Pub Date : 2023-02-23eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2174/18743064-v16-e221227-2022-14
Douglas Clark Johnson, Bradford Gardner Johnson
Introduction: Spirometry is an essential component of pulmonary function testing, with interpretation dependent upon comparing results to normal. Reference equations for mean and lower limit of normal (LLN) are available for usual parameters, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second of an FVC maneuver (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC. However, standard parameters do not fully characterize the flow-volume loop and equations are unavailable for the upper limit of normal (ULN). The aim of this study was to develop reference equations for existing and novel spirometry parameters, which more fully describe the flow-volume loop, and to compare these to previously reported equations.
Methods: Data from healthy participants in NHANES III was used to derive reference equations for existing and novel spirometry parameters accounting for birth sex, age, height, and ethnicity (Caucasian, Mexican American, Black) for ages 8 to 90 years. An iterative process determined %predicted LLN and ULN. Equations were compared to published reported equations.
Results: Reference equations were developed for mean, LLN and ULN for existing and novel spirometry parameters for ages 8 to 90. The derived equations closely match mean values of previously published equations, but more closely fit the LLN. Mexican-American and Caucasian values were similar (within 2%) so they were combined, while Black relative to Caucasian/Mexican-American values were lower for some parameters.
Conclusion: These reference equations, which account for birth sex, age, height, and ethnicity for existing and novel spirometry parameters, provide a more comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of spirometry and the flow-volume curve.
{"title":"Spirometry Reference Equations Including Existing and Novel Parameters.","authors":"Douglas Clark Johnson, Bradford Gardner Johnson","doi":"10.2174/18743064-v16-e221227-2022-14","DOIUrl":"10.2174/18743064-v16-e221227-2022-14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Spirometry is an essential component of pulmonary function testing, with interpretation dependent upon comparing results to normal. Reference equations for mean and lower limit of normal (LLN) are available for usual parameters, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second of an FVC maneuver (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC. However, standard parameters do not fully characterize the flow-volume loop and equations are unavailable for the upper limit of normal (ULN). The aim of this study was to develop reference equations for existing and novel spirometry parameters, which more fully describe the flow-volume loop, and to compare these to previously reported equations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from healthy participants in NHANES III was used to derive reference equations for existing and novel spirometry parameters accounting for birth sex, age, height, and ethnicity (Caucasian, Mexican American, Black) for ages 8 to 90 years. An iterative process determined %predicted LLN and ULN. Equations were compared to published reported equations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Reference equations were developed for mean, LLN and ULN for existing and novel spirometry parameters for ages 8 to 90. The derived equations closely match mean values of previously published equations, but more closely fit the LLN. Mexican-American and Caucasian values were similar (within 2%) so they were combined, while Black relative to Caucasian/Mexican-American values were lower for some parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These reference equations, which account for birth sex, age, height, and ethnicity for existing and novel spirometry parameters, provide a more comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of spirometry and the flow-volume curve.</p>","PeriodicalId":39127,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Medicine Journal","volume":" ","pages":"e187430642212260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10351349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48144420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.2174/18743064-v16-e220927-2022-9
Marinice Nunes Soares, Luciana L. Paiva, P. Dalcin, B. Ziegler
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is recognized as a common complication in women with CF. The primary objective of this study was to verify the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its associations with quality of life (QoL) in adult women with CF. The secondary objective was to identify possible associations of UI with cough score, nutritional parameters, and pulmonary function. This cross-sectional study included female patients aged 18 years and older. All patients answered the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form, the Kings Health Questionnaire, and the Leicester Cough Questionnaire. Nutritional assessment was obtained. Sputum bacteriology and lung function were also performed. Fifty-two women were included, with mean age of 29.0±9.7 years and mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 50.1±21.7% of predicted. Thirty-two patients (61.5%) presented symptoms of UI, 23 (44.2%) of stress UI and 9 (17.3%) of mixed UI. However, there was no significant association between UI and pulmonary function, sputum bacteriology, and cough score (p>0.05). There was a significant association between UI and QoL variables (p<0.05). This study identified a prevalence of 61.5% of UI in women with CF. The presence of UI in women with CF resulted in a negative impact on QoL.
{"title":"Urinary Incontinence and Quality of Life in Women With Cystic Fibrosis","authors":"Marinice Nunes Soares, Luciana L. Paiva, P. Dalcin, B. Ziegler","doi":"10.2174/18743064-v16-e220927-2022-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18743064-v16-e220927-2022-9","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is recognized as a common complication in women with CF.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The primary objective of this study was to verify the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its associations with quality of life (QoL) in adult women with CF. The secondary objective was to identify possible associations of UI with cough score, nutritional parameters, and pulmonary function.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This cross-sectional study included female patients aged 18 years and older. All patients answered the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form, the Kings Health Questionnaire, and the Leicester Cough Questionnaire. Nutritional assessment was obtained. Sputum bacteriology and lung function were also performed.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Fifty-two women were included, with mean age of 29.0±9.7 years and mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 50.1±21.7% of predicted. Thirty-two patients (61.5%) presented symptoms of UI, 23 (44.2%) of stress UI and 9 (17.3%) of mixed UI. However, there was no significant association between UI and pulmonary function, sputum bacteriology, and cough score (p>0.05). There was a significant association between UI and QoL variables (p<0.05).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study identified a prevalence of 61.5% of UI in women with CF. The presence of UI in women with CF resulted in a negative impact on QoL.\u0000","PeriodicalId":39127,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Medicine Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47013007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.2174/1874306402115010082
S. Lux, Daniel Ramos, A. Pinto, Sara Schilling, M. Salinas
The diaphragm is the most important respiratory muscle, and its function may be limited by acute and chronic diseases. A diaphragmatic ultrasound, which quantifies dysfunction through different approaches, is useful in evaluating work of breathing and diaphragm atrophy, predicting successful weaning, and diagnosing critically ill patients. This technique has been used to determine reduced diaphragmatic function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial diseases, while in those with COVID-19, diaphragmatic ultrasound has been used to predict weaning failure from mechanical ventilation.
{"title":"Diaphragm Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Diaphragmatic Dysfunction in Lung Disease","authors":"S. Lux, Daniel Ramos, A. Pinto, Sara Schilling, M. Salinas","doi":"10.2174/1874306402115010082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874306402115010082","url":null,"abstract":"The diaphragm is the most important respiratory muscle, and its function may be limited by acute and chronic diseases. A diaphragmatic ultrasound, which quantifies dysfunction through different approaches, is useful in evaluating work of breathing and diaphragm atrophy, predicting successful weaning, and diagnosing critically ill patients. This technique has been used to determine reduced diaphragmatic function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial diseases, while in those with COVID-19, diaphragmatic ultrasound has been used to predict weaning failure from mechanical ventilation.","PeriodicalId":39127,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Medicine Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41581562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.2174/1874306402115010059
R. Castillo
Type 1 (hypoxemic) RF has a PaO2 < 60 mmHg with normal or subnormal PaCO2. In this type, the gas exchange is impaired at the level of the aveolo-capillary membrane. Examples of type I RF are carcinogenic or non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema and severe pneumonia. Type 2 (hypercapnic) RF has a PaCO2 > 50 mmHg. Hypoxemia is common, and it is due to respiratory pump failure. Also, respiratory failure is classified according to its onset, course, and duration into acute and chronic; acute (ARF) on top of chronic respiratory failure (CRF) [1].
{"title":"Hypoxemia and Respiratory Failure: Clinical Conditions and Pathophysiological Approaches","authors":"R. Castillo","doi":"10.2174/1874306402115010059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874306402115010059","url":null,"abstract":"Type 1 (hypoxemic) RF has a PaO2 < 60 mmHg with normal or subnormal PaCO2. In this type, the gas exchange is impaired at the level of the aveolo-capillary membrane. Examples of type I RF are carcinogenic or non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema and severe pneumonia. Type 2 (hypercapnic) RF has a PaCO2 > 50 mmHg. Hypoxemia is common, and it is due to respiratory pump failure. Also, respiratory failure is classified according to its onset, course, and duration into acute and chronic; acute (ARF) on top of chronic respiratory failure (CRF) [1].","PeriodicalId":39127,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Medicine Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44114863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.2174/1874306402115010061
C. Giugliano-Jaramillo, J. Leon, Cristobal Enriquez, J. Keymer, R. Pérez-Araos
High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) is a novel technique for respiratory support that improves oxygenation. In some patients, it may reduce the work of breathing. In immunocompromised patients with Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF), Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) is the main support recommended strategy, since invasive mechanical ventilation could increase mortality rates. NIV used for more than 48 hours may be associated with increased in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay. Therefore HFNC seems like a respiratory support alternative. To describe clinical outcomes of immunocompromised patients with ARF HFNC-supported. Retrospective study in patients admitted with ARF and HFNC-supported. 25 adult patients were included, 21 pharmacologically and 4 non- pharmacologically immunosuppressed. Median age of the patients was 64 [60-76] years, APACHE II 15 [11-19], and PaO2:FiO2 218 [165-248]. Demographic information, origin of immunosuppression, Respiratory Rate (RR), Heart Rate (HR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and PaO2:FiO2 ratio were extracted from clinical records of our HFNC local protocol. Data acquisition was performed before and after the first 24 hours of connection. In addition, the need for greater ventilatory support after HFNC, orotracheal intubation, in-hospital mortality and 90 days out-patients’ mortality was recorded. Mean RR before the connection was 25±22 breaths/min and 22±4 breaths/min after the first 24 hours of HFNC use (95% CI; p=0.02). HR mean before connection to HFNC was 96±22 beats/min, and after, it was 86±15 beats/min (95%CI; p=0.008). Previous mean MAP was 86±15 mmHg, and after HFNC, it was 80±12 mmHg (95%CI; p=0.09); mean SpO2 after was 93±5% and before it was 95±4% (95% CI; p=0.13); and previous PaO2:FiO2 mean was 219±66, and after it was 324±110 (95%CI; p=0.52). In-hospital mortality was 28% and 90 days out-patients’ mortality was 32%. HFNC in immunosuppressed ARF subjects significantly decreases HR and RR, being apparently an effective alternative to decrease work of breathing. In-hospital mortality in ARF immunosuppressed patients was high even though respiratory support was used. Better studies are needed to define the role of HFNC-support in ARF.
高流量鼻插管（HFNC）是一种新型的呼吸支持技术，可改善氧合。对一些患者来说，它可能会减少呼吸的工作量。在免疫功能受损的急性呼吸衰竭（ARF）患者中，无创通气（NIV）是推荐的主要支持策略，因为有创机械通气可能会增加死亡率。NIV使用时间超过48小时可能会增加住院死亡率和住院时间。因此，HFNC似乎是一种呼吸支持的替代方案。描述免疫功能低下的ARF HFNC支持患者的临床结果。对ARF和HFNC患者的回顾性研究支持。包括25名成年患者，21名为药理学患者，4名为非药理学免疫抑制患者。患者的中位年龄为64[60-76]岁，APACHE II 15[11-19]，PaO2:FiO2 218[165-248]。人口统计学信息、免疫抑制的起源、呼吸频率（RR）、心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）和PaO2:FiO2比率从我们的HFNC局部方案的临床记录中提取。在连接的前24小时之前和之后进行数据采集。此外，记录了HFNC后需要更多的通气支持、经口气管插管、住院死亡率和90天患者死亡率。连接前的平均RR为25±22次呼吸/分钟，使用HFNC前24小时后为22±4次呼吸/分（95%CI；p=0.02）。连接HFNC前的HR平均值为96±22次心跳/分钟，连接后为86±15次心跳/分（95%CI；p=0.008）。之前的平均MAP为86±15mmHg，连接HFNC后为80±12mmHg（95%CI，p=0.09）；术后平均SpO2为93±5%，术前为95±4%（95%CI；p=0.013）；既往PaO2:FiO2平均值为219±66，术后为324±110（95%CI；p=0.52）。住院死亡率为28%，90天后患者死亡率为32%。HFNC在免疫抑制的ARF受试者中显著降低HR和RR，显然是减少呼吸功的有效替代方案。即使使用了呼吸支持，ARF免疫抑制患者的住院死亡率也很高。需要更好的研究来确定HFNC支持在ARF中的作用。
{"title":"High Flow Nasal Cannula as Support in Immunocompromised Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure: A Retrospective Study","authors":"C. Giugliano-Jaramillo, J. Leon, Cristobal Enriquez, J. Keymer, R. Pérez-Araos","doi":"10.2174/1874306402115010061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874306402115010061","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) is a novel technique for respiratory support that improves oxygenation. In some patients, it may reduce the work of breathing. In immunocompromised patients with Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF), Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) is the main support recommended strategy, since invasive mechanical ventilation could increase mortality rates. NIV used for more than 48 hours may be associated with increased in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay. Therefore HFNC seems like a respiratory support alternative.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To describe clinical outcomes of immunocompromised patients with ARF HFNC-supported.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Retrospective study in patients admitted with ARF and HFNC-supported. 25 adult patients were included, 21 pharmacologically and 4 non- pharmacologically immunosuppressed. Median age of the patients was 64 [60-76] years, APACHE II 15 [11-19], and PaO2:FiO2 218 [165-248]. Demographic information, origin of immunosuppression, Respiratory Rate (RR), Heart Rate (HR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and PaO2:FiO2 ratio were extracted from clinical records of our HFNC local protocol. Data acquisition was performed before and after the first 24 hours of connection. In addition, the need for greater ventilatory support after HFNC, orotracheal intubation, in-hospital mortality and 90 days out-patients’ mortality was recorded.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Mean RR before the connection was 25±22 breaths/min and 22±4 breaths/min after the first 24 hours of HFNC use (95% CI; p=0.02). HR mean before connection to HFNC was 96±22 beats/min, and after, it was 86±15 beats/min (95%CI; p=0.008). Previous mean MAP was 86±15 mmHg, and after HFNC, it was 80±12 mmHg (95%CI; p=0.09); mean SpO2 after was 93±5% and before it was 95±4% (95% CI; p=0.13); and previous PaO2:FiO2 mean was 219±66, and after it was 324±110 (95%CI; p=0.52). In-hospital mortality was 28% and 90 days out-patients’ mortality was 32%.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 HFNC in immunosuppressed ARF subjects significantly decreases HR and RR, being apparently an effective alternative to decrease work of breathing. In-hospital mortality in ARF immunosuppressed patients was high even though respiratory support was used. Better studies are needed to define the role of HFNC-support in ARF.\u0000","PeriodicalId":39127,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Medicine Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46492682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.2174/1874306402115010068
C. Romero-Dapueto, R. Castillo
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a pathology, which leads to an irreversible and progressive reduction of the airflow, usually caused by smoking, but only present in 25% of smokers. Some mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of the disease are local and systemic factors such as inflammation, exacerbated immune response and the appearance of oxidative stress. For all these reasons, the use of oxidative stress parameters as progression markers or even as a way to monitor the response of any kind of non-pharmacological interventions, like the use of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), is feasible. The study aims to determine markers of oxidative stress levels in plasma and erythrocytes in patients with COPD through the application of a PR protocol. The study included 25 patients diagnosed with COPD according to the GOLD criteria with a medical indication of PR and attendance at the gym in San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile. Blood samples were obtained before the start of the protocol, in the 10th session, and at the end of the protocol (20th session). These samples were stored for oxidative stress determinations: FRAP (ferric reducing ability of plasma), F2-isoprostanes, reduced (GSH)/oxidized (GSSG) ratio and antioxidant enzyme activity in the erythrocyte. In all stages, associations between events and clinical parameters in patients have been observed. The clinical parameters assessed were the six-minute walking test (6MWT), maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, the BODE index and Saint George’s respiratory questionnaire, which includes quality of life. The intracellular and extracellular capacity (GSH/GSSG and FRAP) in patients in PR at the 10th session were 53.1 and 34% higher than basal values, respectively. Only the GSH/GSSG ratio was 38.2% lower at the 20th session, related in part with higher plasma and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation at baseline. This could be due to the high concentration of reactive oxygen species in the first sessions, which has been reported in the literature as the acute effect of controlled exercise. Blood lipid peroxidation was 43.34 and 58.34% lower at the 10th and 20th sessions, respectively, demonstrating the improvements in the oxidative parameters with long-term exercise. With respect to oxidative enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase and catalase showed higher values of activity at the 10th and 20th sessions compared to the baseline. In the clinical parameters of the PR, significant changes were found in the BODE index and Saint George’s questionnaire, with these results being associated with a less predictive mortality score and a better understanding of the disease. This may be because the patients achieved longer distances in the 6MWT and better understood the disease at the end of the PR. The goal of this study was to contribute to the pathophysiological basis for further research on COPD patients, a disease of high prevalence in Chile. This study c
{"title":"Oxidative Stress Markers in COPD Patients Admitted to Pulmonary Rehabilitation","authors":"C. Romero-Dapueto, R. Castillo","doi":"10.2174/1874306402115010068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874306402115010068","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a pathology, which leads to an irreversible and progressive reduction of the airflow, usually caused by smoking, but only present in 25% of smokers. Some mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of the disease are local and systemic factors such as inflammation, exacerbated immune response and the appearance of oxidative stress. For all these reasons, the use of oxidative stress parameters as progression markers or even as a way to monitor the response of any kind of non-pharmacological interventions, like the use of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), is feasible.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study aims to determine markers of oxidative stress levels in plasma and erythrocytes in patients with COPD through the application of a PR protocol.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study included 25 patients diagnosed with COPD according to the GOLD criteria with a medical indication of PR and attendance at the gym in San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile. Blood samples were obtained before the start of the protocol, in the 10th session, and at the end of the protocol (20th session). These samples were stored for oxidative stress determinations: FRAP (ferric reducing ability of plasma), F2-isoprostanes, reduced (GSH)/oxidized (GSSG) ratio and antioxidant enzyme activity in the erythrocyte. In all stages, associations between events and clinical parameters in patients have been observed. The clinical parameters assessed were the six-minute walking test (6MWT), maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, the BODE index and Saint George’s respiratory questionnaire, which includes quality of life.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The intracellular and extracellular capacity (GSH/GSSG and FRAP) in patients in PR at the 10th session were 53.1 and 34% higher than basal values, respectively. Only the GSH/GSSG ratio was 38.2% lower at the 20th session, related in part with higher plasma and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation at baseline. This could be due to the high concentration of reactive oxygen species in the first sessions, which has been reported in the literature as the acute effect of controlled exercise. Blood lipid peroxidation was 43.34 and 58.34% lower at the 10th and 20th sessions, respectively, demonstrating the improvements in the oxidative parameters with long-term exercise. With respect to oxidative enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase and catalase showed higher values of activity at the 10th and 20th sessions compared to the baseline. In the clinical parameters of the PR, significant changes were found in the BODE index and Saint George’s questionnaire, with these results being associated with a less predictive mortality score and a better understanding of the disease. This may be because the patients achieved longer distances in the 6MWT and better understood the disease at the end of the PR.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The goal of this study was to contribute to the pathophysiological basis for further research on COPD patients, a disease of high prevalence in Chile. This study c","PeriodicalId":39127,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Medicine Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42585998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.2174/1874306402115010076
R. Castillo, Alejandro González-Candia, Alejandro A. Candia
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to CoV-2 (coronavirus type 2) virus possess a particular risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)-CoV2 in people with pre-existing conditions related to endothelial dysfunction and increased pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant state. In between these conditions, chronic systemic inflammation related to obese patients is associated with the development of atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, comorbidities that adversely affect the clinical outcome in critical patients with COVID-19. Obesity affects up to 40% of the general population in the USA and more than 30% of the adult population in Chile. Until April 2021, 1,019,478 people have been infected, with 23,524 deaths. Given the coexistence of this worldwide obesity epidemic, COVID-19 negative outcomes are seriously enhanced in the current scenario. On the other hand, obesity is characterized by endothelial dysfunction observed in different vascular beds, an alteration which can be associated with impaired vasodilation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory events. Emerging evidence shows that obesity-related conditions such as endothelial dysfunction are associated with detrimental outcomes for COVID-19 evolution, especially if the patient derives to Intensive Care Units (ICU). This implies the need to understand the pathophysiology of the infection in the obese population, in order to propose therapeutic alternatives and public health policies, especially if the virus remains in the population. In this review, we summarize evidence about the pathogeny of Cov-2 infection in obese individuals and discuss how obesity-associated inflammatory and prooxidant status increase the severity of COVID-19.
{"title":"Pathophysiology of Acute Respiratory Failure by CoV-2 Infection: Role of Oxidative Stress, Endothelial Dysfunction and Obesity","authors":"R. Castillo, Alejandro González-Candia, Alejandro A. Candia","doi":"10.2174/1874306402115010076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874306402115010076","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to CoV-2 (coronavirus type 2) virus possess a particular risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)-CoV2 in people with pre-existing conditions related to endothelial dysfunction and increased pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant state. In between these conditions, chronic systemic inflammation related to obese patients is associated with the development of atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, comorbidities that adversely affect the clinical outcome in critical patients with COVID-19. Obesity affects up to 40% of the general population in the USA and more than 30% of the adult population in Chile. Until April 2021, 1,019,478 people have been infected, with 23,524 deaths. Given the coexistence of this worldwide obesity epidemic, COVID-19 negative outcomes are seriously enhanced in the current scenario. On the other hand, obesity is characterized by endothelial dysfunction observed in different vascular beds, an alteration which can be associated with impaired vasodilation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory events. Emerging evidence shows that obesity-related conditions such as endothelial dysfunction are associated with detrimental outcomes for COVID-19 evolution, especially if the patient derives to Intensive Care Units (ICU). This implies the need to understand the pathophysiology of the infection in the obese population, in order to propose therapeutic alternatives and public health policies, especially if the virus remains in the population. In this review, we summarize evidence about the pathogeny of Cov-2 infection in obese individuals and discuss how obesity-associated inflammatory and prooxidant status increase the severity of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":39127,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Medicine Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49458948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.2174/1874306402115010052
A. Ali
Purpose: Identifying the distribution of allergens is valuable to the effective diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease. So, our aim is to explore the sensitization of food and aeroallergens in Egyptian patients with atopic asthma. Methods: Cross-sectional study recruited 268 Egyptian patients with atopic asthma. Asthmatic patients were assessed by the enzyme allegro sorbent test (EAST) method for specific IgE to a panel of 19 common regional inhaled allergens and 15 food allergens. Results and Discussion: One hundred percent of the patients were sensitive to at least one allergen. Allergy to food allergens only was 2.9%; inhaled allergens only were 26.2% and both were70.9%. Fungi (62%) were the most frequent sensitizing aeroallergen amongst our asthmatic patients, followed by the pollen allergens (42.5%) and house dust mites (HDMs) (26%). Cows’ milk (30.5%) was the most frequent sensitizing food amongst our asthmatic patients, followed by eggs (22.4%) and fish (21.6%). Mono-sensitized patients accounted for 6.7% of all cases, while polysensitized was 93.3%. Moderate and severe asthma showed a significantly higher frequency of polysensitization compared to mild asthma. Conclusion: Fungi and cow's milk are the chief sensitizing allergens in Egyptian patients with atopic asthma. This study represents the first report of sensitization in atopic adult asthma using a large extract panel in Upper Egypt.
{"title":"Food and Aeroallergen Sensitization in IgE -Mediated Asthma in Egypt","authors":"A. Ali","doi":"10.2174/1874306402115010052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874306402115010052","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Identifying the distribution of allergens is valuable to the effective diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease. So, our aim is to explore the sensitization of food and aeroallergens in Egyptian patients with atopic asthma. Methods: Cross-sectional study recruited 268 Egyptian patients with atopic asthma. Asthmatic patients were assessed by the enzyme allegro sorbent test (EAST) method for specific IgE to a panel of 19 common regional inhaled allergens and 15 food allergens. Results and Discussion: One hundred percent of the patients were sensitive to at least one allergen. Allergy to food allergens only was 2.9%; inhaled allergens only were 26.2% and both were70.9%. Fungi (62%) were the most frequent sensitizing aeroallergen amongst our asthmatic patients, followed by the pollen allergens (42.5%) and house dust mites (HDMs) (26%). Cows’ milk (30.5%) was the most frequent sensitizing food amongst our asthmatic patients, followed by eggs (22.4%) and fish (21.6%). Mono-sensitized patients accounted for 6.7% of all cases, while polysensitized was 93.3%. Moderate and severe asthma showed a significantly higher frequency of polysensitization compared to mild asthma. Conclusion: Fungi and cow's milk are the chief sensitizing allergens in Egyptian patients with atopic asthma. This study represents the first report of sensitization in atopic adult asthma using a large extract panel in Upper Egypt.","PeriodicalId":39127,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Medicine Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"52 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45480425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07eCollection Date: 2021-01-01DOI: 10.2174/1874306402115010035
Kuol Peter Lual, Mengist Awoke Yizengaw
Introduction: Asthma is a major public health problem that negatively impacts patients, families, and the community. Identifying risk factors for poor asthma control may greatly enhance the establishment of more effective treatment of asthma. The level of asthma control and risk factors for poor asthma control is relatively unknown in Ethiopia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 adult asthma patients at the Outpatient Department (OPD) chest clinic of Jimma Medical Center (JMC), from February 15 -March 20, 2019. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 21.0 was used for data analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to analyze the potential associated factors of suboptimal control of asthma.
Results and discussion: Of 150 adults diagnosed with asthma recruited in this study, 81 [54.0%] of them were females, and the mean age of the patients was 41.1 ± 12.4 years. Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) plus short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) (64, 42.7%) was the most frequently used anti-asthmatic medication. Over one-fourth (26.0%) (95% CI, 19.2-33.8) of study participants had suboptimal asthma control. On multivariate logistic regression, being an urban dweller (AOR=3.70, p=0.025) and not applying proper inhalation technique (AOR=16.23, p=0.022) were increased the risk of suboptimal asthma control, while non-prescription anti-asthmatic drugs taking habit (AOR=0.25, p=0.010) reduces the odds of having suboptimal asthma control.
Conclusion: Suboptimal asthma control is high among adult asthma patients. Being an urban dweller and not applying proper inhalation techniques were increased the likelihood of suboptimal asthma control, while non-prescription anti-asthmatic drugs taking habits had lower odds of suboptimal asthma control. The authors recommend large sample size studies on the comparative status of asthma control using prescription versus non-prescription anti-asthmatic medication.
{"title":"Factors Associated with Suboptimal Control of Asthma among Adult Asthma Patients: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Kuol Peter Lual, Mengist Awoke Yizengaw","doi":"10.2174/1874306402115010035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874306402115010035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Asthma is a major public health problem that negatively impacts patients, families, and the community. Identifying risk factors for poor asthma control may greatly enhance the establishment of more effective treatment of asthma. The level of asthma control and risk factors for poor asthma control is relatively unknown in Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 adult asthma patients at the Outpatient Department (OPD) chest clinic of Jimma Medical Center (JMC), from February 15 -March 20, 2019. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 21.0 was used for data analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to analyze the potential associated factors of suboptimal control of asthma.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Of 150 adults diagnosed with asthma recruited in this study, 81 [54.0%] of them were females, and the mean age of the patients was 41.1 ± 12.4 years. Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) plus short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) (64, 42.7%) was the most frequently used anti-asthmatic medication. Over one-fourth (26.0%) (95% CI, 19.2-33.8) of study participants had suboptimal asthma control. On multivariate logistic regression, being an urban dweller (AOR=3.70, p=0.025) and not applying proper inhalation technique (AOR=16.23, p=0.022) were increased the risk of suboptimal asthma control, while non-prescription anti-asthmatic drugs taking habit (AOR=0.25, p=0.010) reduces the odds of having suboptimal asthma control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Suboptimal asthma control is high among adult asthma patients. Being an urban dweller and not applying proper inhalation techniques were increased the likelihood of suboptimal asthma control, while non-prescription anti-asthmatic drugs taking habits had lower odds of suboptimal asthma control. The authors recommend large sample size studies on the comparative status of asthma control using prescription <i>versus</i> non-prescription anti-asthmatic medication.</p>","PeriodicalId":39127,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Medicine Journal","volume":"15 ","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39396504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-18eCollection Date: 2021-01-01DOI: 10.2174/1874306402115010014
Abdellah H K Ali
Background: Recent studies have reported the epidemiological link between Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and asthma, but it has rarely been studied in Egypt. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MS and its predictors among asthma patients in Egypt.
Methods: In total, 320 patients with bronchial asthma were included. The following were assessed: spirometric evaluation, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile. We analyzed the correlation between metabolic scores and patient characteristics. Predictors of MS were identified using logistic regression analysis.
Results: The prevalence of MS was 57.5% in asthma patients. For asthma patients, low High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and abdominal obesity were the commonest metabolic abnormality. Waist circumference, Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and triglyceride correlated significantly with asthma (P ‹ 0.05). FBS and DBP were the best predictors of MS.
Conclusion: MS is frequent in asthma patients in Egypt. Obesity and lipid abnormalities were the commonest metabolic abnormality. Screening of these patients for components of metabolic syndrome should be a part of routine workup.
{"title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome among Patients with Bronchial Asthma: A Cross Sectional Study.","authors":"Abdellah H K Ali","doi":"10.2174/1874306402115010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874306402115010014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent studies have reported the epidemiological link between Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and asthma, but it has rarely been studied in Egypt. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MS and its predictors among asthma patients in Egypt.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total, 320 patients with bronchial asthma were included. The following were assessed: spirometric evaluation, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile. We analyzed the correlation between metabolic scores and patient characteristics. Predictors of MS were identified using logistic regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of MS was 57.5% in asthma patients. For asthma patients, low High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and abdominal obesity were the commonest metabolic abnormality. Waist circumference, Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and triglyceride correlated significantly with asthma (P ‹ 0.05). FBS and DBP were the best predictors of MS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MS is frequent in asthma patients in Egypt. Obesity and lipid abnormalities were the commonest metabolic abnormality. Screening of these patients for components of metabolic syndrome should be a part of routine workup.</p>","PeriodicalId":39127,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Medicine Journal","volume":"15 ","pages":"14-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8227431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39174146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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