G. V. D. Berg, Filinto Alexandre Pinto De Oliveira
Natural processes and human interference can lead to undesirable sedimentation of a magnitude difficult to deal with in an economical, ecological and societally acceptable manner. Showcasing various examples throughout the world, criteria to choose an adequate river remediation technology will be discussed, in three distinct scenarios: (1) the case of natural processes leading to a build-up of contaminated sediments; (2) the case of industrial activity leading to contamination; and finally (3) the case of disaster management. For the first time we will discuss the approach taken in Portugal to clean the Tago river at Vila Velha do Rodão where a layer of sediment with high cellulose levels covering the bottom on both sides of the Porta de Rodão at the heart of the Natura 2000 Site and UNESCO World Heritage listed natural park had to be removed and dewatered. Other cases of river remediation projects will be presented as well, such as the case of Fox river (USA) and Zutphen (the Netherlands), where contaminated sediments were used to rebuild the entrance of a river port. We will also touch upon the potential for tube dewatering technology as a response during disaster management and the hurdles encountered in the actions around two red mud disasters. The first dating from 2010 in Hungary at Ajka where a dam breach in a containment facility released 1.1 Mm3 of red sludge into a widespread area, polluting agricultural land and water ways. The second at the Rio Doce at Vale Samarco in Brazil in 2015, where dewatering bags were used to build a dam using the red mud spilled into the river.
自然过程和人为干扰可能导致严重的不良沉积，难以以经济、生态和社会可接受的方式加以处理。通过展示世界各地的各种例子，我们将在三种不同的情况下讨论选择适当的河流修复技术的标准:(1)自然过程导致污染沉积物积聚的情况;(二)造成污染的工业活动;最后(3)灾害管理的案例。我们将首次讨论在葡萄牙清理Vila Velha do rod o的塔戈河的方法，在那里，位于2000年自然遗址和联合国教科文组织世界遗产自然公园中心的Porta de rod o的底部覆盖了一层高纤维素含量的沉积物，必须被移除并脱水。其他河流修复项目的案例也将被介绍，例如福克斯河(美国)和祖特芬(荷兰)的案例，在那里污染的沉积物被用来重建河港的入口。我们还将探讨管道脱水技术在灾害管理期间的潜力，以及在两次红泥灾害的行动中遇到的障碍。第一起事故发生在2010年匈牙利的Ajka，当时一个控制设施的大坝决口向大面积地区释放了1.1立方米的红色污泥，污染了农田和水道。第二次是2015年在巴西萨马科河谷的Rio Doce，在那里用脱水袋建造了一个大坝，利用了流入河流的红泥。
{"title":"ADEQUACY OF GEOTEXTILE TUBE DEWATERING IN THREE RIVER REMEDIATION SCENARIOS","authors":"G. V. D. Berg, Filinto Alexandre Pinto De Oliveira","doi":"10.2495/RBM190161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM190161","url":null,"abstract":"Natural processes and human interference can lead to undesirable sedimentation of a magnitude difficult to deal with in an economical, ecological and societally acceptable manner. Showcasing various examples throughout the world, criteria to choose an adequate river remediation technology will be discussed, in three distinct scenarios: (1) the case of natural processes leading to a build-up of contaminated sediments; (2) the case of industrial activity leading to contamination; and finally (3) the case of disaster management. For the first time we will discuss the approach taken in Portugal to clean the Tago river at Vila Velha do Rodão where a layer of sediment with high cellulose levels covering the bottom on both sides of the Porta de Rodão at the heart of the Natura 2000 Site and UNESCO World Heritage listed natural park had to be removed and dewatered. Other cases of river remediation projects will be presented as well, such as the case of Fox river (USA) and Zutphen (the Netherlands), where contaminated sediments were used to rebuild the entrance of a river port. We will also touch upon the potential for tube dewatering technology as a response during disaster management and the hurdles encountered in the actions around two red mud disasters. The first dating from 2010 in Hungary at Ajka where a dam breach in a containment facility released 1.1 Mm3 of red sludge into a widespread area, polluting agricultural land and water ways. The second at the Rio Doce at Vale Samarco in Brazil in 2015, where dewatering bags were used to build a dam using the red mud spilled into the river.","PeriodicalId":390754,"journal":{"name":"River Basin Management X","volume":"344 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113998364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The estimation of design floods characterised by a specific magnitude-frequency relationship at a particular site is necessary for the planning, design and operation of hydraulic structures. Both the occurrence and the frequency of floods, along with the uncertainty involved in the estimation thereof, contribute to the practitioners’ dilemma to make a single, justifiable decision based on the results obtained from the various single-event design flood estimation methods available internationally. This paper presents the further development and assessment of a Design Flood Estimation Tool (DFET) in four climatologically different regions of South Africa. The DFET was developed and programmed using Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications and the functionality and application thereof were assessed by comparing the DFET-based probabilistic, deterministic and empirical design flood estimates in 12 gauged catchments. The refined and improved DFET proved to be an easy to use software tool for the rapid estimation and assessment of alternative design flood estimation methods for at-site applications in both gauged and ungauged catchments. In general, the empirical methods resulted in more acceptable design flood peaks than the deterministic methods when compared to the at-site probabilistic flood peaks. Furthermore, the use of more complex deterministic methods, e.g. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph (SUH) method, as opposed to the more simplified deterministic methods, e.g. Rational method (RM) and Soil Conservation Services (SCS) method, does not necessarily guarantee and result in more acceptable peak discharge estimates. The latter also emphasises that no single design flood estimation method could be regarded as superior to any other method when the wide range of flood magnitude-frequency problems encountered in practice, needs to be solved. Practitioners still have to apply their own experience, knowledge and skills to these particular problems until the current National Flood Study Programme (NFSP) narrows the gap between flood research and practice in South Africa.
在水工建筑物的规划、设计和运行中，对特定地点具有特定震级-频率关系的设计洪水进行估计是必要的。洪水的发生和频率，以及洪水估计中所涉及的不确定性，都导致了从业者的困境，即根据国际上各种单一事件设计洪水估计方法所获得的结果，做出单一的、合理的决策。本文介绍了南非四个不同气候区域的设计洪水估算工具(DFET)的进一步发展和评估。DFET是用Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications开发和编程的，通过比较基于DFET的12个计量集水区的概率、确定性和经验设计洪水估计，对其功能和应用进行了评估。经过改进和改进的DFET被证明是一种易于使用的软件工具，用于快速估计和评估在测量和未测量集水区现场应用的替代设计洪水估计方法。一般来说，与现场概率洪峰相比，经验方法得到的设计洪峰比确定性方法更可接受。此外，使用更复杂的确定性方法，如合成单元水文(SUH)方法，而不是更简化的确定性方法，如理性方法(RM)和土壤保持服务(SCS)方法，不一定保证和产生更可接受的峰值流量估计。后者还强调，当需要解决实践中遇到的大范围的洪水震级-频率问题时，没有一种设计洪水估算方法可以认为优于其他任何方法。在目前的国家洪水研究计划(NFSP)缩小南非洪水研究和实践之间的差距之前，从业者仍然必须将他们自己的经验、知识和技能应用到这些特殊问题上。
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF A SINGLE-EVENT DESIGN FLOOD ESTIMATION TOOL: CASE STUDY IN FOUR CLIMATOLOGICAL REGIONS OF SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"O. J. Gericke","doi":"10.2495/RBM190061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM190061","url":null,"abstract":"The estimation of design floods characterised by a specific magnitude-frequency relationship at a particular site is necessary for the planning, design and operation of hydraulic structures. Both the occurrence and the frequency of floods, along with the uncertainty involved in the estimation thereof, contribute to the practitioners’ dilemma to make a single, justifiable decision based on the results obtained from the various single-event design flood estimation methods available internationally. This paper presents the further development and assessment of a Design Flood Estimation Tool (DFET) in four climatologically different regions of South Africa. The DFET was developed and programmed using Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications and the functionality and application thereof were assessed by comparing the DFET-based probabilistic, deterministic and empirical design flood estimates in 12 gauged catchments. The refined and improved DFET proved to be an easy to use software tool for the rapid estimation and assessment of alternative design flood estimation methods for at-site applications in both gauged and ungauged catchments. In general, the empirical methods resulted in more acceptable design flood peaks than the deterministic methods when compared to the at-site probabilistic flood peaks. Furthermore, the use of more complex deterministic methods, e.g. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph (SUH) method, as opposed to the more simplified deterministic methods, e.g. Rational method (RM) and Soil Conservation Services (SCS) method, does not necessarily guarantee and result in more acceptable peak discharge estimates. The latter also emphasises that no single design flood estimation method could be regarded as superior to any other method when the wide range of flood magnitude-frequency problems encountered in practice, needs to be solved. Practitioners still have to apply their own experience, knowledge and skills to these particular problems until the current National Flood Study Programme (NFSP) narrows the gap between flood research and practice in South Africa.","PeriodicalId":390754,"journal":{"name":"River Basin Management X","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132492554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper examines bridging and brokerage functions performed by a Canadian watershed-scale bridging organization in Alberta’s watershed governance and management system. The Bow River Basin Council (BRBC), a multi-stakeholder bridging organization in the Bow River Basin in southern Alberta, Canada, provides the demonstration context for exploring concepts of bridging organizations and their evolving roles. BRBC performs strategic bridging functions that connect and engage crosssectoral public and private stakeholders who otherwise would not be included in watershed governance or management decision-making processes. BRBC operates at the watershed-scale and plays critical roles as a strategic broker of information, knowledge, values, and power and influence in the region. BRBC provides venues for stakeholder collaboration to resolve complex watershed management problems where solutions are reached by consensus. Stakeholders work together to identify shared community values and issues of common concern. BRBC builds trust relationships, co-generates crosssectoral knowledge, and facilitates social learning to help resolve stakeholder conflicts over the use and management of scarce water resources in the Bow River Basin.
{"title":"CRITICAL ROLE OF BRIDGING ORGANIZATIONS IN RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT IN ALBERTA, CANADA","authors":"J. Stewart","doi":"10.2495/RBM190101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM190101","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines bridging and brokerage functions performed by a Canadian watershed-scale bridging organization in Alberta’s watershed governance and management system. The Bow River Basin Council (BRBC), a multi-stakeholder bridging organization in the Bow River Basin in southern Alberta, Canada, provides the demonstration context for exploring concepts of bridging organizations and their evolving roles. BRBC performs strategic bridging functions that connect and engage crosssectoral public and private stakeholders who otherwise would not be included in watershed governance or management decision-making processes. BRBC operates at the watershed-scale and plays critical roles as a strategic broker of information, knowledge, values, and power and influence in the region. BRBC provides venues for stakeholder collaboration to resolve complex watershed management problems where solutions are reached by consensus. Stakeholders work together to identify shared community values and issues of common concern. BRBC builds trust relationships, co-generates crosssectoral knowledge, and facilitates social learning to help resolve stakeholder conflicts over the use and management of scarce water resources in the Bow River Basin.","PeriodicalId":390754,"journal":{"name":"River Basin Management X","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115773601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF A RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL: SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT IN THE MORAVA RIVER BASIN, CZECH REPUBLIC","authors":"Kateřina Knoppová, D. Marton","doi":"10.2495/RBM190151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM190151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":390754,"journal":{"name":"River Basin Management X","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128548234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT To examine the flood risk management measures, it is important to estimate the levee breach points, inundation discharge hydrograph and motion of the inundation water in the basin as precisely as possible. The purpose of this paper is to conduct the above series of studies on the Kinu River (Japan) suffered from inundation in the range of 40 km2 due to overflowing and levee breach during the 2015 large flood. First, a simulation model integrating flood flow and inundation is developed. The inundation discharge hydrographs due to the overflowing and levee breach are estimated by the flood flow analysis based on observed temporal changes in water surface profiles in the Kinu River. The inundation is calculated by a two-dimensional model. The mesh of the inundation analysis model is generated by regular grid with 5 m size in order to express the microtopography obtained by DSM (Digital Surface Model). Manning’s roughness coefficients are given according to the situation of the land use and inundation depth. It is confirmed that the developed model is useful by the inundation arrival time read from camera images and the spread of the actual inundation water in the basin. Next, the suitability of the levee vulnerability index t* which has been derived by the authors is examined for the levees of the Kinu River. Finally, the inundation flow analysis is conducted under the actual and hypothetical levee breach conditions based on the value of t*. It is concluded that the difference in the location and time of the levee breach influences on the motion of the inundation water and inundation areas in the Kinu River basin.
{"title":"ESTIMATION OF LEVEE FAILURE POINTS BASED ON LEVEE VULNERABILITY INDEX AND FLOOD RISK ANALYSIS BY INTEGRATING SIMULATION OF FLOOD FLOW AND INUNDATION","authors":"Kosuke Tabata, S. Fukuoka","doi":"10.2495/RBM190081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM190081","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To examine the flood risk management measures, it is important to estimate the levee breach points, inundation discharge hydrograph and motion of the inundation water in the basin as precisely as possible. The purpose of this paper is to conduct the above series of studies on the Kinu River (Japan) suffered from inundation in the range of 40 km2 due to overflowing and levee breach during the 2015 large flood. First, a simulation model integrating flood flow and inundation is developed. The inundation discharge hydrographs due to the overflowing and levee breach are estimated by the flood flow analysis based on observed temporal changes in water surface profiles in the Kinu River. The inundation is calculated by a two-dimensional model. The mesh of the inundation analysis model is generated by regular grid with 5 m size in order to express the microtopography obtained by DSM (Digital Surface Model). Manning’s roughness coefficients are given according to the situation of the land use and inundation depth. It is confirmed that the developed model is useful by the inundation arrival time read from camera images and the spread of the actual inundation water in the basin. Next, the suitability of the levee vulnerability index t* which has been derived by the authors is examined for the levees of the Kinu River. Finally, the inundation flow analysis is conducted under the actual and hypothetical levee breach conditions based on the value of t*. It is concluded that the difference in the location and time of the levee breach influences on the motion of the inundation water and inundation areas in the Kinu River basin.","PeriodicalId":390754,"journal":{"name":"River Basin Management X","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131212922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 1988 Constitution of Brazil used the expression “water resources”, not translating its economic use, but as being for the general enjoyment of the collectivity, the populace. Debates on issues related to underground water availability as another source of the water supply have raised major concerns about the quantity, quality and depletion of this resource. Even using this tuning fork, this hydrogeological body of water remains in a situation of scarcity, in the same way as the superficial waters, because the knowledge of the subject is still hindered. In Brazil, for example, the distribution of water is far from homogeneous, although there is a government effort to protect this reservoir. The greatest challenge in terms of water resources conservation lies in the lack of effective mechanisms to control, protect and use these natural resources without impeding the economic growth of the country. On the other hand, the concept of there being a water crisis goes beyond scarcity, resulting from a combination of governance failures, environmental preservation, sustainability issues and disparity in access to water. While the human right to water requires the use of this sensitive and exhaustible resource, there is an obligation for states to ensure there is secure access and secure storage, and there is a need for a more active role of sustainability to be present in society at large; however, the underground water use and management reiterate the same flaws that lead to surface water degradation. In addition, the deliberate use of groundwater requires rational actions, as resource allocation is as important in equity, which is often crucial in governance decisions. In order to understand groundwater policies, it is imperative to understand the structure and actual sequence of events by analyzing the factors or attributes that make groundwater management successful in some regions, but not others.
{"title":"UNDERGROUND WATERS: CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER POLICIES","authors":"Francine Cansi, J. Moreno","doi":"10.2495/RBM190131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM190131","url":null,"abstract":"The 1988 Constitution of Brazil used the expression “water resources”, not translating its economic use, but as being for the general enjoyment of the collectivity, the populace. Debates on issues related to underground water availability as another source of the water supply have raised major concerns about the quantity, quality and depletion of this resource. Even using this tuning fork, this hydrogeological body of water remains in a situation of scarcity, in the same way as the superficial waters, because the knowledge of the subject is still hindered. In Brazil, for example, the distribution of water is far from homogeneous, although there is a government effort to protect this reservoir. The greatest challenge in terms of water resources conservation lies in the lack of effective mechanisms to control, protect and use these natural resources without impeding the economic growth of the country. On the other hand, the concept of there being a water crisis goes beyond scarcity, resulting from a combination of governance failures, environmental preservation, sustainability issues and disparity in access to water. While the human right to water requires the use of this sensitive and exhaustible resource, there is an obligation for states to ensure there is secure access and secure storage, and there is a need for a more active role of sustainability to be present in society at large; however, the underground water use and management reiterate the same flaws that lead to surface water degradation. In addition, the deliberate use of groundwater requires rational actions, as resource allocation is as important in equity, which is often crucial in governance decisions. In order to understand groundwater policies, it is imperative to understand the structure and actual sequence of events by analyzing the factors or attributes that make groundwater management successful in some regions, but not others.","PeriodicalId":390754,"journal":{"name":"River Basin Management X","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114521543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Design point rainfall estimates assume a uniform distribution of rainfall over a catchment and hence are only representative of a limited area. For larger areas, Areal Reduction Factors (ARFs) are used to convert design point rainfall depths or intensities to an average areal design rainfall depth or intensity for a catchment-specific critical storm duration and catchment area. This paper presents the development of an enhanced methodology to express the spatial and temporal rainfall variability at a quaternary catchment (QC) level by means of geographically-centred and probabilistically correct ARFs. The ARF values presented in this paper are based on observed daily rainfall data as extracted from 223 rainfall stations situated in the Modder-Riet River Basin (MRRB). The methodology adopted is based on a modified version of Bell’s geographically-centred approach. Individual sets of ARF values were derived for each of the 23 QCs present in the MRRB by considering various storm durations and corresponding recurrence intervals. The differences in the regional sample ARF values highlight the presence of dominant weather types in each region and also confirm that ARFs are influenced by different rainfall-producing mechanisms, while not being constant for various storm durations and exceedance probabilities or recurrence intervals. It is recommended that the findings from this study and the use of geographically-centred probabilistically correct ARFs be expanded to other regions, both nationally and/or internationally to ultimately facilitate both improved design rainfall and flood estimation.
{"title":"AREAL REDUCTION FACTORS FOR DESIGN RAINFALL ESTIMATION IN THE MODDER-RIET RIVER BASIN, SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"J. Pietersen, O. Gericke","doi":"10.2495/RBM190041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM190041","url":null,"abstract":"Design point rainfall estimates assume a uniform distribution of rainfall over a catchment and hence are only representative of a limited area. For larger areas, Areal Reduction Factors (ARFs) are used to convert design point rainfall depths or intensities to an average areal design rainfall depth or intensity for a catchment-specific critical storm duration and catchment area. This paper presents the development of an enhanced methodology to express the spatial and temporal rainfall variability at a quaternary catchment (QC) level by means of geographically-centred and probabilistically correct ARFs. The ARF values presented in this paper are based on observed daily rainfall data as extracted from 223 rainfall stations situated in the Modder-Riet River Basin (MRRB). The methodology adopted is based on a modified version of Bell’s geographically-centred approach. Individual sets of ARF values were derived for each of the 23 QCs present in the MRRB by considering various storm durations and corresponding recurrence intervals. The differences in the regional sample ARF values highlight the presence of dominant weather types in each region and also confirm that ARFs are influenced by different rainfall-producing mechanisms, while not being constant for various storm durations and exceedance probabilities or recurrence intervals. It is recommended that the findings from this study and the use of geographically-centred probabilistically correct ARFs be expanded to other regions, both nationally and/or internationally to ultimately facilitate both improved design rainfall and flood estimation.","PeriodicalId":390754,"journal":{"name":"River Basin Management X","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129764595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY IN FISH PASSES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION","authors":"M. Puzdrowska, T. Heese","doi":"10.2495/RBM190091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM190091","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":390754,"journal":{"name":"River Basin Management X","volume":"25 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120843162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The shortage of water resources and the complex institutional framework in Spain have originated several different organizations responsible for devising water policy measures that have to share the funding. With this distribution of functions, each organization is responsible for some tasks and with funding to perform them. However, taking into account that in Spain the full financing of all aspects of water policy is not achieved, it is understandable that the Hydrographic Confederations are not capable of recovering the costs of their activities. We must add that the distribution of financial resources may not be the most appropriate, which would leave the Hydrographic Confederations in a complicated situation, this paper intends to examine the current financial situation of these organizations. The results of the analysis show that there is a lack of recovery of financial costs in the main activities, which would be offset by a transfer of external funds to the water policy, since this must necessarily be financed. This also implies that, if the environmental costs are added to the financial costs, the result is a very low cost recovery. In addition, there are activity plans that are not being carried out due to the lack of financing, so it seems appropriate to suggest an increase in prices or water pricing to compensate for this lack of funding.
{"title":"FINANCING OF WATER POLICY: COST RECOVERY OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC CONFEDERATIONS OF SPAIN","authors":"M. López, B. Sanz, J. Moreno","doi":"10.2495/RBM190121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM190121","url":null,"abstract":"The shortage of water resources and the complex institutional framework in Spain have originated several different organizations responsible for devising water policy measures that have to share the funding. With this distribution of functions, each organization is responsible for some tasks and with funding to perform them. However, taking into account that in Spain the full financing of all aspects of water policy is not achieved, it is understandable that the Hydrographic Confederations are not capable of recovering the costs of their activities. We must add that the distribution of financial resources may not be the most appropriate, which would leave the Hydrographic Confederations in a complicated situation, this paper intends to examine the current financial situation of these organizations. The results of the analysis show that there is a lack of recovery of financial costs in the main activities, which would be offset by a transfer of external funds to the water policy, since this must necessarily be financed. This also implies that, if the environmental costs are added to the financial costs, the result is a very low cost recovery. In addition, there are activity plans that are not being carried out due to the lack of financing, so it seems appropriate to suggest an increase in prices or water pricing to compensate for this lack of funding.","PeriodicalId":390754,"journal":{"name":"River Basin Management X","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126399876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
River contractions might occur because of either natural controls or hydraulic works. This paper aims to provide new insights on the temporal evolution of the morphological patterns at river contractions based on experiments at laboratory scale. Laboratory tests were performed in a 20 m long straight channel having a rectangular cross section, 1.0 m wide and 1.0 m deep. The erodible bed reach was made by almost uniform sediment consisting of either rough sand or medium gravel. The contraction model was 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 m long. Three contraction ratios = b/B = 0.9, 0.8, and 0.7 were considered, with b width of the contracted reach and B width of the approach channel. The experiments were performed in clear-water scour regime and steady flow conditions. Typically, they were of long duration (up to 15 days) to achieve conditions of dynamic equilibrium, but runs of short duration were also carried out to acquire suitable experimental data at the earlier stages of the bed forms development. Compared to previous studies by the author on the same topic, new results are provided on bed morphology characteristics, also considering literature data, and predictive models on the timedependent development of the bed degradation in and downstream of the contracted area.
河流收缩可能是由于自然控制或水力工程造成的。本文旨在通过实验室尺度的实验，对河流收缩形态的时间演化提供新的认识。实验室试验是在一个20米长、矩形截面、1.0米宽、1.0米深的直线型通道中进行的。可蚀河床段是由由粗砂或中等砾石组成的几乎均匀的沉积物形成的。收缩模型长度分别为0.5、1.0、2.0或3.0 m。考虑三种收缩比= b/ b = 0.9、0.8和0.7，收缩河段宽度为b，进近通道宽度为b。实验是在清水冲刷和稳流条件下进行的。通常，它们的持续时间较长(长达15天)，以达到动态平衡的条件，但在床型发展的早期阶段，也进行了短时间的运行，以获得合适的实验数据。在考虑文献数据的基础上，与作者以往的研究成果相比，提出了新的床层形态特征，并建立了收缩区及其下游床层退化随时间发展的预测模型。
{"title":"SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AT RIVER CONTRACTIONS","authors":"G. Oliveto","doi":"10.2495/RBM190011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM190011","url":null,"abstract":"River contractions might occur because of either natural controls or hydraulic works. This paper aims to provide new insights on the temporal evolution of the morphological patterns at river contractions based on experiments at laboratory scale. Laboratory tests were performed in a 20 m long straight channel having a rectangular cross section, 1.0 m wide and 1.0 m deep. The erodible bed reach was made by almost uniform sediment consisting of either rough sand or medium gravel. The contraction model was 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 m long. Three contraction ratios = b/B = 0.9, 0.8, and 0.7 were considered, with b width of the contracted reach and B width of the approach channel. The experiments were performed in clear-water scour regime and steady flow conditions. Typically, they were of long duration (up to 15 days) to achieve conditions of dynamic equilibrium, but runs of short duration were also carried out to acquire suitable experimental data at the earlier stages of the bed forms development. Compared to previous studies by the author on the same topic, new results are provided on bed morphology characteristics, also considering literature data, and predictive models on the timedependent development of the bed degradation in and downstream of the contracted area.","PeriodicalId":390754,"journal":{"name":"River Basin Management X","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124652832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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