vaccines.","authors":"Marie T Brown, Constance A Benson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccine hesitancy is one of the greatest health care challenges of our time, as recently highlighted by the experience with COVID-19 vaccines. It is now clear that several current COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from the disease, but their effectiveness has been greatly undermined by the many unfounded conspiracy theories, active disinformation, and fears (real or imagined) circulating through social media and through society in general, persuading millions of people worldwide not to receive the vaccine. Fortunately, there are numerous practical strategies that physicians and other health care professionals can employ in communicating effectively with vaccine-hesitant individuals, including using humble inquiry, compassionate listening, and storytelling, as well as engaging the entire health care team in providing accurate information. This article summarizes the major points of an IAS-USA-sponsored webinar held on August 3, 2021, titled COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, Crucial Conversations, and Effective Messaging for Patients and Health Care Teams by Marie T. Brown, MD, an expert on adult immunization. The webinar was moderated by Constance A. Benson, MD.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8862750/pdf/tam-29-430.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39944262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has converted HIV infection from a lethal disease to a manageable chronic condition for most people. The drastic improvement in life expectancy of people with HIV has led to an expansion of the aging population of people with HIV globally. Recent research indicates that people with HIV on suppressive ART still sustain persistent, albeit alleviated, systemic and cerebral immune activation that can facilitate age-related causes of cognitive impairment (CI), including neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Although HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder remains prevalent in older people with HIV on suppressive ART, the co-occurrence of other age-related causes of CI makes the investigation and management of CI more challenging. More importantly, it remains unknown if the neuropsychiatric manifestations of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder are modified by the presence of age-related causes of CI, such as Alzheimer disease, and vice versa. This article will review findings regarding the interaction between HIV-1 infection and age-related comorbidities, namely atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases, followed by cognitive outcomes of people with HIV in longitudinal studies. Cognitive symptoms of people with HIV on stable ART will be discussed. The review will go through the latest recommendations for cognitive screening in different HIV management guidelines, as well as the usefulness of various screening tools in the setting of stable viral suppression.
有效的抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART)的引入,使艾滋病毒感染从一种致命疾病转变为大多数人可以控制的慢性病。艾滋病病毒感染者预期寿命的大幅延长导致全球艾滋病病毒感染者老龄化人口的增加。最近的研究表明,接受抑制性抗逆转录病毒疗法的艾滋病病毒感染者仍然持续存在全身和脑部免疫激活,尽管这种激活有所缓解,但仍会导致与年龄相关的认知障碍(CI),包括神经退行性疾病和脑血管疾病。尽管在接受抗逆转录病毒疗法的老年艾滋病病毒感染者中,与艾滋病病毒相关的神经认知障碍仍然很普遍,但与其他年龄相关的认知障碍病因的同时存在,使得认知障碍的调查和管理更具挑战性。更重要的是,HIV 相关神经认知障碍的神经精神表现是否会因阿尔茨海默病等与年龄相关的 CI 病因的存在而改变,反之亦然,这一点仍不得而知。本文将回顾有关 HIV-1 感染与年龄相关合并症(即动脉粥样硬化和神经退行性疾病)之间相互作用的研究结果,然后介绍纵向研究中 HIV 感染者的认知结果。还将讨论接受稳定抗逆转录病毒疗法的艾滋病病毒感染者的认知症状。本综述将介绍不同艾滋病管理指南中关于认知筛查的最新建议,以及各种筛查工具在病毒稳定抑制情况下的实用性。
{"title":"Neurocognition and the Aging Brain in People With HIV: Implications for Screening.","authors":"Phillip Chan, Victor Valcour","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has converted HIV infection from a lethal disease to a manageable chronic condition for most people. The drastic improvement in life expectancy of people with HIV has led to an expansion of the aging population of people with HIV globally. Recent research indicates that people with HIV on suppressive ART still sustain persistent, albeit alleviated, systemic and cerebral immune activation that can facilitate age-related causes of cognitive impairment (CI), including neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Although HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder remains prevalent in older people with HIV on suppressive ART, the co-occurrence of other age-related causes of CI makes the investigation and management of CI more challenging. More importantly, it remains unknown if the neuropsychiatric manifestations of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder are modified by the presence of age-related causes of CI, such as Alzheimer disease, and vice versa. This article will review findings regarding the interaction between HIV-1 infection and age-related comorbidities, namely atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases, followed by cognitive outcomes of people with HIV in longitudinal studies. Cognitive symptoms of people with HIV on stable ART will be discussed. The review will go through the latest recommendations for cognitive screening in different HIV management guidelines, as well as the usefulness of various screening tools in the setting of stable viral suppression.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8862751/pdf/tam-29-423.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10847810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chronic pain is common among older people with HIV. Etiologies of chronic pain are multifactorial in this population. A careful and thorough initial assessment of pain is important. Associated conditions that can contribute to pain should be explored and managed as indicated. Special consideration is warranted for some of the unique aspects of pain in people with HIV. Chronic pain management is multimodal; a variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies are effective. Among medications, opioids can be used but carry a risk of significant harms. The use and monitoring of opioids is discussed here, and recommendations are made for the safe prescribing of opioids for chronic pain.
{"title":"Chronic Pain and Opioid Use in Older People With HIV.","authors":"Vasudev C Mandyam, R Douglas Bruce","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic pain is common among older people with HIV. Etiologies of chronic pain are multifactorial in this population. A careful and thorough initial assessment of pain is important. Associated conditions that can contribute to pain should be explored and managed as indicated. Special consideration is warranted for some of the unique aspects of pain in people with HIV. Chronic pain management is multimodal; a variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies are effective. Among medications, opioids can be used but carry a risk of significant harms. The use and monitoring of opioids is discussed here, and recommendations are made for the safe prescribing of opioids for chronic pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8862752/pdf/tam-29-419.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39943431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Comorbid conditions have a major impact on the health, quality of life, and survival of people with HIV, particularly as this population ages. The 2022 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) featured excellent science related to specific comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and frailty. The role of systemic inflammation in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease was an important theme, with strong evidence regarding the impact of microbial translocation. Other studies examined functional impairment, frailty, and potential important contributors, such as concomitant medications and sleep disturbances. The ANCHOR (Anal Cancer/High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions Outcomes Research) study provided crucial evidence that treatment of high-risk anal lesions reduces the incidence of anal cancer, which has important implications in the prevention of this devastating comorbidity. In addition, numerous presentations demonstrated the importance of comorbid conditions in COVID-19 outcomes in people with HIV and described persistent symptoms after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection has resolved. This review focuses on the abstracts presented at CROI 2022 in these areas, highlighting those with the most clinical impact.
{"title":"CROI 2022: metabolic and other complications of HIV infection or COVID-19.","authors":"Sudipa Sarkar, Todd T Brown","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comorbid conditions have a major impact on the health, quality of life, and survival of people with HIV, particularly as this population ages. The 2022 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) featured excellent science related to specific comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and frailty. The role of systemic inflammation in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease was an important theme, with strong evidence regarding the impact of microbial translocation. Other studies examined functional impairment, frailty, and potential important contributors, such as concomitant medications and sleep disturbances. The ANCHOR (Anal Cancer/High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions Outcomes Research) study provided crucial evidence that treatment of high-risk anal lesions reduces the incidence of anal cancer, which has important implications in the prevention of this devastating comorbidity. In addition, numerous presentations demonstrated the importance of comorbid conditions in COVID-19 outcomes in people with HIV and described persistent symptoms after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection has resolved. This review focuses on the abstracts presented at CROI 2022 in these areas, highlighting those with the most clinical impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473897/pdf/tam-30-522.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10007928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shauna H Gunaratne, Hong-Van Tieu, Timothy J Wilkin, Barbara S Taylor
The 2022 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections provided a rich source of new data and comprehensive reviews on antiviral therapy. For COVID-19, intramuscular sotrovimab was noninferior to intravenous sotrovimab, serostatus did not predict the efficacy of sotrovimab, and molnupiravir appeared safe and modestly effective in decreasing hospitalization rates. Trials from low- and middle-income countries provided data to support transitioning those on first-line therapy with or without virologic suppression and those virologically suppressed on second-line therapy to dolutegravir-based regimens. Additional data supported the use of lenacapavir as a long-acting antiretroviral drug. Data across the United States demonstrate the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the HIV care continuum, although enhanced outreach efforts and decentralization of antiretroviral therapy delivery were associated with improvements in care engagement outcomes. Researchers described potential mechanisms for the emergence of integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance. Studies on proviral genotyping high-lighted the limitations of its use in predicting clinically significant resistance. Several studies looked at the epidemiology and treatment of hepatitis C and B and the status of current hepatitis C virus elimination efforts. Data presented on HIV, COVID-19, and maternal and pediatric health included 2-year virologic outcome data of very early antiretroviral therapy in potentially reducing the latent HIV reservoir in infants with HIV. Data presented on COVID-19 and HIV therapeutics in children included SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in children younger than 12 years of age, remdesivir in hospitalized infants and children, and long-acting therapies for HIV treatment in children.
{"title":"CROI 2022: advances in antiviral therapy for HIV, COVID-19, and viral hepatitis.","authors":"Shauna H Gunaratne, Hong-Van Tieu, Timothy J Wilkin, Barbara S Taylor","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2022 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections provided a rich source of new data and comprehensive reviews on antiviral therapy. For COVID-19, intramuscular sotrovimab was noninferior to intravenous sotrovimab, serostatus did not predict the efficacy of sotrovimab, and molnupiravir appeared safe and modestly effective in decreasing hospitalization rates. Trials from low- and middle-income countries provided data to support transitioning those on first-line therapy with or without virologic suppression and those virologically suppressed on second-line therapy to dolutegravir-based regimens. Additional data supported the use of lenacapavir as a long-acting antiretroviral drug. Data across the United States demonstrate the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the HIV care continuum, although enhanced outreach efforts and decentralization of antiretroviral therapy delivery were associated with improvements in care engagement outcomes. Researchers described potential mechanisms for the emergence of integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance. Studies on proviral genotyping high-lighted the limitations of its use in predicting clinically significant resistance. Several studies looked at the epidemiology and treatment of hepatitis C and B and the status of current hepatitis C virus elimination efforts. Data presented on HIV, COVID-19, and maternal and pediatric health included 2-year virologic outcome data of very early antiretroviral therapy in potentially reducing the latent HIV reservoir in infants with HIV. Data presented on COVID-19 and HIV therapeutics in children included SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in children younger than 12 years of age, remdesivir in hospitalized infants and children, and long-acting therapies for HIV treatment in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473894/pdf/tam-30-490.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40672565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annemarie M Wensing, Vincent Calvez, Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein, Charlotte Charpentier, Huldrych F Günthard, Roger Paredes, Robert W Shafer, Douglas D Richman
The 2022 edition of the IAS-USA drug resistance mutations list updates the Figure last published in September 2019. The mutations listed are those that have been identified by specific criteria for evidence and drugs described. The Figure is designed to assist practitioners to identify key mutations associated with resistance to antiretroviral drugs, and therefore, in making clinical decisions regarding antiretroviral therapy.
{"title":"2022 update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1.","authors":"Annemarie M Wensing, Vincent Calvez, Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein, Charlotte Charpentier, Huldrych F Günthard, Roger Paredes, Robert W Shafer, Douglas D Richman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2022 edition of the IAS-USA drug resistance mutations list updates the Figure last published in September 2019. The mutations listed are those that have been identified by specific criteria for evidence and drugs described. The Figure is designed to assist practitioners to identify key mutations associated with resistance to antiretroviral drugs, and therefore, in making clinical decisions regarding antiretroviral therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9681141/pdf/tam-30-559.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9857080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite substantial advances in the field, liver disease morbidity and mortality remain serious issues among people with HIV. The causes of liver disease are often multifactorial and include hepatitis viruses, hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress, bacterial translocation with activation of hepatic macrophages and stellate cells, and direct toxicities from alcohol and drugs of abuse. Biopsychosocial factors including a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, food insecurity, insufficient access to care and medications, and social stigma all play roles in the persistence of liver injury and hepatic fibrosis development among people with HIV. Rising rates of hepatocellular carcinoma have been observed, suggesting that the epidemiology of liver disease is evolving.
{"title":"HIV and liver disease: a comprehensive update.","authors":"Kenneth E Sherman, David L Thomas","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite substantial advances in the field, liver disease morbidity and mortality remain serious issues among people with HIV. The causes of liver disease are often multifactorial and include hepatitis viruses, hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress, bacterial translocation with activation of hepatic macrophages and stellate cells, and direct toxicities from alcohol and drugs of abuse. Biopsychosocial factors including a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, food insecurity, insufficient access to care and medications, and social stigma all play roles in the persistence of liver injury and hepatic fibrosis development among people with HIV. Rising rates of hepatocellular carcinoma have been observed, suggesting that the epidemiology of liver disease is evolving.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9681142/pdf/tam-30-547.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9857078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}