Thyroid Research最新文献

Background: Despite the presence of evidence that establishes a strong correlation between oxidative stress and thyroid cancer, there exists a scarcity of research that investigates the specific role of glutathione as an important antioxidant in this particular context. The objective of this study was to assess the altered balance of oxidative stress in cases of thyroid cancer, which includes both papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and micro PTC (mPTC), by examining and comparing the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and GSSG/GSH ratio with those of individuals diagnosed with multinodular goiter (MNG) as well as Healthy subjects.

Materials and methods: Plasma samples were collected from 92 patients (23 mPTC, 23 PTC, 23 MNG, 23 Healthy). The levels of TAC, TOS, GSH, and GSSG were measured using a commercial assay kits, and the OSI and GSSG/GSH ratio were calculated for each sample. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the oxidative stress between the groups.

Results: The plasma levels of TOS were significantly higher in the mPTC, PTC, and MNG groups compared to the Healthy individuals (p < 0.05). The OSI in the mPTC and PTC groups showed a significant increase compared to the Healthy group (p < 0.05). The levels of GSH in mPTC and PTC were markedly lower compared to the Healthy subjects (p < 0.01). Interestingly, the concentration of GSH in mPTC was found to be considerably lower than in PTC and MNG patients (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: These findings indicate that GSH may be a useful biomarker for evaluating oxidative stress and antioxidant system status in patients with PTC, especially mPTC. Low levels of GSH may indicate increased levels of oxidative stress, which may contribute to the development and progression of mPTC to PTC.

Primary hypothyroidism (PHT) is associated with an increased risk for the development of atherosclerosis (AS) and other cardiovascular disorders. PHT induces atherosclerosis (AS) through the induction of endothelial dysfunction, and insulin resistance (IR). PHT promotes vasoconstriction and the development of hypertension. However, patients with subclinical PHT with normal thyroid hormones (THs) are also at risk for cardiovascular complications. In subclinical PHT, increasing thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels could be one of the causative factors intricate in the progression of cardiovascular complications including AS. Nevertheless, the mechanistic role of PHT in AS has not been fully clarified in relation to increased TSH. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the association between increased TSH and AS, and how increased TSH may be involved in the pathogenesis of AS. In addition, we also discuss how L-thyroxine treatment affects the development of AS.

Background: Ultrasound-guided thermal ablation (TA) has emerged as a robust therapeutic approach for treating solid tumors in multiple organs, including the thyroid. Yet, its efficacy and safety profile in the management of Graves' Disease (GD) remains to be definitively established.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 50 GD patients treated with TA between October 2017 and December 2021. Key metrics like thyroid volume, volume reduction rate (VRR), thyroid hormones, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were evaluated using paired Wilcoxon tests.

Results: The intervention of ultrasound-guided TA yielded a statistically significant diminution in total thyroid volume across all postoperative follow-up intervals-1, 3, 6, and 12 months-relative to pre-intervention baselines (p < 0.001). The median VRR observed at these time points were 17.5%, 26.5%, 34.4%, and 39.8%, respectively. Euthyroid status was corroborated in 96% of patients at the one-year follow-up milestone. Transient tachycardia and dysphonia were observed in three patients, while a solitary case of skin numbness was noted. Crucially, no instances of enduring injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) were documented.

Conclusions: Our investigation substantiates ultrasound-guided TA as a pragmatic, well-tolerated, and safe therapeutic modality for GD. It effectively improves symptoms of hyperthyroidism, engenders a substantial reduction in thyroid volume, and restores thyroid hormone and BMR to physiological levels. Given its favorable safety profile, enhanced cosmetic outcomes, and minimally invasive nature, ultrasound-guided TA is a compelling alternative to thyroidectomy for GD patients.

Disturbances in the homeostasis of the elemental composition of thyroid tissue may have serious metabolic and health consequences. It is believed that the accumulation of some metals or the deficiency of others may even cause lethal tumours. Due to the fact that metallomics most often uses human serum to analyse macro and microelements as well as trace elements, it was decided to use material that is more difficult to obtain, but also adds credibility to the research - thyroid tissue samples biopsy. The experiments were conducted on 17 patients diagnosed with: nodular (10) and colloidal goitre (2), chronic thyroiditis (2), follicular adenoma (2) and papillary carcinoma (1). They were recruited by collecting a tumour fragment, control fragment and serum from each of them. The content of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn was examined using ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometers). Simultaneously, biochemical methods were used to determine the markers of inflammation, glycation and peroxidation: malondialdehyde, pentosidine, reactive free amine content, compounds with thiol groups and galectin 3 in the sera of the examined patients. Three statistically significant correlations were identified: Ca-Mg and Cu-Zn in control tissues (p < 0.05) and Cr-Mn in pathological tissues (p < 0.05). A comparison of individual groups of patients shows that there are some potentail tendencies to increase or decrease in the concentration of certain elements or markers of inflammation and glycation, therefore we discuss potential relationships between a given parameter and a thyroid disorder. The pilot study is an introduction to a deeper analysis aimed at tracing the pathomechanism of the development of thyroid diseases, so that the risk of developing these diseases can be effectively minimized.

Background: Hyalinizing trabecular tumor (HTT) is an uncommon follicular cell-derived thyroid tumor classified as a low-risk neoplasm by the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of Endocrine Organs, 5th edition. The PAX8-GLIS3 gene fusion is reportedly a pathognomonic genetic alteration of HTT.

Case presentation: A 43-year-old Japanese female was incidentally discovered to have an 8-mm, well-defined, hypoechoic mass in the left lobe of the thyroid gland by ultrasound examination. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan revealed a solid mass exhibiting slight homogeneous enhancement in the lower pole of the thyroid gland. The mass was diagnosed as atypia of undetermined significance by fine-needle aspiration cytology. The patient underwent left hemithyroidectomy with routine central compartment dissection. Histologic findings revealed tumor cells with elongated nuclei and intranuclear pseudoinclusions arranged with trabeculae architecture or small nests in hyalinized stroma. Weak membranous and cytoplasmic staining was found by MIB1 (Ki-67) immunostaining. The final diagnosis was HTT of the thyroid gland. Next-generation sequencing genetic analysis of a surgical specimen revealed no pathologic mutations, including BRAF, H/K/NRAS, or RET-PTC fusions. The PAX8-GLIS3 fusion was detected by RT-PCR.

Conclusions: A rare case of HTT was demonstrated through imaging, cytologic, histologic and molecular investigations. PAX8-GLIS3 fusion detected by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing was confirmed to be a genetic hallmark of HTT.

Background: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is an indolent disease with a favorable prognosis but characterized by a high recurrence rate. We aimed to improve precise stratification of recurrence risk in PTC patients with early stage using multi-gene signatures.

Patients and methods: The present study was performed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and multi-center datasets. Unsupervised consensus clustering was used to obtain the optimal molecular subtypes and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis was performed to identify potential genes for the construction of recurrence signature. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test was used to detect survival differences. Harrells concordance index (C-index) was used to assess the performance of the DNA damage repair (DDR) recurrence signature.

Results: Through screening 8 candidate gene sets, the entire cohort was successfully stratified into two recurrence-related molecular subtypes based on DDR genes: DDR-high subtype and DDR-low subtype. The recurrence rate of DDR-high subtype was significantly lower than DDR-low subtype [HR = 0.288 (95%CI, 0.084-0.986), P = 0.047]. Further, a two-gene DDR recurrence signature was constructed, including PER1 and EME2. The high-risk group showed a significantly worse recurrence-free survival (RFS) than the low-risk group [HR = 10.647 (95%CI, 1.363-83.197), P = 0.024]. The multi-center data demonstrated that proportion of patients with low expression of PER1 and EME2 was higher in the recurrence group than those in the non-recurrence group.

Conclusions: These findings could help accurately and reliably identify PTC patients with high risk of recurrence so that they could receive more radical and aggressive treatment strategies and more rigorous surveillance practices.

Background: Abnormal preconception thyrotropin levels were associated with fecundability and adverse fetomaternal outcomes, however, little is known regarding the natural change of serum thyrotropin in euthyroid preconception women. Thus, we performed a population-based study to evaluate the progression to abnormal thyrotropin in euthyroid preconception women.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study used data from the National Free Prepregnancy Checkups Project (NFPCP) collected between 2010 and 2020. Female Han Chinese participants aged 20-49 years who had two repeated NFPCP participations with a time interval of 1.5-3.0 years, confirmed non-pregnant status within this duration, and normal thyrotropin levels during their first participation were included for the analysis of thyrotropin abnormalities during the second NFPCP examination. Data were analyzed between June 1 and October 1, 2023.

Results: This study included 186,095 euthyroid women of reproductive age (mean ± SD, 26.72 ± 4.70 years) whose preconception thyrotropin levels were between 0.37 and 4.87 mIU/L. The median follow-up time was 2.13 (IQR, 1.85-2.54) years. A total of 8,497 (4.57%) women developed abnormal thyrotropin, including 4,118 (2.21%) subnormal thyrotropin and 4,379 (2.35%) supranormal thyrotropin. Compared with the reference group (thyrotropin 1.01-2.00 mIU/L), the lower baseline thyrotropin group had greater risk of developing subnormal thyrotropin, and the higher baseline thyrotropin group had greater risk of developing supranormal thyrotropin. Moreover, the restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a U-shaped dose-response association of baseline thyrotropin levels or thyrotropin multiples of the median (MOM) levels against risk of subnormal thyrotropin in the follow-up, and a J-shaped dose-response association against risk of supranormal thyrotropin levels in the follow-up. We further found that baseline thyrotropin outside of 1.43-1.93 mIU/L or baseline thyrotropin MOM outside 0.59-1.36 would hava a higher risk of developing of abnormal thyrotropin.

Conclusions: Both low and high baseline thyrotropin were associated with a significantly increased risk of developing abnormal thyrotropin outcomes. The optimal preconception baseline thyrotropin levels may be between 1.43 mIU/L and 1.93 mIU/L or baseline thyrotropin MoM between 0.59 and 1.36 to minimize progression toward abnormal thyrotropin after 1.5-3.0 years. These findings may help with counseling of preconception thyroid function monitoring.

Spindle epithelial tumor with thymic like elements (SETTLE) is a biphasic tumor composed of epithelial and spindle cell components. It is an uncommon indolent tumor arising in the thyroid gland and most commonly affects the children and young adults. This entity is mostly overlooked because of its rarity and diagnostic difficulty on morphology. We discuss two cases of SETTLE with varied presentation, diagnostic challenges and lessons learnt from them.SETTLE should be considered as a differential especially when dealing with a thyroid lesion in young and adolescent. The article discusses the histologic details and common mimickers to be borne in mind aiding in arrival at the final diagnosis on biopsy specimens.

Background: Whether prophylactic central lymph node dissection is necessary for patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) remains controversial. Herein, we aimed to establish an ultrasound (US) radiomics (Rad) score for assessing the probability of central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in such patients.

Methods: 480 patients (327 in the training cohort, 153 in the validation cohort) who underwent thyroid surgery for cN0 PTMC at two institutions between January 2018 and December 2020 were included. Radiomics features were extracted from the US images. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression were utilized to generate a Rad score. A nomogram consisting of the Rad score and clinical factors was then constructed for the training cohort. Both cohorts assessed model performance using discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness.

Results: Based on the six most valuable radiomics features, the Rad score was calculated for each patient. A multivariate analysis revealed that a higher Rad score (P < 0.001), younger age (P = 0.006), and presence of capsule invasion (P = 0.030) were independently associated with CLNM. A nomogram integrating these three factors demonstrated good calibration and promising clinical utility in the training and validation cohorts. The nomogram yielded areas under the curve of 0.795 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.745-0.846) and 0.774 (95% CI, 0.696-0.852) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively.

Conclusions: The radiomics nomogram may be a clinically useful tool for the individual prediction of CLNM in patients with cN0 PTMC.