Hipertension y Riesgo Vascular最新文献

Introduction

Students’ dietary habits are moving from Mediterranean diet guidelines towards unhealthy eating patterns. The aim of this study was to determine adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a sample of Spanish university students and its association with lifestyle factors.

Material and methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 685 university students who completed a self-report questionnaire. The data collected included demographic characteristics, dietary habits, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and physical activity. Mediterranean diet adherence was assessed by measuring the consumption of the foods that compose this type of diet through a score (range 0–10). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was considered poor, average, or good.

Results

The mean adherence score for the Mediterranean diet was 4.9 (1.2) points out of 10. A higher degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was observed in physically active students (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.05–5.10; p = 0.038). Students who performed ≥150 min/week of physical activity (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.33–0.62; p < 0.001) and those over 25 years old (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.26–0.73; p = 0.002) were less prone to low adherence to the Mediterranean diet than sedentary and younger students.

Conclusion

The university students have poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The results of the current study indicate that age and physical activity are associated with Mediterranean diet adherence. It is urgent to raise awareness among university students and implement intervention programmes promoting a healthy lifestyle.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare cause of ischaemic heart disease. We present the case of a patient in whom pheochromocytoma was diagnosed following ischaemic heart disease with absence of coronary lesions, demonstrating the importance of taking it into account in the differential diagnosis in these cases, especially considering that curative treatment is available.

Nephroangiosclerosis or kidney disease that accompanies chronic essential arterial hypertension has been known for more than a hundred years. The definitive diagnosis is established by renal biopsy, which is reserved for doubtful cases or atypical presentation, being in most cases a presumptive clinical diagnosis. The objective of this review is to analyse the main controversies that currently exist related to nephroangiosclerosis: inaccuracy in epidemiological aspects (prevalence and incidence unknown), diagnostic difficulties and lack of correlation studies between clinical data and histopathology, progression factors in Caucasians. Currently, with advances in genetic studies in hypertension, not using or redefining the term hypertensive kidney disease for another condition such as nephropathy related to the present genetic alteration is being considered.

Introduction

Arterial hypertension (AHT), a leading risk factor in terms of attributable mortality, is a major public health problem, especially for primary care where most patients are diagnosed and followed up. Correct AHT diagnosis requires adequate theoretical knowledge and technical skills in physicians and nurses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and skills used in initial AHT diagnosis by health professionals and to describe the factors that contribute to variability.

Methodology

Cross-sectional observational study in a sample of 385 primary care physicians and nurses recruited in a Catalan health region. Using a validated questionnaire called ARC, we evaluated theoretical knowledge and analysed factors that may contribute to response variability. We also evaluated practical measurement skills using objective structured clinical examination tests.

Results

Medical and nursing primary care professionals had deficient knowledge and skills for initial AHT diagnosis and measurement, despite self-perceiving their knowledge to be sufficient. However, professionals who had received postgraduate or other AHT training in the previous year scored better in the ARC questionnaire.

Conclusions

The results of this study point to insufficient AHT expertise to ensure quality clinical practice, suggesting that ongoing theoretical and practical training needs to be improved.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to be the main cause of death in our country. Adequate control of lipid metabolism disorders is a key challenge in cardiovascular prevention that is far from being achieved in real clinical practice. There is a great heterogeneity in the reports of lipid metabolism from Spanish clinical laboratories, which may contribute to its poor control. For this reason, a working group of the main scientific societies involved in the care of patients at vascular risk, has prepared this document with a consensus proposal on the determination of the basic lipid profile in cardiovascular prevention, recommendations for its realization and unification of criteria to incorporate the lipid control goals appropriate to the vascular risk of the patients in the laboratory reports.

The WHO indicates that lack of adherence is a matter of the highest priority in Public Health, and is the main cause of not obtaining all the benefits that medications can provide; it is at the origin of medical and psychosocial complications; reduces quality of life; it increases the probability of the appearance of drug resistance and wastes healthcare resources.

The no adherence prevalence in hypertension (HTN) ranges between 55.5% with self-reporting and 46.6% with pill counting, and treatment abandonment occurs in 18.5% of patients.

The electronic prescription has been validated in HTN using MEMS as a comparison, with sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 93.7%, with an area under the curve of 0.903.

In 2019, almost 10 million deaths were directly attributed to HTN. No other disease causes as high a number of deaths and has as high a projected increase in deaths as cardiovascular disease (CVD). By 2030, it is projected that more than 22 million people/year will die from CVD, almost 5 million more than in 2012.

In a predictive model for a period of 10 years in five European countries (Italy, Germany, France, Spain and England), the potential savings of increasing adherence to antihypertensive treatment to 70% has been estimated at 332 million euros (80 million in the case of Spain).

The use of fixed combinations of two or three drugs is a good method to reduce non-adherence.

Latin American hypertension guidelines, tailored to the needs of countries of Central and South America, should be applied and known by most Latin American physicians. The knowledge and implementation of the Guidelines is one of the greatest challenges of hypertension societies in Latin America such as the Central American and Caribbean Society of Arterial Hypertension (SCCH), the Latin American Society of Hypertension (LASH) and the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (SIAC).

In 2020, the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (SIAC) published its position on the current Guidelines for Arterial Hypertension due to the need to standardize the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment and control of hypertension, establishing recommendations that should be adopted in all Latin American countries, aimed at optimizing the management of cardiovascular risk and achieving a substantial improvement in the reduction of cardiovascular events and mortality.

This document intends to reinforce all proposals by the LASH guidelines and the position of the SIAC in relation to the therapeutic approach and pharmacological recommendations for patients with hypertension (HT), in order to achieve better HT control in the Central American and Caribbean area, and the consequently prognosis improvement of cardiovascular disease in the area.