Hipertension y Riesgo Vascular最新文献

Primary hyperaldosteronism (PAH) is the most frequent cause of secondary arterial hypertension. Most PAHs occur sporadically, but 5% of cases have a hereditary origin (familial PAH). Four forms of familial PAH have been described. Type I familial PAH is produced by a fusion of the CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 genes, in this way the synthesis of aldosterone becomes to be regulated by ACTH instead of by angiotensin II. In type II, III and IV familial PAH there is an increase in the transcription and expression of CYP11B2 responsible for aldosterone synthesis due to a germinal mutation in CLCN2, KCNJ5 and CACNA1H, respectively. On the other hand, somatic mutations have been identified in 50% of sporadic PAHs, with gain-of-function mutations at the level of KCNJ5, ATP1A1, ATP2B3 and CACNA1D being the most common. This review provides a detailed description of the different forms of familial PAH and the molecular profile of patients with sporadic PAH.

Introduction

Isolated nocturnal hypertension is associated with a greater number of cardiovascular events and target organ damage due to arterial hypertension. It has been observed that patients in the general population with this entity do not have high blood pressure figures in the office; and it is necessary to perform an outpatient measurement to unmask it. The prevalence in special populations is not fully described. The objective of the following study is to describe the prevalence of isolated nocturnal hypertension in a population living with the human immunodeficiency virus and to observe its relationship with the categories of office blood pressure and the phenotypes of the 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement.

Methodology

A retrospective cohort was carried out in a population with human immunodeficiency virus in a public hospital in Spain, clinical epidemiological characteristics, office blood pressure measurements and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) were recorded. An analysis was performed based on the different ABPM blood pressure phenotypes, as well as based on the different office blood pressure categories, the risks for isolated nocturnal hypertension were calculated.

Results

One hundred and sixteen individuals, without antihypertensive medication or history of established cardiovascular disease, were included in the analysis. A prevalence of nocturnal hypertension of 23.3% was described. It was not possible to demonstrate significant differences between phenotypes by ABPM of any variable specific to HIV.

There were no adjusted risk differences between the different categories of office normotensives.

Conclusions

Isolated nocturnal hypertension is more frequent in patients with HIV and office blood pressure values in normotensive patients are not sufficient to predict isolated nocturnal hypertension.

Low back pain is one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in primary care. Sometimes it is not easy to make a good differential diagnosis, because the number of pathologies that can express themselves with such symptoms is very wide and a complementary test or referral to the reference hospital is not always indicated. The following is a clinical case of a 59-year-old female patient with a history of dyslipidemia treated with ezetimibe, who consulted again for breakthrough low back pain, which was finally diagnosed as a penetrating ulcer of the abdominal aorta, treated endovascularly by the vascular surgery service. The clinical case aims to provide an overview of the acute treatment of aortic syndrome, showing the differences compared to the management of other common pathologies in primary care with the same clinical expression.

Introduction

Arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the key risk factors and triggers for the development of acute cerebrovascular accident. The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities and rates of blood pressure reduction in AH patients during the acute period of ischemic stroke depending on the patients’ sex, age, medical history, and clinical characteristics.

Material and methods

The study involved 120 patients aged 41–77 years, of whom there were 47 (39.2%) men and 73 (60.8%) women. All enrolled patients had established diagnoses of AH and acute ischemic cerebrovascular accident (acute ischemic stroke, AIS), with the latter diagnosed within the first 24 h from onset. The follow-up period was 14 days.

Results

An increase in diastolic blood pressure was associated with higher scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS, r = 0.301, p = 0.026) and Rankin scale (r = 0.225, p = 0.030), as well as a worse health status at the time of discharge from hospital (r = 0.318, p = 0.021).

Conclusion

Diastolic blood pressure can be considered a marker of the severity of neurological disorders in AIS, which should be considered when monitoring such patients.

Hypertension is the most important risk factor for global disease burden. Detection and management of hypertension are considered as key issues for individual and public health, as adequate control of blood pressure levels markedly reduces morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension. Aims of these practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the Spanish Society of Hypertension include offering simplified schemes for diagnosis and treatment for daily practice, and strategies for public health promotion. The Spanish Society of Hypertension assumes the 2018 European guidelines for management of arterial hypertension developed by the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension, although relevant aspects of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines and the 2020 International Society of Hypertension guidelines are also commented. Hypertension is defined as a persistent elevation in office systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, and assessment of out-of-office blood pressure and global cardiovascular risk are considered of key importance for evaluation and management of hypertensive patients. The target for treated blood pressure should be < 130/80 for most patients. The treatment of hypertension involves lifestyle interventions and drug therapy. Most people with hypertension need more than one antihypertensive drug for adequate control, so initial therapy with two drugs, and single pill combinations are recommended for a wide majority of hypertensive patients.

Olmesartan is a potent angiotensin II receptor antagonist commonly used in the treatment of high blood pressure.

During the last decade, several cases of sprue-like enteropathy have been described associated with the use of this drug - with severe clinical involvement that requires hospitalization - but fortunately with complete remission after its discontinuation.

We present the case of a multi-pathological 82-year-old woman with a chronic diarrhoeal syndrome that resulted in a weight loss of 20 kg over the last three months. She was prescribed dual therapy for her hypertension: olmesartan 40 mg, torasemide 10 mg, and lercanidipine 10 mg/day.

Based on the findings of the patient presented, we conducted a literature search of all the cases published in Spanish indexed journals (PubMed) and compared them, attempting to establish a suspicion profile that would result in the suspension of olmesartan and accelerate the complementary tests necessary to rule out other diagnoses.