Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.4324/9781003039068-17
Daan Bos
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{"title":"Hacking in digital environments","authors":"Mareile Kaufmann","doi":"10.4324/9781003039068-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003039068-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":388895,"journal":{"name":"Routledge Handbook of Media Geographies","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125324184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4324/9781003039068-14
Peta Mitchell, M. Foth, Irina Anastasiu
A large part of what makes a smartphone “smart” is its built-in location-based services: its ability to locate and to be located. As researchers such as Jordan Frith (2015) have noted, the smartphone is itself a form of locative media, enabling the co-construction of “hybrid” physical–digital spaces and places through its geolocative infrastructures and mobile affordances. Researchers have also considered the smartphone to be an ever-more ubiquitous example of geomedia (McQuire 2016) or spatial media (Leszczynski 2015; Kitchin, Lauriault, and Wilson 2017). With smartphone ownership reaching saturation-point in the global North and growing rapidly, albeit unevenly, in advanced and emerging economies globally (Silver 2019), location-based apps and services, as well as the user-generated location data they elicit and collect, have become both big business and increasingly central to social governance. In this chapter, we examine the geographies of locative apps--by this, we mean their spatial infrastructures, affordances, and emerging cultural economies rather than the mapping of global geographies of mobile app usage. Our examination covers three themes: First, we trace the historical development leading to the rise of mobile media and ‘hybrid’ spatiality. Second, we discuss the spatial affordances and infrastructures of location-based apps and services and how these have contributed to an expanding location economy. Our final theme addresses the shape and nature of the emergent location industry and, in particular, its implications for user privacy. We outline how locative apps and services have been central to the emergence of mobile geolocation as a tool of continuous surveillance, while offering in conclusion some prospective pathways to a more equitable (locative) data future.
智能手机之所以“智能”，很大程度上是因为它内置的定位服务:定位和被定位的能力。正如Jordan Frith(2015)等研究人员所指出的那样，智能手机本身就是一种位置媒体形式，通过其地理位置基础设施和移动功能，可以共同构建“混合”物理数字空间和场所。研究人员还认为智能手机是几何介质(McQuire 2016)或空间介质(Leszczynski 2015;Kitchin, Lauriault, and Wilson 2017)。随着智能手机拥有率在全球北方达到饱和点，并在全球发达经济体和新兴经济体迅速增长(尽管不均衡)(Silver 2019)，基于位置的应用程序和服务，以及它们引发和收集的用户生成的位置数据，已成为一项大业务，并日益成为社会治理的核心。在本章中，我们将研究定位应用程序的地理位置——我们指的是它们的空间基础设施、功能支持和新兴文化经济，而不是移动应用程序使用的全球地理地图。我们的研究涵盖三个主题:首先，我们追溯导致移动媒体和“混合”空间性兴起的历史发展。其次，我们讨论了基于位置的应用程序和服务的空间功能和基础设施，以及它们如何为不断扩大的位置经济做出贡献。我们的最后一个主题解决了新兴位置行业的形状和性质，特别是它对用户隐私的影响。我们概述了定位应用程序和服务如何成为移动地理定位作为持续监控工具的核心，同时在结论中提供了一些通向更公平(定位)数据未来的前瞻性途径。
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