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The Metaverse: Andrew McStay’s Responses to Cody Turner 虚拟世界:Andrew McStay对Cody Turner的回应
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-023-00676-x
Andrew McStay
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引用次数: 0
Conceptual Engineering and Philosophy of Technology: Amelioration or Adaptation? 概念工程与技术哲学:改进还是适应?
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-023-00670-3
Jeroen Hopster, Guido Löhr
Abstract Conceptual Engineering (CE) is thought to be generally aimed at ameliorating deficient concepts. In this paper, we challenge this assumption: we argue that CE is frequently undertaken with the orthogonal aim of conceptual adaptation . We develop this thesis with reference to the interplay between technology and concepts. Emerging technologies can exert significant pressure on conceptual systems and spark ‘conceptual disruption’. For example, advances in Artificial Intelligence raise the question of whether AIs are agents or mere objects, which can be construed as a CE question regarding the concepts AGENT and OBJECT. We distinguish between three types of conceptual disruption (conceptual gaps, conceptual overlaps, and conceptual misalignments) and argue that when CE occurs to address these disruptions, its primary aim is not to improve concepts, but to retain their functional quality, or to prevent them from degrading. This is the characteristic aim of CE when undertaken in philosophy of technology: to preserve the functional role of a concept or conceptual scheme, rather than improving how a concept fulfills its respective function.
概念工程(CE)通常被认为是旨在改进有缺陷的概念。在本文中,我们对这一假设提出了挑战:我们认为,英语教学经常以概念适应的正交目标进行。我们以技术与概念之间的相互作用为基础展开这篇论文。新兴技术可以对概念系统施加巨大压力,并引发“概念破坏”。例如,人工智能的进步提出了人工智能是代理还是仅仅是对象的问题,这可以被解释为关于AGENT和OBJECT概念的CE问题。我们区分了三种类型的概念中断(概念空白、概念重叠和概念错位),并认为当CE出现以解决这些中断时,其主要目的不是改进概念,而是保持其功能质量,或防止它们退化。这是在技术哲学中进行的行政管理的特征目标:保持概念或概念方案的功能作用,而不是改进概念如何实现其各自的功能。
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引用次数: 1
Technology and Civic Virtue 科技与公民美德
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-023-00669-w
Wessel Reijers
Abstract Today, a major technological trend is the increasing focus on the person: technical systems personalize, customize, and tailor to the person in both beneficial and troubling ways. This trend has moved beyond the realm of commerce and has become a matter of public governance, where systems for citizen risk scoring, predictive policing, and social credit scores proliferate. What these systems have in common is that they may target the person and her ethical and political dispositions, her virtues. Virtue ethics is the most appropriate approach for evaluating the impacts of these new systems, which has translated in a revival of talk about virtue in technology ethics. Yet, the focus on individual dispositions has rightly been criticized for lacking a concern with the political collective and institutional structures. This paper advocates a new direction of research into civic virtue, which is situated in between personal dispositions and structures of governance. First, it surveys the discourse on virtue ethics of technology, emphasizing its neglect of the political dimension of impacts of emerging technologies. Second, it presents a pluralist conception of civic virtue that enables us to scrutinize the impact of technology on civic virtue on three different levels of reciprocal reputation building, the cultivation of internal goods, and excellence in the public sphere. Third, it illustrates the benefits of this conceptions by discussing some paradigmatic examples of emerging technologies that aim to cultivate civic virtue.
今天,一个主要的技术趋势是越来越关注人:技术系统以有益和麻烦的方式个性化、定制和量身定制。这一趋势已经超越了商业领域,成为公共治理的问题,公民风险评分、预测性警务和社会信用评分系统正在激增。这些系统的共同之处在于,它们可能针对个人及其伦理和政治倾向,以及美德。美德伦理是评估这些新系统影响的最合适的方法,这已经转化为技术伦理中美德讨论的复兴。然而,对个人倾向的关注因缺乏对政治集体和体制结构的关注而受到了正确的批评。本文提出了一个介于个人性格与治理结构之间的公民美德研究新方向。首先,本文回顾了关于技术美德伦理的论述,强调其对新兴技术影响的政治维度的忽视。其次,它提出了公民美德的多元概念,使我们能够在三个不同的层面上审视技术对公民美德的影响,即互惠声誉的建立、内在利益的培养和公共领域的卓越。第三,它通过讨论一些旨在培养公民美德的新兴技术的范例来说明这一概念的好处。
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引用次数: 0
Reply to Tom Sterkenburg’s Commentary 回复Tom Sterkenburg的评论
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-023-00674-z
David S. Watson
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引用次数: 0
Balancing Caution and the Need for Change: The General Contextual Integrity Approach 平衡谨慎和改变的需要:一般的上下文完整性方法
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-023-00671-2
Elizabeth O’Neill
Abstract In this reply to van de Poel’s ( Philosophy & Technology , 35 (3), 82, 2022) commentary on O’Neill ( Philosophy & Technology , 35 (79), 2022), I discuss two worries about the general contextual integrity approach to evaluating technological change. First, I address van de Poel’s concern that the general contextual integrity approach will not supply the right guidance in cases where morally problematic technological change poses no threat to contextual integrity. Second, I elaborate on how the approach supplies mechanisms for balancing caution with the need for change.
本文是对范德普尔《哲学》一书的回应。科技,35 (3),82,2022)技术,35(79),2022),我讨论了关于评估技术变革的一般情境完整性方法的两个担忧。首先,我要解决van de Poel的担忧,即在存在道德问题的技术变革不会对情境完整性构成威胁的情况下,一般情境完整性方法不会提供正确的指导。其次,我详细阐述了该方法如何提供平衡谨慎与变革需求的机制。
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引用次数: 0
The Metaverse: Virtual Metaphysics, Virtual Governance, and Virtual Abundance 虚拟世界:虚拟形而上学、虚拟治理和虚拟富足
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-023-00666-z
Cody Turner
Abstract In his article ‘The Metaverse: Surveillant Physics, Virtual Realist Governance, and the Missing Commons,’ Andrew McStay addresses an entwinement of ethical, political, and metaphysical concerns surrounding the Metaverse, arguing that the Metaverse is not being designed to further the public good but is instead being created to serve the plutocratic ends of technology corporations. He advances the notion of ‘surveillant physics’ to capture this insight and introduces the concept of ‘virtual realist governance’ as a theoretical framework that ought to guide Metaverse design and regulation. This commentary article primarily serves as a supplementary piece rather than a direct critique of McStay’s work. First, I flag certain understated or overlooked nuances in McStay’s discussion. Then, I extend McStay’s discussion by juxtaposing a Lockean inspired argument supporting the property rights of Metaverse creators with an opposing argument advocating for a Metaverse user's ‘right to virtual abundance,’ informed by the potential of virtual reality technology to eliminate scarcity in virtual worlds. Contrasting these arguments highlights the tension between corporate rights and social justice in the governance of virtual worlds and bears directly on McStay’s assertion that there is a problem of the missing commons in the early design of the Metaverse.
Andrew McStay在他的文章《虚拟世界:监视物理学、虚拟现实主义治理和缺失的公地》中阐述了围绕虚拟世界的伦理、政治和形而上学问题的纠缠,认为虚拟世界的设计不是为了促进公共利益,而是为了服务于科技公司的富豪目的。他提出了“监视物理学”的概念来捕捉这一见解,并引入了“虚拟现实主义治理”的概念,作为指导虚拟世界设计和监管的理论框架。这篇评论文章主要是作为一篇补充文章,而不是对麦克斯特工作的直接批评。首先,我在麦克斯特的讨论中指出了某些被低估或被忽视的细微差别。然后,我扩展了McStay的讨论,将洛克式的观点(支持Metaverse创造者的财产权)与主张Metaverse用户的“虚拟富足权”的反对观点(通过虚拟现实技术消除虚拟世界中的稀缺性的潜力)并置在一起。这些观点的对比突出了虚拟世界治理中企业权利和社会正义之间的紧张关系,并直接与McStay的断言有关,即在虚拟世界的早期设计中存在缺失公地的问题。
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引用次数: 1
Can E-Sport Gamers Permissibly Engage with Off-Limits Virtual Wrongdoings? 电子竞技游戏玩家是否可以参与虚拟游戏中的不法行为?
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-023-00667-y
Thomas Montefiore, Paul Formosa
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引用次数: 0
What Does it Mean to Mimic Nature? A Typology for Biomimetic Design 模仿自然意味着什么?仿生设计的类型学
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-023-00665-0
Alessio Gerola, Zoë Robaey, Vincent Blok
Abstract In an effort to produce new and more sustainable technologies, designers have turned to nature in search of inspiration and innovation. Biomimetic design (from the Greek bios , life, mimesis , imitation) is the conscious imitation of biological models to solve today's technical and ecological challenges. Nowadays numerous different approaches exist that take inspiration from nature as a model for design, such as biomimicry, biomimetics, bionics, permaculture, ecological engineering, etc. This variety of practices comes in turn with a wide range of different promises, including sustainability, increased resilience, multi-functionality, and a lower degree of risk. How are we to make sense of this heterogeneous amalgam of existing practices and technologies, and of the numerous promises attached to them? We suggest that a typology of biomimetic approaches would provide a useful hermeneutic framework to understand the different tensions that pull this variegated landscape in different directions. This is achieved through a critical analysis of the literature in different fields of biomimetic design and the philosophy of biomimicry, in order to derive conceptual and normative assumptions concerning the meaning and value of the imitation of nature. These two dimensions are then intersected to derive an analytical grid composed of six different biomimetic types, which enable the classification of existing and possible biomimetic approaches, practices, and technologies according to their specific conceptual assumptions and guiding norms.
为了创造新的、更可持续的技术,设计师们转向大自然寻求灵感和创新。仿生设计(来自希腊语bios,生命,模仿,模仿)是有意识地模仿生物模型来解决当今的技术和生态挑战。现在有许多不同的方法从自然中汲取灵感作为设计的模型,如仿生学,仿生学,永续栽培,生态工程等。这种实践的多样性依次带来了一系列不同的承诺,包括可持续性、增强的弹性、多功能和较低的风险程度。我们如何理解现有实践和技术的这种异质混合物,以及与之相关的众多承诺?我们建议仿生学方法的类型学将提供一个有用的解释学框架,以理解将这种多样化的景观拉向不同方向的不同张力。这是通过对不同领域的仿生设计和仿生哲学的文献进行批判性分析来实现的,以便得出关于模仿自然的意义和价值的概念和规范假设。然后将这两个维度相交,得出一个由六种不同的仿生类型组成的分析网格,根据其具体的概念假设和指导规范,可以对现有和可能的仿生方法、实践和技术进行分类。
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引用次数: 0
Making Trust Safe for AI? Non-agential Trust as a Conceptual Engineering Problem 让信任对人工智能更安全?非代理信任作为一个概念工程问题
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-023-00664-1
Juri Viehoff
Abstract Should we be worried that the concept of trust is increasingly used when we assess non-human agents and artefacts, say robots and AI systems? Whilst some authors have developed explanations of the concept of trust with a view to accounting for trust in AI systems and other non-agents, others have rejected the idea that we should extend trust in this way. The article advances this debate by bringing insights from conceptual engineering to bear on this issue. After setting up a target concept of trust in terms of four functional desiderata (trust-reliance distinction, explanatory strength, tracking affective responses, and accounting for distrust), I analyze how agential vs. non-agential accounts can satisfy these. A final section investigates how ‘non-ideal’ circumstances—that is, circumstances where the manifest and operative concept use diverge amongst concept users—affect our choice about which rendering of trust is to be preferred. I suggest that some prominent arguments against extending the language of trust to non-agents are not decisive and reflect on an important oversight in the current debate, namely a failure to address how narrower, agent-centred accounts curtail our ability to distrust non-agents.
当我们评估非人类代理和人工制品(如机器人和人工智能系统)时,我们是否应该担心信任的概念被越来越多地使用?虽然一些作者已经发展了信任概念的解释,以解释人工智能系统和其他非代理的信任,但其他人拒绝了我们应该以这种方式扩展信任的想法。本文通过引入概念工程的见解来解决这个问题,从而推进了这场辩论。在根据四个功能需求(信任-依赖区分、解释强度、跟踪情感反应和考虑不信任)建立信任的目标概念后,我分析了代理与非代理账户如何满足这些需求。最后一节研究了“非理想”情况——即在概念使用者之间明显的和可操作的概念使用出现分歧的情况——如何影响我们对哪种信任呈现的选择。我认为,一些反对将信任的语言扩展到非代理人的突出论点并不是决定性的,而是反映了当前辩论中的一个重要疏忽,即未能解决以代理人为中心的狭隘账户如何削弱了我们不信任非代理人的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Commentary on David Watson, “On the Philosophy of Unsupervised Learning,” Philosophy & Technology 评大卫·沃森,《论无监督学习的哲学》,哲学&;技术
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-023-00663-2
Tom F. Sterkenburg
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引用次数: 0
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Philosophy and Technology
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