Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.01.01
R. A. Murphy, Esther Mondragón, V. Murphy
Theories of causal cognition describe how animals code cognitive primitives such as causal strength, directionality of relations, and other variables that allow inferences on the effect of interventions on causal links. We argue that these primitives and importantly causal generalization can be studied within an animal learning framework. Causal maps and other Bayesian approaches provide a normative framework for studying causal cognition, and associative theory provides algorithms for computing the acquisition of data-driven causal knowledge.
{"title":"Covariation, Structure and Generalization: Building Blocks of Causal Cognition","authors":"R. A. Murphy, Esther Mondragón, V. Murphy","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of causal cognition describe how animals code cognitive primitives such as causal strength, directionality of relations, and other variables that allow inferences on the effect of interventions on causal links. We argue that these primitives and importantly causal generalization can be studied within an animal learning framework. Causal maps and other Bayesian approaches provide a normative framework for studying causal cognition, and associative theory provides algorithms for computing the acquisition of data-driven causal knowledge.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70618963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.04.04
J. B. Nelson, M. D. C. Sanjuan
The present experiment demonstrated a “perceptual learning” effect found in the animal literaturewith human participants. The common finding in animal work is that intermixed exposures to twostimuli prior to conditioning facilitates their subsequent discrimination on a generalization test morethan the same amount of exposure to the stimuli in a blocked arrangement. The method was asuppression task implemented in a video game. Participants learned to suppress a baseline response(mouse clicking) when a colored sensor (i.e., CS) predicted an attack (i.e., US). First, prior toconditioning, they received either intermixed pre-exposures to two sensor CSs, blocked preexposures,no pre-exposures, or pre-exposure to the individual visual elements of the CSs. Second, inconditioning, one of the sensor CSs was paired with an attack US. Finally, generalization ofsuppression to the other sensor CS was assessed. Pre-exposures to the sensor CSs reducedgeneralization relative to no-exposure at all, with intermixed pre-exposures producing the greatestreduction in generalization. The importance of the present work is that it reduces the possibleidiosyncrasy of existing results with humans that used evaluative-conditioning methods bydemonstrating the effect with a method that has been used to reproduce a variety of associativelearningphenomena and is easily amenable to associative-learning explanations
{"title":"Perceptual Learning in a Human Conditioned Suppression Task","authors":"J. B. Nelson, M. D. C. Sanjuan","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.04.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.04.04","url":null,"abstract":"The present experiment demonstrated a “perceptual learning” effect found in the animal literaturewith human participants. The common finding in animal work is that intermixed exposures to twostimuli prior to conditioning facilitates their subsequent discrimination on a generalization test morethan the same amount of exposure to the stimuli in a blocked arrangement. The method was asuppression task implemented in a video game. Participants learned to suppress a baseline response(mouse clicking) when a colored sensor (i.e., CS) predicted an attack (i.e., US). First, prior toconditioning, they received either intermixed pre-exposures to two sensor CSs, blocked preexposures,no pre-exposures, or pre-exposure to the individual visual elements of the CSs. Second, inconditioning, one of the sensor CSs was paired with an attack US. Finally, generalization ofsuppression to the other sensor CS was assessed. Pre-exposures to the sensor CSs reducedgeneralization relative to no-exposure at all, with intermixed pre-exposures producing the greatestreduction in generalization. The importance of the present work is that it reduces the possibleidiosyncrasy of existing results with humans that used evaluative-conditioning methods bydemonstrating the effect with a method that has been used to reproduce a variety of associativelearningphenomena and is easily amenable to associative-learning explanations","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70619895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.04.05
S. Pellis, D. A. Gray, W. Cade
While the behavior of many animals can be identified as involving discrete and stereotyped actions, there is a persistent tension between emphasizing the fixedness of the actions (“Fixed Action Patterns”) and emphasizing the variation in the components comprising those actions (“Modal ActionPatterns”). One such action, the back and forward judder of crickets often exhibited in agonistic interactions, was analyzed. Judders occurring on a horizontal surface by Gryllus bimaculatus were compared to those occurring on an inclined platform. Although the body movements involved were variable, that variability occurred in the context of maintaining some features of judder invariant. For example, the crickets maintained their bodies so that they were horizontal relative to the substrate, not to gravity, and most features of the back and forward movement (e.g., distance moved, velocity) were maintained as fixed despite differences in posture and movement. At a theoretical level, what these findings suggest is that behavior patterns involve a combination of fixedness and variation in the service of that fixedness. It becomes an empirical issue to discern these complementary components.
{"title":"The Judder of the Cricket: The Variance Underlying the Invariance in Behavior","authors":"S. Pellis, D. A. Gray, W. Cade","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.04.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.04.05","url":null,"abstract":"While the behavior of many animals can be identified as involving discrete and stereotyped actions, there is a persistent tension between emphasizing the fixedness of the actions (“Fixed Action Patterns”) and emphasizing the variation in the components comprising those actions (“Modal ActionPatterns”). One such action, the back and forward judder of crickets often exhibited in agonistic interactions, was analyzed. Judders occurring on a horizontal surface by Gryllus bimaculatus were compared to those occurring on an inclined platform. Although the body movements involved were variable, that variability occurred in the context of maintaining some features of judder invariant. For example, the crickets maintained their bodies so that they were horizontal relative to the substrate, not to gravity, and most features of the back and forward movement (e.g., distance moved, velocity) were maintained as fixed despite differences in posture and movement. At a theoretical level, what these findings suggest is that behavior patterns involve a combination of fixedness and variation in the service of that fixedness. It becomes an empirical issue to discern these complementary components.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70619729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.03.04
E. Walters
The sensory component of chronic pain is amenable to comparative study and evolutionaryinterpretations. Pain is usually initiated by activation of nociceptors, which detect damaging stimuli.A comparison of rats and a marine snail, Aplysia, shows that nociceptors in each group satisfy thesame functional definition and exhibit similar functional alterations, including persistenthyperexcitability and synaptic potentiation following noxious stimulation. These alterations are alsoassociated with conventional learning and memory. Because of the ancient divergence of theselineages, some similarities probably reflect independent evolution. However, the molecular signalslinked thus far to known forms of long-term neuronal plasticity represent homologous processes thatare found in all metazoan cells. Persistent plasticity mechanisms now used for chronic pain andmemory may have evolved originally in the earliest neurons by selective recruitment of core cellsignaling and effector systems for neuronal repair, sensory compensation, and protective functionsrelated to peripheral injury.
{"title":"Chronic Pain, Memory, and Injury: Evolutionary Clues from Snail and Rat Nociceptors","authors":"E. Walters","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.03.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.03.04","url":null,"abstract":"The sensory component of chronic pain is amenable to comparative study and evolutionaryinterpretations. Pain is usually initiated by activation of nociceptors, which detect damaging stimuli.A comparison of rats and a marine snail, Aplysia, shows that nociceptors in each group satisfy thesame functional definition and exhibit similar functional alterations, including persistenthyperexcitability and synaptic potentiation following noxious stimulation. These alterations are alsoassociated with conventional learning and memory. Because of the ancient divergence of theselineages, some similarities probably reflect independent evolution. However, the molecular signalslinked thus far to known forms of long-term neuronal plasticity represent homologous processes thatare found in all metazoan cells. Persistent plasticity mechanisms now used for chronic pain andmemory may have evolved originally in the earliest neurons by selective recruitment of core cellsignaling and effector systems for neuronal repair, sensory compensation, and protective functionsrelated to peripheral injury.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70618710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.04.01
S. Glautier, Tito Elgueta
Many experiments have demonstrated recovery of extinguished responding following a context change and some experiments have shown that extinction in multiple contexts can reduce this response recovery. We report two additional experiments which both showed reduced response recovery following extinction in the presence of multiple partner cues. These experiments also showed reduced response recovery following acquisition in the presence of multiple partner cues. The effect of the multiple extinction treatment was present in tests carried out in presence of the original training cue (ABA design) as well as in the presence of a novel test cue (ABC design), suggesting the effect was mediated by the associative strength of the target cue, rather than by the strength of the partner cue. However, the effect of the multiple acquisition treatment was only present in the ABA design, suggesting this effect was mediated by the associative strength of the partner cues, not by the strength of the target cue.
{"title":"Multiple Cue Extinction Effects on Recovery of Responding in Causal Judgments","authors":"S. Glautier, Tito Elgueta","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.04.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.04.01","url":null,"abstract":"Many experiments have demonstrated recovery of extinguished responding following a context change and some experiments have shown that extinction in multiple contexts can reduce this response recovery. We report two additional experiments which both showed reduced response recovery following extinction in the presence of multiple partner cues. These experiments also showed reduced response recovery following acquisition in the presence of multiple partner cues. The effect of the multiple extinction treatment was present in tests carried out in presence of the original training cue (ABA design) as well as in the presence of a novel test cue (ABC design), suggesting the effect was mediated by the associative strength of the target cue, rather than by the strength of the partner cue. However, the effect of the multiple acquisition treatment was only present in the ABA design, suggesting this effect was mediated by the associative strength of the partner cues, not by the strength of the target cue.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70618825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.02.03
M. Garry, D. Harper
In three experiments, we show that pigeons, rats and humans can be influenced by misleading postevent information in ways analogous to findings in the human memory distortion literature. We used a delayed matching to sample analog of the eyewitness testimony procedure from Loftus et al.(1978), and varied the length of the delay between event and exposure to post event information(PEI). We also varied the nature of PEI so that it was consistent with the event information, inconsistent, or neutral. In Experiment 1, pigeons’ memory performance for colored lights was influenced by the presence of another colored light. In Experiment 2, rats’ memory performance for lever position was influenced by position-related cue lights. In Experiment 3, we verified the validity of our analog procedure by having human subjects remember kaleidoscope images. Despite differences in species and the nature of the stimuli, all three experiments replicated key findings in the literature: memory accuracy was highest when consistent PEI was presented at the end of a delay, and lowest when inconsistent PEI presented at the end of a delay interval. PEI had no effect when presented at the beginning of a delay.
{"title":"Pigeons, Rats, and Humans Show Analogous Misinformation","authors":"M. Garry, D. Harper","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2009.22.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"In three experiments, we show that pigeons, rats and humans can be influenced by misleading postevent information in ways analogous to findings in the human memory distortion literature. We used a delayed matching to sample analog of the eyewitness testimony procedure from Loftus et al.(1978), and varied the length of the delay between event and exposure to post event information(PEI). We also varied the nature of PEI so that it was consistent with the event information, inconsistent, or neutral. In Experiment 1, pigeons’ memory performance for colored lights was influenced by the presence of another colored light. In Experiment 2, rats’ memory performance for lever position was influenced by position-related cue lights. In Experiment 3, we verified the validity of our analog procedure by having human subjects remember kaleidoscope images. Despite differences in species and the nature of the stimuli, all three experiments replicated key findings in the literature: memory accuracy was highest when consistent PEI was presented at the end of a delay, and lowest when inconsistent PEI presented at the end of a delay interval. PEI had no effect when presented at the beginning of a delay.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70618646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.46867/ijcp.2008.21.01.02
David J. Echevarria, Catherine M. Hammack, D. Pratt, John D. Hosemann
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been at the forefront of neurobiological research and is steadily gaining favor as a model for behavioral applications. The ease of handling, high yield of progeny, and efficient mode of drug delivery make this species a particularly useful model for behavior. Here, we append to the growing body of literature on zebrafish behavior by introducing a novel behavioral battery of tests aimed at identifying drug induced alterations in social and motoric behaviors. In a series of experiments, zebrafish were exposed to MK-801 (0, 2 μM, 20 μM), SFK 38393 (0, 10 μM, 100 μM), and ethanol (0, 0.5%, 1.0%) for one hour and overt locomotor behaviors were scored. Following a one-hour treatment exposure, circling behavior (a thigmotaxic display typical of dysregulated glutamate function) was scored from videotape at specific time points over a 37-minute session. In a separate experiment the zebrafish’s natural tendency to shoal (social display) was analyzed using a novel open-field paradigm that examined fish distribution over quadrants. Most notably, MK-801 (20 μM) significantly increased circling behavior compared to controls. However, shoaling displays were disrupted when zebrafish were exposed to both MK-801 and SKF 38393 (20 μM and 100 μM respectively). Our results, in part, complement existing knowledge about zebrafish behavior following acute drug exposure. Additionally, our novel approach to assessing shoaling behavior, reported here, introduces an alternative view of social/group behavior in the zebrafish that is sensitive to both NMDA and dopaminergic manipulation.
{"title":"A Novel Behavioral Test Battery to Assess Global Drug Effects Using the Zebrafish","authors":"David J. Echevarria, Catherine M. Hammack, D. Pratt, John D. Hosemann","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2008.21.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2008.21.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been at the forefront of neurobiological research and is steadily gaining favor as a model for behavioral applications. The ease of handling, high yield of progeny, and efficient mode of drug delivery make this species a particularly useful model for behavior. Here, we append to the growing body of literature on zebrafish behavior by introducing a novel behavioral battery of tests aimed at identifying drug induced alterations in social and motoric behaviors. In a series of experiments, zebrafish were exposed to MK-801 (0, 2 μM, 20 μM), SFK 38393 (0, 10 μM, 100 μM), and ethanol (0, 0.5%, 1.0%) for one hour and overt locomotor behaviors were scored. Following a one-hour treatment exposure, circling behavior (a thigmotaxic display typical of dysregulated glutamate function) was scored from videotape at specific time points over a 37-minute session. In a separate experiment the zebrafish’s natural tendency to shoal (social display) was analyzed using a novel open-field paradigm that examined fish distribution over quadrants. Most notably, MK-801 (20 μM) significantly increased circling behavior compared to controls. However, shoaling displays were disrupted when zebrafish were exposed to both MK-801 and SKF 38393 (20 μM and 100 μM respectively). Our results, in part, complement existing knowledge about zebrafish behavior following acute drug exposure. Additionally, our novel approach to assessing shoaling behavior, reported here, introduces an alternative view of social/group behavior in the zebrafish that is sensitive to both NMDA and dopaminergic manipulation.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70619077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-31DOI: 10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.01.06
Jessica M. Zilski-Pineno, Oskar Pineño
This essay regards the need of communication with the general public about our work. Our discussion focuses on a list of concerns, including who among us should be responsible for bringing our work to the public, what might be interesting to the public, what could be the best way to reach them and, finally, why this endeavor is so important. This discussion will also allow us to present our personal opinions and ideas about these concerns.
{"title":"Should We Talk to the General Public about Our Work?","authors":"Jessica M. Zilski-Pineno, Oskar Pineño","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"This essay regards the need of communication with the general public about our work. Our discussion focuses on a list of concerns, including who among us should be responsible for bringing our work to the public, what might be interesting to the public, what could be the best way to reach them and, finally, why this endeavor is so important. This discussion will also allow us to present our personal opinions and ideas about these concerns.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70618805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-31DOI: 10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.02.12
L. Hatch, Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen, A. Wright
Sound in the oceans is generated by a variety of natural sources, such as breaking waves, rain, and marine animals, as well as a variety of human-produced sources, such as ships, sonars and seismic signals. This overview will begin with a quick review of some basic properties of sound waves with particular reference to differences between the behaviours of these waves underwater versus in air. A basic understanding of the physics of underwater sound is critical to understanding how marine animal acoustic signals have evolved relative to their different functions and how changes in the marine acoustic environment due to increasing anthropogenic sound in the oceans may impact these species. We will then review common sources of anthropogenic sound in the oceans. The frequency contributions of three major sources of underwater anthropogenic sound and their relative intensities will be discussed: naval exercises, seismic surveys and commercial shipping. Finally, a case study examining relative inputs to a regional noise budget, that of the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, will be presented to introduce the audience to methodologies for characterizing and managing sound on an ecosystem level.
海洋中的声音是由各种自然来源产生的，如破碎的海浪、雨水和海洋动物，以及各种人为来源，如船舶、声纳和地震信号。本概述将从快速回顾声波的一些基本特性开始，特别是参考这些波在水下与在空气中的行为之间的差异。对水声物理学的基本理解对于理解海洋动物的声音信号是如何相对于它们的不同功能而进化的，以及由于海洋中人为声音的增加而导致的海洋声环境的变化如何影响这些物种至关重要。然后，我们将审查海洋中常见的人为声音来源。将讨论水下人为声的三个主要来源的频率贡献及其相对强度:海军演习、地震调查和商业航运。最后，将介绍Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank国家海洋保护区对区域噪声预算的相关投入的案例研究，向听众介绍在生态系统层面上表征和管理声音的方法。
{"title":"A Brief Review of Anthropogenic Sound in the Oceans","authors":"L. Hatch, Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen, A. Wright","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.02.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.02.12","url":null,"abstract":"Sound in the oceans is generated by a variety of natural sources, such as breaking waves, rain, and marine animals, as well as a variety of human-produced sources, such as ships, sonars and seismic signals. This overview will begin with a quick review of some basic properties of sound waves with particular reference to differences between the behaviours of these waves underwater versus in air. A basic understanding of the physics of underwater sound is critical to understanding how marine animal acoustic signals have evolved relative to their different functions and how changes in the marine acoustic environment due to increasing anthropogenic sound in the oceans may impact these species. We will then review common sources of anthropogenic sound in the oceans. The frequency contributions of three major sources of underwater anthropogenic sound and their relative intensities will be discussed: naval exercises, seismic surveys and commercial shipping. Finally, a case study examining relative inputs to a regional noise budget, that of the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, will be presented to introduce the audience to methodologies for characterizing and managing sound on an ecosystem level.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70619060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-31DOI: 10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.01.04
S. B. Fountain, J. D. Rowan, Heidi M. Carman
Rats, like humans, appear sensitive to the structure of the elements of sequences. In the present study, we examined the effects of phrasing a structurally ambiguous pattern as either a series of “runs” or “trills.” A pattern phrased as runs was easier to learn than when it was phrased as trills, a result that resembles a similar “runs bias” reported in the human sequential learning literature. Whereas rats learning the runs-phrased pattern showed rapid learning and little tendency to make trills errors, rats learning the trills-phrased version of the pattern produced inflated rates of both trills and runs errors. The results show that rats represented the runs- and trills-phrased versions of the pattern differently. These results add to the evidence that, in addition to serving as discriminative cues, phrasing cues can bias pattern perception in rat serial pattern learning resulting in memorial representations characterized by multiple interpretations of the same pattern. The results also fit well with recent behavioral and neurobehavioral studies implicating multiple concurrent psychological and neural processes in rat serial pattern learning.
{"title":"Encoding Structural Ambiguity in Rat Serial Pattern:The Role of Phrasing","authors":"S. B. Fountain, J. D. Rowan, Heidi M. Carman","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.01.04","url":null,"abstract":"Rats, like humans, appear sensitive to the structure of the elements of sequences. In the present study, we examined the effects of phrasing a structurally ambiguous pattern as either a series of “runs” or “trills.” A pattern phrased as runs was easier to learn than when it was phrased as trills, a result that resembles a similar “runs bias” reported in the human sequential learning literature. Whereas rats learning the runs-phrased pattern showed rapid learning and little tendency to make trills errors, rats learning the trills-phrased version of the pattern produced inflated rates of both trills and runs errors. The results show that rats represented the runs- and trills-phrased versions of the pattern differently. These results add to the evidence that, in addition to serving as discriminative cues, phrasing cues can bias pattern perception in rat serial pattern learning resulting in memorial representations characterized by multiple interpretations of the same pattern. The results also fit well with recent behavioral and neurobehavioral studies implicating multiple concurrent psychological and neural processes in rat serial pattern learning.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70618745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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