Pub Date : 2011-10-05DOI: 10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70311
T. Mahami, R. Goulder
Vascular hydrophytes were shown to have the potential to be useful for straightforward, low-technology, bioassay of fresh water quality, specifically in relation to phosphate enrichment by effluent from sewage treatment works. Field-collected shoots of Elodea canadensis and Callitriche sp. made greater extension growth when incubated in canal water from downstream of discharges, indicating enrichment. This was supported by phosphate analysis and by conventional Selenastrum bioassay. Growth of shoots incubated in phosphate-augmented water from upstream of discharges equalled that in downstream water, confirming that bioassay, using vascular plants, is effective in detecting enrichment by phosphate.
{"title":"Vascular Hydrophytes for Bioassay of Phosphate Enrichment in Fresh Waters: A Pilot Study","authors":"T. Mahami, R. Goulder","doi":"10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70311","url":null,"abstract":"Vascular hydrophytes were shown to have the potential to be useful for straightforward, low-technology, bioassay of fresh water quality, specifically in relation to phosphate enrichment by effluent from sewage treatment works. Field-collected shoots of Elodea canadensis and Callitriche sp. made greater extension growth when incubated in canal water from downstream of discharges, indicating enrichment. This was supported by phosphate analysis and by conventional Selenastrum bioassay. Growth of shoots incubated in phosphate-augmented water from upstream of discharges equalled that in downstream water, confirming that bioassay, using vascular plants, is effective in detecting enrichment by phosphate.","PeriodicalId":39286,"journal":{"name":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":"18 1","pages":"63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70694075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-05DOI: 10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70309
R. Dankwa
Grey mullet populations in the rivers Pra and Volta estuaries in Ghana were studied to provide information on their length-weight relationship and growth parameters. Fish samples were collected monthly for 18 months from local fishermen using cast net, drag net and gill nets. Six species of grey mullets were identified: sickle fin mullet, Liza falcipinnis (Valenciennes, 1836), large-scaled mullet, Liza grandisquamis (Valenciennes, 1836), grooved mullet, Liza dumerilii (Steindachner, 1870), white mullet, Mugil curema Vallenciennes, 1836, banana mullet, Mugil bananensis (Pellegrin, 1928) and striped mullet, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758. Length-weight relationship for the various species in the Volta and Pra estuaries, respectively, were: L. falcipinnis , BW = 0.0158 SL3.06 and BW = 0.0255 SL2.85; L dumerillii , BW = 0098 SL3.24 and BW = 0.0223SL2.92; M. bananensis , BW = 0.0191SL3.03 and BW = 0.0175 SL3.10; M. cephalus , BW = 0.0574 SL3.14 and BW = 0.0134 SL3.17; M. curema , BW = 0.0311 SL2.85 and BW = 0.0247 SL2.5. That for L. grandisquamis , which was found only in the Pra estuary, was BW = 0.0204 SL3.01, indicating isometric growth since the regression coefficient b was not significantly different from 3.0 (P > 0.05). The regression coefficient b for the other species was either significantly higher or lower than 3.0 (P < 0.01), suggesting allometric growth. Except L. dumerilli , L¥ and K for the same species from the two estuaries differed. The highest L¥ of 56.6 cm (SL) and growth performance index (∅) of 4.99 were estimated for M. cephalus . The L¥ estimated in the study indicates that the sizes of grey mullets in the two estuaries were smaller compared to the same species from other countries in the tropics.
{"title":"Length-Weight Relationship and Growth Parameters of Grey Mullets (Pisces: Mugilidae) in Two Estuaries in Ghana","authors":"R. Dankwa","doi":"10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70309","url":null,"abstract":"Grey mullet populations in the rivers Pra and Volta estuaries in Ghana were studied to provide information on their length-weight relationship and growth parameters. Fish samples were collected monthly for 18 months from local fishermen using cast net, drag net and gill nets. Six species of grey mullets were identified: sickle fin mullet, Liza falcipinnis (Valenciennes, 1836), large-scaled mullet, Liza grandisquamis (Valenciennes, 1836), grooved mullet, Liza dumerilii (Steindachner, 1870), white mullet, Mugil curema Vallenciennes, 1836, banana mullet, Mugil bananensis (Pellegrin, 1928) and striped mullet, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758. Length-weight relationship for the various species in the Volta and Pra estuaries, respectively, were: L. falcipinnis , BW = 0.0158 SL3.06 and BW = 0.0255 SL2.85; L dumerillii , BW = 0098 SL3.24 and BW = 0.0223SL2.92; M. bananensis , BW = 0.0191SL3.03 and BW = 0.0175 SL3.10; M. cephalus , BW = 0.0574 SL3.14 and BW = 0.0134 SL3.17; M. curema , BW = 0.0311 SL2.85 and BW = 0.0247 SL2.5. That for L. grandisquamis , which was found only in the Pra estuary, was BW = 0.0204 SL3.01, indicating isometric growth since the regression coefficient b was not significantly different from 3.0 (P > 0.05). The regression coefficient b for the other species was either significantly higher or lower than 3.0 (P < 0.01), suggesting allometric growth. Except L. dumerilli , L¥ and K for the same species from the two estuaries differed. The highest L¥ of 56.6 cm (SL) and growth performance index (∅) of 4.99 were estimated for M. cephalus . The L¥ estimated in the study indicates that the sizes of grey mullets in the two estuaries were smaller compared to the same species from other countries in the tropics.","PeriodicalId":39286,"journal":{"name":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":"18 1","pages":"53-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70693910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-05DOI: 10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70319
O. Olubode, R. Awodoyin, S. Ogunyemi
Wetlands in Nigeria face constant threat of destruction by urbanization, road construction and agricultural activities, but the floristic compositions of these fragmented communities are unknown. A comparative assessment study of the floral of three wetlands in a forest-savanna transition ecological zone, Ibadan (70261 N, 30541 E), Oyo State, Nigeria was conducted in the dry and wet seasons of 2002 to assess their species richness, density, community structure and diversity. Thirty-eight plant species from 19 families were enumerated in the three wetlands in two seasons. Nineteen species from 13 families were enumerated in the dry season, while 14 species belonging to nine families were enumerated in the wet season. Eight families were common to both seasons. Eleyele and Apete wetlands had relatively stable flora for both seasons, while Oba dam exhibited pronounced shift in flora between the dry and wet seasons. Continuous perturbation of the three wetlands encouraged proliferation and dominance of some invasive species at the expense of indigenous species populations, leading to subtle biodiversity erosion.
尼日利亚的湿地面临着城市化、道路建设和农业活动不断破坏的威胁，但这些支离破碎的群落的植物区系组成尚不清楚。2002年干湿季节，对尼日利亚奥约州伊巴丹(70261 N, 30541 E)森林-稀树草原过渡生态带3个湿地的植物种类丰富度、密度、群落结构和多样性进行了比较评价。3个湿地在2个季节共有19科38种植物。旱季共录得13科19种，雨季共录得9科14种。两个季节共有八个家庭。Eleyele和Apete湿地的植物区系在两个季节都相对稳定，而Oba坝的植物区系在干湿季节之间变化明显。对这三个湿地的持续扰动促进了一些入侵物种的增殖和优势，以牺牲本地物种种群为代价，导致了微妙的生物多样性侵蚀。
{"title":"Floral Diversity in the Wetlands of Apete River, Eleyele Lake and Oba Dam in Ibadan, Nigeria: Its Implication for Biodiversity Erosion","authors":"O. Olubode, R. Awodoyin, S. Ogunyemi","doi":"10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70319","url":null,"abstract":"Wetlands in Nigeria face constant threat of destruction by urbanization, road construction and agricultural activities, but the floristic compositions of these fragmented communities are unknown. A comparative assessment study of the floral of three wetlands in a forest-savanna transition ecological zone, Ibadan (70261 N, 30541 E), Oyo State, Nigeria was conducted in the dry and wet seasons of 2002 to assess their species richness, density, community structure and diversity. Thirty-eight plant species from 19 families were enumerated in the three wetlands in two seasons. Nineteen species from 13 families were enumerated in the dry season, while 14 species belonging to nine families were enumerated in the wet season. Eight families were common to both seasons. Eleyele and Apete wetlands had relatively stable flora for both seasons, while Oba dam exhibited pronounced shift in flora between the dry and wet seasons. Continuous perturbation of the three wetlands encouraged proliferation and dominance of some invasive species at the expense of indigenous species populations, leading to subtle biodiversity erosion.","PeriodicalId":39286,"journal":{"name":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":"18 1","pages":"109-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70693682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-05DOI: 10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70310
D. Yirenya-Tawiah, A. Rashid, G. Futagbi, I. F. Aboagye, M. Dadé
Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma sp. became a serious public health problem in Ghana after the Volta River was dammed in Akosombo in 1964. The formation of the Kpong head pond, about 25 km below the Akosombo dam, as a result of a second dam built at Kpong became an active schistosomiasis transmission site. The Volta River Authority (VRA) recently began an initiative of combining manual clearing of aquatic vegetation with chemotherapy as a way of managing the disease. However, no scientific monitoring of the effect of aquatic weed clearing on the vector population is being conducted. The study was initiated in the Kpong head pond to provide baseline data for subsequent monitoring and impact assessment of the initiative. It involved sampling of the banks of the head pond for aquatic snails at six different sampling sites of 1 m2 each, chosen at 100 m interval along the shoreline. Physicochemical factors which affect aquatic snail population were also determined. Aquatic snails sampled were Bulinus truncatus , Bulinus globosus , Biomphalaria pfeifferi , Melanoides spp, Physa waterlotti and Pila sp. where the first three are intermediate host of the schistosoma parasite. The study revealed B. truncates as the most frequent occurring vector (71.0%), followed by Biomphalaria (12.0%) and B. globosus (6.1%) The mean numbers of vector snails sampled per m2 were B. Truncates 61/m2, B. globosus 5/m2, and B. pfeifferi 11/m2. The presence of aquatic weeds and favourable physicochemical conditions of the water were found to provide a conducive environment for the vectors to thrive and hence sustain schistosomiasis transmission in the head pond. It is, therefore, recommended that a 5-year period of studies be undertaken to assess the impact of manual clearing of aquatic weeds on the snail population.
{"title":"Prevalence of Snail Vectors of Schistosomiasis in the Kpong Head Pond, Ghana","authors":"D. Yirenya-Tawiah, A. Rashid, G. Futagbi, I. F. Aboagye, M. Dadé","doi":"10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70310","url":null,"abstract":"Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma sp. became a serious public health problem in Ghana after the Volta River was dammed in Akosombo in 1964. The formation of the Kpong head pond, about 25 km below the Akosombo dam, as a result of a second dam built at Kpong became an active schistosomiasis transmission site. The Volta River Authority (VRA) recently began an initiative of combining manual clearing of aquatic vegetation with chemotherapy as a way of managing the disease. However, no scientific monitoring of the effect of aquatic weed clearing on the vector population is being conducted. The study was initiated in the Kpong head pond to provide baseline data for subsequent monitoring and impact assessment of the initiative. It involved sampling of the banks of the head pond for aquatic snails at six different sampling sites of 1 m2 each, chosen at 100 m interval along the shoreline. Physicochemical factors which affect aquatic snail population were also determined. Aquatic snails sampled were Bulinus truncatus , Bulinus globosus , Biomphalaria pfeifferi , Melanoides spp, Physa waterlotti and Pila sp. where the first three are intermediate host of the schistosoma parasite. The study revealed B. truncates as the most frequent occurring vector (71.0%), followed by Biomphalaria (12.0%) and B. globosus (6.1%) The mean numbers of vector snails sampled per m2 were B. Truncates 61/m2, B. globosus 5/m2, and B. pfeifferi 11/m2. The presence of aquatic weeds and favourable physicochemical conditions of the water were found to provide a conducive environment for the vectors to thrive and hence sustain schistosomiasis transmission in the head pond. It is, therefore, recommended that a 5-year period of studies be undertaken to assess the impact of manual clearing of aquatic weeds on the snail population.","PeriodicalId":39286,"journal":{"name":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":"18 1","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70693929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-05DOI: 10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70314
A. Chia, S. Bako, .. S.O.Alonge, A. Adamu
A study of diatoms species composition, associated with four ponds in Zaria, Northern Nigeria was carried out between November 2005–January 2006 and June–August 2006. Twenty three taxa of diatoms were recorded in the study. Multivariate analysis showed that there were significant positive and negative relationships (P < 0.05) between some physicochemical parameters and diatom species in these ponds. CCA results showed that Synedra and Actinocyclus were closely associated with TDS, DO and water hardness; Nitzschia, Frustulia, Navicula and Coscinodiscus with NO-N and alkalinity; and Cyclotella , Tabellaria and Achnanthes with phosphate phosphorus 3 levels.
{"title":"Records of Diatoms and Physicochemical Parameters of Seasonal Ponds in Zaria- Northern Nigeria","authors":"A. Chia, S. Bako, .. S.O.Alonge, A. Adamu","doi":"10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70314","url":null,"abstract":"A study of diatoms species composition, associated with four ponds in Zaria, Northern Nigeria was carried out between November 2005–January 2006 and June–August 2006. Twenty three taxa of diatoms were recorded in the study. Multivariate analysis showed that there were significant positive and negative relationships (P < 0.05) between some physicochemical parameters and diatom species in these ponds. CCA results showed that Synedra and Actinocyclus were closely associated with TDS, DO and water hardness; Nitzschia, Frustulia, Navicula and Coscinodiscus with NO-N and alkalinity; and Cyclotella , Tabellaria and Achnanthes with phosphate phosphorus 3 levels.","PeriodicalId":39286,"journal":{"name":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":"18 1","pages":"79-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/WAJAE.V18I1.70314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70693989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.4314/WAJAE.V17I1.65132
D. Attuquayefio, S. Gyampoh
The introduction of nationally-managed “western”-style protected area systems in Africa often led to antagonism between government authorities and local communities, because rural communities, which were largely excluded and displaced, often resorted to unsustainable activities like encroachment for settlement, illegal hunting and farming. It is the view of most biodiversity conservationists, however, that the management of natural resources must take into consideration both the introduced “western” model and traditional or local knowledge. The study aimed at assessing the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in Ghana, as an example of blending traditional and introduced wildlife conservation systems, using interviews and questionnaire to obtain information from a cross-section of inhabitants of the area. The results indicated that the dual management system in operation at present has been largely successful, as the inhabitants appear to support the mechanisms put in place to manage the Sanctuary. Policy recommendations proposed to further enhance this success are in the areas of research and monitoring, education and awareness, tourism improvement, and introduction of community incentive schemes.
{"title":"The Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, Ghana: a case for blending traditional and introduced wildlife conservation systems.","authors":"D. Attuquayefio, S. Gyampoh","doi":"10.4314/WAJAE.V17I1.65132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJAE.V17I1.65132","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of nationally-managed “western”-style protected area systems in Africa often led to antagonism between government authorities and local communities, because rural communities, which were largely excluded and displaced, often resorted to unsustainable activities like encroachment for settlement, illegal hunting and farming. It is the view of most biodiversity conservationists, however, that the management of natural resources must take into consideration both the introduced “western” model and traditional or local knowledge. The study aimed at assessing the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in Ghana, as an example of blending traditional and introduced wildlife conservation systems, using interviews and questionnaire to obtain information from a cross-section of inhabitants of the area. The results indicated that the dual management system in operation at present has been largely successful, as the inhabitants appear to support the mechanisms put in place to manage the Sanctuary. Policy recommendations proposed to further enhance this success are in the areas of research and monitoring, education and awareness, tourism improvement, and introduction of community incentive schemes.","PeriodicalId":39286,"journal":{"name":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70693433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.4314/WAJAE.V17I1.65142
B. Ofori, D. Attuquayefio
Hunting intensity in the Suhuma Forest Reserve (SFR) in the Sefwi Wiawso District of the Western Region of Ghana has been investigated. The methodology involved the recording of signs of hunting activity using linetransects, and interviews with hunters. A total of 157 spent cartridges, 21 wire snares, presence of 17 hunters, four hunting camps, and two gunshots were recorded over a total of 14 km of transects walked. Ten species of mammals were hunted, notably the brush-tailed porcupine ( Atherurus africanus) , Pel’s flying squirrel (Anomalurus peli) , long-tailed pangolin ( Uromanis tetradactyla) , giant rat ( Cricetomys gambianus ), Maxwell’s duiker ( Cephalophus maxwelli) , bushbuck ( Tragelaphus scriptus ), bay duiker ( Cephalophus dorsalis ), royal antelope ( Neotragus pygmaeus ), western tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax dorsalis ), and grasscutter ( Thryonomys swinderianus ). Wire snares and shotguns were the two main hunting methods employed, the former being used by all, and the latter by 34% of the hunters interviewed. Between 60 and 200 wire traps were set by each hunter. The results indicated a high hunting intensity in the Suhuma Forest Reserve. Some corrective measures have been recommended to ameliorate the problem. These measures include the initiation of public education and awareness programmes, establishment of task forces to check bushmeat hunting, execution of stricter law enforcement, and more punitive sanctions for offenders.
{"title":"Hunting Intensity in the Suhuma Forest Reserve in the Sefwi Wiawso District of the Western Region of Ghana: A Threat to Biodiversity Conservation","authors":"B. Ofori, D. Attuquayefio","doi":"10.4314/WAJAE.V17I1.65142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJAE.V17I1.65142","url":null,"abstract":"Hunting intensity in the Suhuma Forest Reserve (SFR) in the Sefwi Wiawso District of the Western Region of Ghana has been investigated. The methodology involved the recording of signs of hunting activity using linetransects, and interviews with hunters. A total of 157 spent cartridges, 21 wire snares, presence of 17 hunters, four hunting camps, and two gunshots were recorded over a total of 14 km of transects walked. Ten species of mammals were hunted, notably the brush-tailed porcupine ( Atherurus africanus) , Pel’s flying squirrel (Anomalurus peli) , long-tailed pangolin ( Uromanis tetradactyla) , giant rat ( Cricetomys gambianus ), Maxwell’s duiker ( Cephalophus maxwelli) , bushbuck ( Tragelaphus scriptus ), bay duiker ( Cephalophus dorsalis ), royal antelope ( Neotragus pygmaeus ), western tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax dorsalis ), and grasscutter ( Thryonomys swinderianus ). Wire snares and shotguns were the two main hunting methods employed, the former being used by all, and the latter by 34% of the hunters interviewed. Between 60 and 200 wire traps were set by each hunter. The results indicated a high hunting intensity in the Suhuma Forest Reserve. Some corrective measures have been recommended to ameliorate the problem. These measures include the initiation of public education and awareness programmes, establishment of task forces to check bushmeat hunting, execution of stricter law enforcement, and more punitive sanctions for offenders.","PeriodicalId":39286,"journal":{"name":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":"17 1","pages":"135-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70693861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-25DOI: 10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55866
K. Nyalemegbe, Jw Oteng, S. Asuming-brempong
Studies were conducted at the Agricultural Research Centre, Kpong, of the University of Ghana, to find solution to the problem of low rice yields on the Vertisols of the Accra Plains. Rice yields from continuously cropped fields have been observed to decline with time, even with the application of recommended levels of inorganic fertilizers. The decline in yield has been attributed to low inherent soil fertility, which is partly the result of low levels of soil organic matter (OM). As part of the study, cow dung (CD) and poultry manure (PM) were separately applied to the soil at 20 t ha-1 solely and also 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1, in combination with urea fertilizer at 90, 60 and 30 kg N ha-1, respectively. Other treatments included a control and urea fertilizer at 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1. There was a basal application of phosphorus and potassium to all plots at 45 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 35 kg K2O ha-1, respectively, based on the recommended fertilizer rate of 90 kg N ha-1, 45 kg P2O5 ha- 1 and 35 kg K2O ha-1, on the Vertisols of the Accra Plains. Studies were also conducted on the redox potential of CD, PM and rice straw (RS). The application of 10 t ha-1 CD and urea fertilizer (at 45 kg N ha-1) and 10 t ha-1 PM and urea (at 60 kg N ha-1) both gave paddy yields of 4.7 t ha-1, which did not differ significantly from the yield of 5.3 t ha-1, obtained under the recommended inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application of 90 kg N ha-1. This indicates a synergistic effect of OM and urea on soil fertility. The redox potential studies showed that RS had greater propensity to bring about reduced soil condition in paddy fields than CD and PM, while PM brought about greater reduction than CD.
加纳大学Kpong农业研究中心进行了研究，以找到解决阿克拉平原versols地区水稻产量低问题的办法。据观察，即使施用推荐水平的无机肥料，连作稻田的水稻产量也会随着时间的推移而下降。产量下降的原因是土壤固有肥力低，部分原因是土壤有机质水平低。作为研究的一部分，牛粪(CD)和禽粪(PM)分别以20 t hm -1单独和5、10和15 t hm -1施用于土壤，与尿素肥料分别以90、60和30 kg N hm -1施用。其他处理为对照和30、60、90和120 kg N hm -1尿素施肥。在阿克拉平原垂直土壤推荐施氮量90 kg hm -1、P2O5 hm -1 45 kg hm -1和K2O hm -1 35 kg的基础上，各样地分别按45 kg P2O5 hm -1和35 kg K2O hm -1施用磷和钾。对CD、PM和稻秆(RS)的氧化还原电位进行了研究。施用10 t hm -1 CD +尿素肥(45 kg N hm -1)和10 t hm -1 PM +尿素(60 kg N hm -1)的水稻产量均为4.7 t hm -1，与推荐施用90 kg N hm -1无机氮肥时的5.3 t hm -1产量差异不显著。说明有机肥和尿素对土壤肥力具有协同效应。氧化还原电位研究表明，RS比CD和PM对稻田土壤状况的还原倾向更大，PM对稻田土壤状况的还原倾向大于CD。
{"title":"Integrated Organic-Inorganic Fertilizer Management for Rice Production on the Vertisols of the Accra Plains of Ghana","authors":"K. Nyalemegbe, Jw Oteng, S. Asuming-brempong","doi":"10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55866","url":null,"abstract":"Studies were conducted at the Agricultural Research Centre, Kpong, of the University of Ghana, to find solution to the problem of low rice yields on the Vertisols of the Accra Plains. Rice yields from continuously cropped fields have been observed to decline with time, even with the application of recommended levels of inorganic fertilizers. The decline in yield has been attributed to low inherent soil fertility, which is partly the result of low levels of soil organic matter (OM). As part of the study, cow dung (CD) and poultry manure (PM) were separately applied to the soil at 20 t ha-1 solely and also 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1, in combination with urea fertilizer at 90, 60 and 30 kg N ha-1, respectively. Other treatments included a control and urea fertilizer at 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1. There was a basal application of phosphorus and potassium to all plots at 45 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 35 kg K2O ha-1, respectively, based on the recommended fertilizer rate of 90 kg N ha-1, 45 kg P2O5 ha- 1 and 35 kg K2O ha-1, on the Vertisols of the Accra Plains. Studies were also conducted on the redox potential of CD, PM and rice straw (RS). The application of 10 t ha-1 CD and urea fertilizer (at 45 kg N ha-1) and 10 t ha-1 PM and urea (at 60 kg N ha-1) both gave paddy yields of 4.7 t ha-1, which did not differ significantly from the yield of 5.3 t ha-1, obtained under the recommended inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application of 90 kg N ha-1. This indicates a synergistic effect of OM and urea on soil fertility. The redox potential studies showed that RS had greater propensity to bring about reduced soil condition in paddy fields than CD and PM, while PM brought about greater reduction than CD.","PeriodicalId":39286,"journal":{"name":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":"16 1","pages":"23-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55866","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70685503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-25DOI: 10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55870
C. Tay, R. Asmah, C. Biney
Trace metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe and Cd) levels were determined in water and sediment from the Sakumo II and Muni lagoons and the Mamahuma and Gbagbla Ankonu feeder streams, which feed the Sakumo II lagoon over a 1-year period, and their occurrences compared. Some physical parameters (temperature, pH and electrical conductivity) were also investigated. The aim of the study was to establish the pollution status of the two lagoons, as well as investigate whether the feeder streams of the Sakumo II lagoon have any influence (in terms of trace metal pollution) on the Sakumo II lagoon. Results showed that upper mean values in water and sediment were Zn ( 0.160 ± 0.01 mg/l, 48.7 ± 0.93 mg/kg), Pb (0.057 ± 0.03 mg/l, 29.2 ± 3.2 mg/kg), Mn (0.798 ± 0.07 mg/l, 668.2 ± 6.3 mg/kg), Cu (0.158 ± 0.01 mg/l), Fe (1.32 ± 0.73 mg/l, 3075 ± 14.7 mg/kg), respectively, for Sakumo II lagoon. Cd levels in water and sediment ranged from 0.004 ± 0.001 to 0.009 ± 0.001 mg/l and
{"title":"Trace metal levels in water and sediment from the Sakumo II and Muni lagoons, Ghana","authors":"C. Tay, R. Asmah, C. Biney","doi":"10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55870","url":null,"abstract":"Trace metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe and Cd) levels were determined in water and sediment from the Sakumo II and Muni lagoons and the Mamahuma and Gbagbla Ankonu feeder streams, which feed the Sakumo II lagoon over a 1-year period, and their occurrences compared. Some physical parameters (temperature, pH and electrical conductivity) were also investigated. The aim of the study was to establish the pollution status of the two lagoons, as well as investigate whether the feeder streams of the Sakumo II lagoon have any influence (in terms of trace metal pollution) on the Sakumo II lagoon. Results showed that upper mean values in water and sediment were Zn ( 0.160 ± 0.01 mg/l, 48.7 ± 0.93 mg/kg), Pb (0.057 ± 0.03 mg/l, 29.2 ± 3.2 mg/kg), Mn (0.798 ± 0.07 mg/l, 668.2 ± 6.3 mg/kg), Cu (0.158 ± 0.01 mg/l), Fe (1.32 ± 0.73 mg/l, 3075 ± 14.7 mg/kg), respectively, for Sakumo II lagoon. Cd levels in water and sediment ranged from 0.004 ± 0.001 to 0.009 ± 0.001 mg/l and","PeriodicalId":39286,"journal":{"name":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":"49 1","pages":"75-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55870","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70685555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-25DOI: 10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55865
S. Buah, L. N. Abatania, G. Aflakpui
Field experiments were conducted in the Guinea savanna ecology of Ghana to evaluate yield response of quality protein maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrid to plant density and nitrogen (N) fertilizer. The experiments were conducted at four locations on 16 farmers’ fields in 2002 and 2003. Three N rates (0, 90 and 135 kg/ha) were combined with three plant densities (50 000, 62 500 and 71 400 plants/ha) to constitute nine treatments which were tested in a randomized complete block design. Optimal N rate was not affected by plant density. There was no yield response to plant density. However, grain yield had a linear and quadratic response to N at all sites. Grain yield increases as a result of 90 kg N/ha applied over the farmers’ practice (0 kg N/ha) at Tumu, Jirapa, Kpongu and Wa were 39%, 85%, 101% and 303% in 2002, respectively. Grain yield increases for the same rate and sites in 2003 were 31%, 83%, 63% and 51%, respectively. Marginal rate of return (MMR) to 90 kg N/ha combined with 62 600 plants/ha was the highest (5564%). Increasing N rate beyond 90 kg/ha did not result in corresponding increase in yield nor net benefit to merit the extra cost that may be incurred. From the study, application of 90 kg N/ha to hybrid maize would give economic yield response and acceptable returns at low risk to farmers, regardless of plant density.
在加纳的几内亚稀树草原生态系统中，通过田间试验，评价了优质蛋白玉米杂交品种对植株密度和氮肥的产量响应。试验于2002年和2003年在16个农民的四个地点进行。3种施氮量(0、90和135 kg/ha)和3种种植密度(5万、62 500和71 400株/ha)组成9个处理，采用随机完全区组设计进行试验。最优施氮量不受植株密度的影响。植株密度对产量无显著影响。籽粒产量对氮素均有线性和二次响应。2002年，在图木、吉拉帕、蓬古和瓦等地，施用90公斤氮肥/公顷的粮食产量比农民的做法(0公斤氮肥/公顷)分别提高了39%、85%、101%和303%。2003年在相同速率和地点的粮食产量增幅分别为31%、83%、63%和51%。边际报酬率(MMR)以90 kg N/ha配62 600株/ha最高(5564%)。施氮量超过90公斤/公顷并不能带来相应的产量增加，也不能带来净效益，无法抵销可能产生的额外成本。从研究中可以看出，无论植株密度如何，对杂交玉米施用90 kg N/ha均可获得经济的产量响应和低风险的可接受回报。
{"title":"Quality Protein Maize Response to Nitrogen Rate and Plant Density in the Guinea Savanna Zone of Ghana","authors":"S. Buah, L. N. Abatania, G. Aflakpui","doi":"10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55865","url":null,"abstract":"Field experiments were conducted in the Guinea savanna ecology of Ghana to evaluate yield response of quality protein maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrid to plant density and nitrogen (N) fertilizer. The experiments were conducted at four locations on 16 farmers’ fields in 2002 and 2003. Three N rates (0, 90 and 135 kg/ha) were combined with three plant densities (50 000, 62 500 and 71 400 plants/ha) to constitute nine treatments which were tested in a randomized complete block design. Optimal N rate was not affected by plant density. There was no yield response to plant density. However, grain yield had a linear and quadratic response to N at all sites. Grain yield increases as a result of 90 kg N/ha applied over the farmers’ practice (0 kg N/ha) at Tumu, Jirapa, Kpongu and Wa were 39%, 85%, 101% and 303% in 2002, respectively. Grain yield increases for the same rate and sites in 2003 were 31%, 83%, 63% and 51%, respectively. Marginal rate of return (MMR) to 90 kg N/ha combined with 62 600 plants/ha was the highest (5564%). Increasing N rate beyond 90 kg/ha did not result in corresponding increase in yield nor net benefit to merit the extra cost that may be incurred. From the study, application of 90 kg N/ha to hybrid maize would give economic yield response and acceptable returns at low risk to farmers, regardless of plant density.","PeriodicalId":39286,"journal":{"name":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":"16 1","pages":"9-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/WAJAE.V16I1.55865","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70685615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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