Machine learning models hold great promise with medical applications, but also give rise to a series of ethical challenges. In this survey we focus on training data, model interpretability and bias and the related issues tied to privacy, autonomy, and health equity.
{"title":"Machine Learning in Health Care: Ethical Considerations Tied to Privacy, Interpretability, and Bias","authors":"Thomas Hofweber, Rebecca L. Walker","doi":"10.18043/001c.120562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18043/001c.120562","url":null,"abstract":"Machine learning models hold great promise with medical applications, but also give rise to a series of ethical challenges. In this survey we focus on training data, model interpretability and bias and the related issues tied to privacy, autonomy, and health equity.","PeriodicalId":39574,"journal":{"name":"North Carolina Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Wambui, Gregory Kearney, Kevin O'Brien, Guy Iverson, Ogugua Ndili Obi
There is regional variability in sarcoidosis mortality across the United States. North Carolina ranks highly in sarcoidosis-related mortality, especially among African Americans (AA). We sought to determine any regional variability of sarcoidosis-related mortality and the relationship to sociodemographic determinants of health in North Carolina. Counties in North Carolina were categorized into three distinct geographic regions: Western, Piedmont, and Eastern. Sarcoidosis deaths were stratified by region, race, and gender. We conducted a mapping and cluster analysis utilizing ArcGIS; Global and Local Moran’s I was used to determine the prevalence, spatial autocorrelation, and clustering of mortality vis-a-vis various sociodemographic variables, occupational/environmental exposures, and levels of atmospheric particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in size (PM2.5). Multivariate linear regression with exposure limited to the county level was used to determine the relationship between sarcoidosis mortality and the variables of interest. Eastern North Carolina (ENC) had the highest age-adjusted sarcoidosis mortality rate (1.16/100,000 versus 0.49/100,000 in Piedmont and 0.32/100,000 in the Western region) with statistically significant high-high mortality clusters (P < .001 for Global Moran’s I). Several sociodemographic and occupational factors (proportion of AA, obese adults, and individuals working in nature) were more prevalent in ENC. Region and proportion of AA were the significant mortality predictors in our multivariate analysis. This was a cross-sectional study with exposure limited to the county level. Associations do not imply causality and risks cannot be extrapolated to the individual level. There is regional variability of sarcoidosis mortality in North Carolina. Eastern North Carolina had the highest mortality with high-high mortality clusters.
美国各地的肉样瘤病死亡率存在地区差异。北卡罗来纳州的肉样瘤病相关死亡率居高不下，尤其是非裔美国人（AA）。我们试图确定北卡罗来纳州肉样瘤病相关死亡率的地区差异以及与社会人口健康决定因素的关系。北卡罗来纳州的县被分为三个不同的地理区域：西部、皮德蒙特和东部。肉样瘤病死亡人数按地区、种族和性别进行了分层。我们利用 ArcGIS 进行了绘图和聚类分析；使用全局和局部莫兰 I 来确定死亡率与各种社会人口变量、职业/环境暴露以及小于 2.5 微米的大气颗粒物（PM2.5）水平之间的流行率、空间自相关性和聚类关系。为了确定肉样瘤病死亡率与相关变量之间的关系，我们采用了多变量线性回归法，并将暴露限制在县一级。北卡罗来纳州东部（ENC）的年龄调整后肉样瘤病死率最高（1.16/100,000，而皮德蒙特地区为 0.49/100,000，西部地区为 0.32/100,000），并存在统计学意义上的高死亡率集群（全球莫兰 I 值 P < .001）。一些社会人口和职业因素（AA 比例、肥胖成年人和在自然界工作的个人）在 ENC 中更为普遍。在我们的多变量分析中，地区和 AA 比例是重要的死亡率预测因素。这是一项横断面研究，研究对象仅限于县一级。关联并不意味着因果关系，风险也不能推断到个人层面。北卡罗来纳州的肉样瘤病死亡率存在地区差异。北卡罗来纳州东部的死亡率最高，有高死亡率集群。
{"title":"Sarcoidosis Mortality in North Carolina: Role of Region, Race, and Other Sociodemographic Variables","authors":"D. Wambui, Gregory Kearney, Kevin O'Brien, Guy Iverson, Ogugua Ndili Obi","doi":"10.18043/001c.118578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18043/001c.118578","url":null,"abstract":"There is regional variability in sarcoidosis mortality across the United States. North Carolina ranks highly in sarcoidosis-related mortality, especially among African Americans (AA). We sought to determine any regional variability of sarcoidosis-related mortality and the relationship to sociodemographic determinants of health in North Carolina. Counties in North Carolina were categorized into three distinct geographic regions: Western, Piedmont, and Eastern. Sarcoidosis deaths were stratified by region, race, and gender. We conducted a mapping and cluster analysis utilizing ArcGIS; Global and Local Moran’s I was used to determine the prevalence, spatial autocorrelation, and clustering of mortality vis-a-vis various sociodemographic variables, occupational/environmental exposures, and levels of atmospheric particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in size (PM2.5). Multivariate linear regression with exposure limited to the county level was used to determine the relationship between sarcoidosis mortality and the variables of interest. Eastern North Carolina (ENC) had the highest age-adjusted sarcoidosis mortality rate (1.16/100,000 versus 0.49/100,000 in Piedmont and 0.32/100,000 in the Western region) with statistically significant high-high mortality clusters (P < .001 for Global Moran’s I). Several sociodemographic and occupational factors (proportion of AA, obese adults, and individuals working in nature) were more prevalent in ENC. Region and proportion of AA were the significant mortality predictors in our multivariate analysis. This was a cross-sectional study with exposure limited to the county level. Associations do not imply causality and risks cannot be extrapolated to the individual level. There is regional variability of sarcoidosis mortality in North Carolina. Eastern North Carolina had the highest mortality with high-high mortality clusters.","PeriodicalId":39574,"journal":{"name":"North Carolina Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141381905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana D Sucaldito, Htay Meh, Scott D. Rhodes, Stephanie S. Daniel
Southeast Asian refugee communities are frequently underserved by social and medical systems and experience profound health and health care inequities. The purpose of this study was to detail the health needs, priorities, and health care utilization of the Karenni, a Southeast Asian refugee community, in Forsyth County, North Carolina. A mixed-mode survey (i.e., online and in-person) was distributed in Kayah, Burmese, and English to Karenni adults in Forsyth County. Quantitative and qualitative questions focused on community health needs, health and public health service utilization, and social determinants of health. 101 Karenni adults completed the survey, with a total of 91 participants completing the quantitative portion (N = 91). Utilization of health care and public health services was low and impacted by individual- and contextual-level barriers, such as limited English proficiency and social determinants of health (e.g., lower levels of education and employment compared to state and national averages). Mental health, chronic pain, and health care access were highlighted as prominent community concerns while theh plaw theh jie (togetherness) and community organizations were described as community strengths. Data were collected using convenience sampling, and limited knowledge from the Karenni community regarding research served as a barrier to recruitment. Some sensitive questions (e.g., income) also experienced higher levels of missingness. This assessment highlights the need to increase engagement with and lower barriers to care for the Karenni community in Forsyth County, North Carolina. To produce culturally congruent and acceptable care, public health and health care systems should partner with the community to identify and address community needs and priorities, harness assets, and mitigate health and health care inequities.
{"title":"Health Needs and Priorities of an Underserved Karenni Refugee Community: A Community Needs Assessment","authors":"Ana D Sucaldito, Htay Meh, Scott D. Rhodes, Stephanie S. Daniel","doi":"10.18043/001c.118583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18043/001c.118583","url":null,"abstract":"Southeast Asian refugee communities are frequently underserved by social and medical systems and experience profound health and health care inequities. The purpose of this study was to detail the health needs, priorities, and health care utilization of the Karenni, a Southeast Asian refugee community, in Forsyth County, North Carolina. A mixed-mode survey (i.e., online and in-person) was distributed in Kayah, Burmese, and English to Karenni adults in Forsyth County. Quantitative and qualitative questions focused on community health needs, health and public health service utilization, and social determinants of health. 101 Karenni adults completed the survey, with a total of 91 participants completing the quantitative portion (N = 91). Utilization of health care and public health services was low and impacted by individual- and contextual-level barriers, such as limited English proficiency and social determinants of health (e.g., lower levels of education and employment compared to state and national averages). Mental health, chronic pain, and health care access were highlighted as prominent community concerns while theh plaw theh jie (togetherness) and community organizations were described as community strengths. Data were collected using convenience sampling, and limited knowledge from the Karenni community regarding research served as a barrier to recruitment. Some sensitive questions (e.g., income) also experienced higher levels of missingness. This assessment highlights the need to increase engagement with and lower barriers to care for the Karenni community in Forsyth County, North Carolina. To produce culturally congruent and acceptable care, public health and health care systems should partner with the community to identify and address community needs and priorities, harness assets, and mitigate health and health care inequities.","PeriodicalId":39574,"journal":{"name":"North Carolina Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141381765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph Davis, Chelsea Atkins, Michael S. Doyle, Carl J Williams, Ross Boyce, Brian D. Byrd
La Crosse virus neuroinvasive disease (LACVND) is the most common cause of arboviral encephalitis in children within the United States; in North Carolina, it is the most prevalent endemic mosquito-borne disease in humans. Here we report a surveillance summary of confirmed and probable LACVND during 2000–2020 using North Carolina Electronic Disease Surveillance System data, and we describe associated demographic characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, clinical features, and mortality rates. A total of 355 cases (74.9% confirmed) were reported from 41 North Carolina counties; most cases (92%) occurred in 19 Western North Carolina counties. An average of 17 cases were reported annually with the majority (94%) of cases occurring between mid-June and early October (epiweeks 25–41). The median case age was nine years (range: 1–95 years), 79% were aged ≤ 18 years, and 56.6% were male. Cases commonly presented with headache (95.4%), fever (95.1%), and altered mental status (80.8%); encephalitis (82.0%) and meningitis (45.9%) were frequently diagnosed. Encephalitis was more common in children (87%) than adults (62%) (P < .001). Similarly, seizures were more common in children (54%) than adults (27%) (P < .01). The case fatality rate was 1.4%; however, differences in age-specific rates were observed. Changes in case definitions and reporting requirements, missing data, different reporting sources, and the retrospective nature of this study are all important limitations of our study. Given the persistent endemicity of La Crosse virus in Western North Carolina, clinicians and public health providers should consider La Crosse virus disease in all individuals, especially children, with compatible symptoms and a travel history to endemic counties. Prevention measures and educational outreach/public health messaging should focus on caregivers and children in Western North Carolina counties and during times when transmission risk is higher (i.e., summer and early fall).
{"title":"Endemic La Crosse Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in North Carolina Residents: 2000–2020","authors":"Joseph Davis, Chelsea Atkins, Michael S. Doyle, Carl J Williams, Ross Boyce, Brian D. Byrd","doi":"10.18043/001c.118585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18043/001c.118585","url":null,"abstract":"La Crosse virus neuroinvasive disease (LACVND) is the most common cause of arboviral encephalitis in children within the United States; in North Carolina, it is the most prevalent endemic mosquito-borne disease in humans. Here we report a surveillance summary of confirmed and probable LACVND during 2000–2020 using North Carolina Electronic Disease Surveillance System data, and we describe associated demographic characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, clinical features, and mortality rates. A total of 355 cases (74.9% confirmed) were reported from 41 North Carolina counties; most cases (92%) occurred in 19 Western North Carolina counties. An average of 17 cases were reported annually with the majority (94%) of cases occurring between mid-June and early October (epiweeks 25–41). The median case age was nine years (range: 1–95 years), 79% were aged ≤ 18 years, and 56.6% were male. Cases commonly presented with headache (95.4%), fever (95.1%), and altered mental status (80.8%); encephalitis (82.0%) and meningitis (45.9%) were frequently diagnosed. Encephalitis was more common in children (87%) than adults (62%) (P < .001). Similarly, seizures were more common in children (54%) than adults (27%) (P < .01). The case fatality rate was 1.4%; however, differences in age-specific rates were observed. Changes in case definitions and reporting requirements, missing data, different reporting sources, and the retrospective nature of this study are all important limitations of our study. Given the persistent endemicity of La Crosse virus in Western North Carolina, clinicians and public health providers should consider La Crosse virus disease in all individuals, especially children, with compatible symptoms and a travel history to endemic counties. Prevention measures and educational outreach/public health messaging should focus on caregivers and children in Western North Carolina counties and during times when transmission risk is higher (i.e., summer and early fall).","PeriodicalId":39574,"journal":{"name":"North Carolina Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141381791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the value of team-based patient care to the focus on the learner, the 2023 Interprofessional Education Collaborative Core Competencies include a more succinct approach to collaborative care. We review the changes and note their potential impacts on collaborative practice.
{"title":"New IPEC Competencies, the State of the Science, and a Focus on Equity","authors":"Diana McNeill, Paige Brown","doi":"10.18043/001c.117090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18043/001c.117090","url":null,"abstract":"From the value of team-based patient care to the focus on the learner, the 2023 Interprofessional Education Collaborative Core Competencies include a more succinct approach to collaborative care. We review the changes and note their potential impacts on collaborative practice.","PeriodicalId":39574,"journal":{"name":"North Carolina Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141003705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Developing Preceptors to Teach in an Interprofessional Practice","authors":"Philip T. Rodgers","doi":"10.18043/001c.117224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18043/001c.117224","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39574,"journal":{"name":"North Carolina Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph G. L. Lee, Mahdi Sesay, Judy van de Venne, Amanda Y. Kong, M. Hrywna, Shyanika W. Rose, C. Delnevo
Tobacco use remains a leading cause of preventable morbidity and premature mortality. In December 2019, the federal age of sale for tobacco products increased from age 18 to age 21. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of federal Tobacco 21 policies in Pitt County, North Carolina, by conducting multiple purchase attempts for cigarettes. Stores in Pitt County that sold cigarettes were randomly sampled and visited by up to six different underage buyers (aged 18–20 years) who attempted to buy cigarettes from January to March 2022. Buyers made a total of 217 cigarette purchase attempts from 49 Pitt County retailers. Analyses were conducted using SPSS Complex Samples (v.28/Macintosh) to estimate retailer prevalence of requesting identification (ID) and selling to underage buyers across multiple purchase attempts. On average, retailers failed to request ID in 15.4% of purchase attempts (95% CI; 9.4%–21.3%) and sold to an underage buyer 34.2% of the time (95% CI; 27.0%–41.4%). Additionally, 75.5% (95% CI; 63.4%–84.6%) of retailers sold to an underage buyer at least once. This study is limited to a single county in North Carolina and to underage buyers aged 18 to 20 years. There is widespread noncompliance with federal age-of-sale policies for tobacco products in Pitt County, North Carolina. State enforcement is warranted, and North Carolina’s youth access law should be amended to match the federal age of sale. Changes to the law should allow research involving underage purchases.
{"title":"Retailers’ Compliance with Federal Age of Cigarette Sales Policies – Pitt County, North Carolina, January–March 2022","authors":"Joseph G. L. Lee, Mahdi Sesay, Judy van de Venne, Amanda Y. Kong, M. Hrywna, Shyanika W. Rose, C. Delnevo","doi":"10.18043/001c.117074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18043/001c.117074","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco use remains a leading cause of preventable morbidity and premature mortality. In December 2019, the federal age of sale for tobacco products increased from age 18 to age 21. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of federal Tobacco 21 policies in Pitt County, North Carolina, by conducting multiple purchase attempts for cigarettes. Stores in Pitt County that sold cigarettes were randomly sampled and visited by up to six different underage buyers (aged 18–20 years) who attempted to buy cigarettes from January to March 2022. Buyers made a total of 217 cigarette purchase attempts from 49 Pitt County retailers. Analyses were conducted using SPSS Complex Samples (v.28/Macintosh) to estimate retailer prevalence of requesting identification (ID) and selling to underage buyers across multiple purchase attempts. On average, retailers failed to request ID in 15.4% of purchase attempts (95% CI; 9.4%–21.3%) and sold to an underage buyer 34.2% of the time (95% CI; 27.0%–41.4%). Additionally, 75.5% (95% CI; 63.4%–84.6%) of retailers sold to an underage buyer at least once. This study is limited to a single county in North Carolina and to underage buyers aged 18 to 20 years. There is widespread noncompliance with federal age-of-sale policies for tobacco products in Pitt County, North Carolina. State enforcement is warranted, and North Carolina’s youth access law should be amended to match the federal age of sale. Changes to the law should allow research involving underage purchases.","PeriodicalId":39574,"journal":{"name":"North Carolina Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By examining the strengths, limitations, and implications of different payment models we seek to inform policymakers, practitioners, and educators on the path toward patient-centered, efficient, and sustainable primary health care delivery. Health care payment model reform should be viewed as an investment in future health asset capacity and equity production rather than an immediate return on investment for short-term health care cost reduction.
{"title":"Transforming Health Care Delivery: Innovations in Payment Models for Interprofessional Team-Based Care","authors":"Hossein Khalili","doi":"10.18043/001c.117089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18043/001c.117089","url":null,"abstract":"By examining the strengths, limitations, and implications of different payment models we seek to inform policymakers, practitioners, and educators on the path toward patient-centered, efficient, and sustainable primary health care delivery. Health care payment model reform should be viewed as an investment in future health asset capacity and equity production rather than an immediate return on investment for short-term health care cost reduction.","PeriodicalId":39574,"journal":{"name":"North Carolina Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141003759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christine Lysaght, J. Messenger, Shiv Patil, Kay Craven
Interprofessional collaboration and shared understanding positively impact both patients and providers. Current recommendations from the CDC and experts agree that collaboration between diverse professions is necessary to improve patient outcomes and empower patients to selfmanage their chronic conditions.
{"title":"“It Takes a Village”- A Conversation with the Interprofessional Diabetes Clinic at the ECU Health Family Medicine Center","authors":"Christine Lysaght, J. Messenger, Shiv Patil, Kay Craven","doi":"10.18043/001c.117227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18043/001c.117227","url":null,"abstract":"Interprofessional collaboration and shared understanding positively impact both patients and providers. Current recommendations from the CDC and experts agree that collaboration between diverse professions is necessary to improve patient outcomes and empower patients to selfmanage their chronic conditions.","PeriodicalId":39574,"journal":{"name":"North Carolina Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141004335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interprofessional Clinical Learning Environment Assessment and Reflection (IP-CLEAR) tool was developed by a team of faculty from the schools of nursing, pharmacy, and medicine at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), with the support of the North Carolina Area Health Education Consortium (NC AHEC) and the UNC-CH Office of Interprofessional Education and Practice (IPEP). The IP-CLEAR tool is intended for use by clinical sites that have or want to have clinical learners engaged and integrated into an excellent interprofessional CLE. The development of the IP-CLEAR and projections for future work are described here.
{"title":"Assessing Interprofessional Collaboration at Clinical Learning Sites: Methodology on Developing the IP-CLEAR Tool","authors":"Kimberly A. Sanders, Mary R. Lynn","doi":"10.18043/001c.117219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18043/001c.117219","url":null,"abstract":"Interprofessional Clinical Learning Environment Assessment and Reflection (IP-CLEAR) tool was developed by a team of faculty from the schools of nursing, pharmacy, and medicine at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), with the support of the North Carolina Area Health Education Consortium (NC AHEC) and the UNC-CH Office of Interprofessional Education and Practice (IPEP). The IP-CLEAR tool is intended for use by clinical sites that have or want to have clinical learners engaged and integrated into an excellent interprofessional CLE. The development of the IP-CLEAR and projections for future work are described here.","PeriodicalId":39574,"journal":{"name":"North Carolina Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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