Following the 2008 Financial Crisis, the U.S. Department of Justice required several large financial institutions to pay large cash settlements for their role in collapse of the residential mortgage-backed securities market. A fraction of these cash settlements was instead funneled to government-approved nonprofit beneficiaries, many of whom had had their government grants reduced by Congress. I argue that this transfer is an insurance contract that the government uses to improve the durability of contracts between special interest groups and the legislature.
{"title":"The Durability of Legislative Benefits and the Role of the Executive Branch's Settlement Authority","authors":"Bryan P. Cutsinger","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3116603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3116603","url":null,"abstract":"Following the 2008 Financial Crisis, the U.S. Department of Justice required several large financial institutions to pay large cash settlements for their role in collapse of the residential mortgage-backed securities market. A fraction of these cash settlements was instead funneled to government-approved nonprofit beneficiaries, many of whom had had their government grants reduced by Congress. I argue that this transfer is an insurance contract that the government uses to improve the durability of contracts between special interest groups and the legislature.","PeriodicalId":398979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private Enterprise","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131309722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we provide a brief survey of the potential of blockchain technology to propel a process of private entrepreneurial discovery of institutions that challenge state hegemony. Entrepreneurs now have access to new tools to develop decentralised private governance across areas which have traditionally been the domain of government action. This may see a radical reshaping of the boundaries of ‘public’ versus ‘private’. Blockchain may result in less government, and more market based interactions. We introduce institutional cryptoeconomics, and blockchain as a technology which increases the opportunity set of entrepreneurial action. We then survey the potential of blockchain technology to challenge state hegemony in five socioeconomic areas: monetary institutions, the governance of contracting, civil society and social welfare, collective choice and voting, and the verification of identity. We also discuss some challenges and implications of blockchain-based economic infrastructure for public policy and economic regulation. Together these contributions suggest an increasing scope for entrepreneurial action using blockchain that challenges state hegemony, and a necessary shift in the scope of the provision of public goods and government regulatory control.
{"title":"Blockchains: Less Government, More Market","authors":"Alastair Berg, B. Markey-Towler, Mikayla Novak","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3301714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3301714","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we provide a brief survey of the potential of blockchain technology to propel a process of private entrepreneurial discovery of institutions that challenge state hegemony. Entrepreneurs now have access to new tools to develop decentralised private governance across areas which have traditionally been the domain of government action. This may see a radical reshaping of the boundaries of ‘public’ versus ‘private’. Blockchain may result in less government, and more market based interactions. We introduce institutional cryptoeconomics, and blockchain as a technology which increases the opportunity set of entrepreneurial action. We then survey the potential of blockchain technology to challenge state hegemony in five socioeconomic areas: monetary institutions, the governance of contracting, civil society and social welfare, collective choice and voting, and the verification of identity. We also discuss some challenges and implications of blockchain-based economic infrastructure for public policy and economic regulation. Together these contributions suggest an increasing scope for entrepreneurial action using blockchain that challenges state hegemony, and a necessary shift in the scope of the provision of public goods and government regulatory control.","PeriodicalId":398979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private Enterprise","volume":"4 48","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132580070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Occupational licensing laws, once only applied to a narrow range of professional occupations, were extended to the funeral industry in the U.S. in the 19th and 20th centuries under the justification that they create professional standards that protect the deceased, their loved ones, and the general public. Funeral licensing now covers embalmers, funeral directors, and even casket sellers. Rather than protecting the public, licensing in the funeral industry in practice has often codified and protected the very abuses it was alleged to protect against by erecting barriers to entry and reducing competition. Casket licensure has been upheld in some U.S. courts under the rational basis test on the grounds that it promotes public health, protects consumers from fraud, and even that protectionism of an industry is a legitimate function of government. We challenge the rational basis for casket licensure by examining the Oklahoma’s 10th Circuit Court’s Powers v. Harris case, which used the rational basis test to uphold casket licensure restrictions on the online sale of caskets.
{"title":"The Undertaker's Cut: Challenging the Rational Basis for Casket Licensing","authors":"D. Smith, N. Trudeau","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2781971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2781971","url":null,"abstract":"Occupational licensing laws, once only applied to a narrow range of professional occupations, were extended to the funeral industry in the U.S. in the 19th and 20th centuries under the justification that they create professional standards that protect the deceased, their loved ones, and the general public. Funeral licensing now covers embalmers, funeral directors, and even casket sellers. Rather than protecting the public, licensing in the funeral industry in practice has often codified and protected the very abuses it was alleged to protect against by erecting barriers to entry and reducing competition. Casket licensure has been upheld in some U.S. courts under the rational basis test on the grounds that it promotes public health, protects consumers from fraud, and even that protectionism of an industry is a legitimate function of government. We challenge the rational basis for casket licensure by examining the Oklahoma’s 10th Circuit Court’s Powers v. Harris case, which used the rational basis test to uphold casket licensure restrictions on the online sale of caskets.","PeriodicalId":398979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private Enterprise","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124851237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We must address the challenge of climate change through the prism of the knowledge problem and — no less important — from the perspective of the good life. When discussing our society’s big problems, we tend to assume that we have the knowledge required to act on them. We also tend to assume that our intentions will translate seamlessly to the desired consequences. Knowledge problems are why both of these assumptions can be wrong — and why they can lead to unintended outcomes, some of them disastrous. This paper briefly outlines some of the problems with our knowledge of climate and energy systems, how these problems can affect planning and policies on climate change, and how these plans and policies come to bear on the conception of the good life. The case of biofuels policies illustrates these problems.
{"title":"Climate Change, the Knowledge Problem and the Good Life","authors":"S. Ammous, E. Phelps","doi":"10.7916/D8TB1KBT","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7916/D8TB1KBT","url":null,"abstract":"We must address the challenge of climate change through the prism of the knowledge problem and — no less important — from the perspective of the good life. When discussing our society’s big problems, we tend to assume that we have the knowledge required to act on them. We also tend to assume that our intentions will translate seamlessly to the desired consequences. Knowledge problems are why both of these assumptions can be wrong — and why they can lead to unintended outcomes, some of them disastrous. This paper briefly outlines some of the problems with our knowledge of climate and energy systems, how these problems can affect planning and policies on climate change, and how these plans and policies come to bear on the conception of the good life. The case of biofuels policies illustrates these problems.","PeriodicalId":398979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private Enterprise","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124981586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In his famous book, Freedom and the Law, originally published in 1961, Italian lawyer-economist Bruno Leoni posed the question of whether over the long run a society and legal system premised primarily on legislative law-making could sustain a system of individual liberty, or whether such a system required a common law-style foundation to support it. In this article I evaluate Leoni’s challenge and find that his predictions about the nature of a legislative-centered legal system not only are more relevant than ever, but that recent tendencies toward extreme and arbitrary law-making by executive edict are consistent with the trends and intellectual principles that Leoni identified over 50 years ago. By identifying the underlying jurisprudential theories that generated the current state of affairs, Leoni’s warnings are even more relevant today than ever before.
在1961年出版的著名著作《自由与法律》(Freedom and the Law)中，意大利律师兼经济学家布鲁诺·莱尼(Bruno Leoni)提出了这样一个问题:从长远来看，一个主要以立法为前提的社会和法律体系能否维持一个个人自由的体系，或者这样一个体系是否需要一个共同法律风格的基础来支持它。在这篇文章中，我评估了莱尼的挑战，并发现他对以立法为中心的法律体系的本质的预测不仅比以往任何时候都更有意义，而且最近通过行政命令制定极端和武断的法律的趋势与莱尼50多年前确定的趋势和知识原则是一致的。通过识别导致当前事态的潜在法理学理论，莱尼的警告在今天比以往任何时候都更有意义。
{"title":"Bruno Leoni's Legacy and Continued Relevance","authors":"Todd J. Zywicki","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2503080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2503080","url":null,"abstract":"In his famous book, Freedom and the Law, originally published in 1961, Italian lawyer-economist Bruno Leoni posed the question of whether over the long run a society and legal system premised primarily on legislative law-making could sustain a system of individual liberty, or whether such a system required a common law-style foundation to support it. In this article I evaluate Leoni’s challenge and find that his predictions about the nature of a legislative-centered legal system not only are more relevant than ever, but that recent tendencies toward extreme and arbitrary law-making by executive edict are consistent with the trends and intellectual principles that Leoni identified over 50 years ago. By identifying the underlying jurisprudential theories that generated the current state of affairs, Leoni’s warnings are even more relevant today than ever before.","PeriodicalId":398979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private Enterprise","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126491241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mobile operators had monopoly rights to the termination of a call on their network. This monopoly was most pronounced in fixed to mobile calls. Reciprocity in this market was absent due to the regulation of tariffs on fixed (landline) networks. Fixed-to-mobile termination charges were a tenfold of fixed–to-fixed charges in the EU (European Commission, 2001, 16). Fixed line prices were regulated due to their dominance in the landline markets. Mobile operators were granted access to their networks at regulated prices. Prices of mobile network access, however, were not regulated. The British regulator Oftel, however, argued that all mobile operators had a monopoly position on their termination market and that termination charges, therefore, needed to be regulated (Oftel, 2001). International connection was not regulated on EU markets until 2008. This entailed sky high tariffs on international which were terminated by foreign companies. This prompted the European Commission to regulate these roaming tariffs. airports attenuated the scarcity of slots (time segments for take-off and landing). A new airline business model thus emerged that differed from the hub and spoke network. This model had direct flights between cities; high frequencies and flew to secondary airports. The new model had an optimal utilization of aircraft and crew due to short turn over times. This model was applied by Southwest Airlines in the US and by several budget airlines like Ryan Air and Easy Jet in Europe.
{"title":"The Competition Game","authors":"R. Wright","doi":"10.5860/choice.27-1823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.27-1823","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile operators had monopoly rights to the termination of a call on their network. This monopoly was most pronounced in fixed to mobile calls. Reciprocity in this market was absent due to the regulation of tariffs on fixed (landline) networks. Fixed-to-mobile termination charges were a tenfold of fixed–to-fixed charges in the EU (European Commission, 2001, 16). Fixed line prices were regulated due to their dominance in the landline markets. Mobile operators were granted access to their networks at regulated prices. Prices of mobile network access, however, were not regulated. The British regulator Oftel, however, argued that all mobile operators had a monopoly position on their termination market and that termination charges, therefore, needed to be regulated (Oftel, 2001). International connection was not regulated on EU markets until 2008. This entailed sky high tariffs on international which were terminated by foreign companies. This prompted the European Commission to regulate these roaming tariffs. airports attenuated the scarcity of slots (time segments for take-off and landing). A new airline business model thus emerged that differed from the hub and spoke network. This model had direct flights between cities; high frequencies and flew to secondary airports. The new model had an optimal utilization of aircraft and crew due to short turn over times. This model was applied by Southwest Airlines in the US and by several budget airlines like Ryan Air and Easy Jet in Europe.","PeriodicalId":398979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private Enterprise","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127273502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-01DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6_42
Douglas B. Rasmussen, D. D. Uyl
{"title":"Making Room for Business Ethics: Rights as Metanorms for Market and Moral Values","authors":"Douglas B. Rasmussen, D. D. Uyl","doi":"10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6_42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6_42","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":398979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private Enterprise","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123571020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.32609/0042-8736-2005-5-140-150
J. Dorn
The article is devoted to P. Bauer who promoted the principles of liberty around the world. Lord Bauer considered that the development is the expansion of individual choices. He underlined that the role of the state was to protect life, liberty, and property. Bauer's works focus on the process of development measured by the extent of economic freedom. P. Bauer insists that economic development depends on institutions, culture, and conduct. J. Dorn declared P. Bauer a hero of market revolution and a protector of "laissez-faire".
{"title":"Peter Bauer's Market-Liberal Vision","authors":"J. Dorn","doi":"10.32609/0042-8736-2005-5-140-150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-5-140-150","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to P. Bauer who promoted the principles of liberty around the world. Lord Bauer considered that the development is the expansion of individual choices. He underlined that the role of the state was to protect life, liberty, and property. Bauer's works focus on the process of development measured by the extent of economic freedom. P. Bauer insists that economic development depends on institutions, culture, and conduct. J. Dorn declared P. Bauer a hero of market revolution and a protector of \"laissez-faire\".","PeriodicalId":398979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private Enterprise","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121395504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many commentators on Federal Reserve policy over the past decade devote little attention to the experience of other central banks and especially the experience of Japan and the Bank of Japan. In fact, there is very little that is new in the U.S. situation that had not already been experienced by Japan and the Bank of Japan over a decade earlier. Many commentators view Federal Reserve policy as unique and special with regard to other central banks; however, the differences between the financial and economic stress experienced by Japan and the United States pale in comparison to the similarities. In many respects, the Federal Reserve is in the shadow of Bank of Japan and a better understanding of the comparative records of the two central banks offers important insight into central bank policy. The paper explores three aspects of the relationship between the Bank of Japan and the Federal Reserve . First, the asset bubbles and bursting of those bubbles in Japan (1985 to 1991) and the United States (2001 to 2006) were both the result of central bank policy errors combined with a flawed financial structure. Second, the political economy of the operating environment of the Bank of Japan and the Federal Reserve ensures continued suboptimal monetary policy regardless of institutional redesigns of the central bank. Third, the Bank of Japan and the Federal Reserve together present a serious contradiction to the conventional wisdom that legal independence is the foundation for optimal central bank policy outcomes. A concluding section brings together the main points of the discussion. These suggest that a better understanding of Federal Reserve policy since the start of the new century might start with a review of Japan and the Bank of Japan. JEL Codes: E52, E63, G18, N20
过去10年，许多评论美联储政策的人士很少关注其他央行的经验，尤其是日本和日本央行的经验。事实上，日本和日本央行(Bank of Japan)在十多年前就已经经历过美国所面临的新形势。许多评论人士认为，与其他央行相比，美联储的政策是独一无二的;然而，日本和美国所经历的金融和经济压力的差异与相似之处相比就显得微不足道了。在许多方面，美联储都处于日本央行(Bank of Japan)的阴影之下，更好地了解这两家央行的比较记录，有助于深入了解央行的政策。本文从三个方面探讨了日本央行与美联储之间的关系。首先，日本(1985年至1991年)和美国(2001年至2006年)的资产泡沫和这些泡沫的破裂都是央行政策失误与有缺陷的金融结构相结合的结果。其次，日本央行(boj)和美联储(fed)操作环境的政治经济学，确保了它们的货币政策将继续处于次优状态，无论央行如何重新设计制度。第三，日本央行(boj)和美联储(fed)的共同表现，与传统观念——法律独立是央行政策最佳结果的基础——形成了严重矛盾。结论部分汇集了讨论的要点。这表明，要想更好地理解新世纪以来的美联储政策，或许可以从回顾日本和日本央行(Bank of Japan)开始。JEL代码:E52, E63, G18, N20
{"title":"The Federal Reserve in the Shadow of the Bank of Japan","authors":"T. Cargill, Gerald P. O'driscoll","doi":"10.7916/D8MS51CS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7916/D8MS51CS","url":null,"abstract":"Many commentators on Federal Reserve policy over the past decade devote little attention to the experience of other central banks and especially the experience of Japan and the Bank of Japan. In fact, there is very little that is new in the U.S. situation that had not already been experienced by Japan and the Bank of Japan over a decade earlier. Many commentators view Federal Reserve policy as unique and special with regard to other central banks; however, the differences between the financial and economic stress experienced by Japan and the United States pale in comparison to the similarities. In many respects, the Federal Reserve is in the shadow of Bank of Japan and a better understanding of the comparative records of the two central banks offers important insight into central bank policy. The paper explores three aspects of the relationship between the Bank of Japan and the Federal Reserve . First, the asset bubbles and bursting of those bubbles in Japan (1985 to 1991) and the United States (2001 to 2006) were both the result of central bank policy errors combined with a flawed financial structure. Second, the political economy of the operating environment of the Bank of Japan and the Federal Reserve ensures continued suboptimal monetary policy regardless of institutional redesigns of the central bank. Third, the Bank of Japan and the Federal Reserve together present a serious contradiction to the conventional wisdom that legal independence is the foundation for optimal central bank policy outcomes. A concluding section brings together the main points of the discussion. These suggest that a better understanding of Federal Reserve policy since the start of the new century might start with a review of Japan and the Bank of Japan. JEL Codes: E52, E63, G18, N20","PeriodicalId":398979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private Enterprise","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126747703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: A blockchain is a decentralized, public digital ledger that uses cryptology to record retrospectively. We illustrate the impact of using blockchain technology on export/export documentation costs in international commodity trading. Preliminary results suggest that the costs related to accelerated transfer of documents from seller to buyer could be reduced by 90%. Additionally, in case of soybean trade from Jamestown (North Dakota) to China, the results suggest that using blockchain technology export costs reduced by an average of 2.3 cents per bushel (from $3.5677 to $3.5447). These results are significant for agribusinesses and other agricultural stakeholders for evaluating the benefits of adopting blockchain technology in international commodity trading.
{"title":"Blockchain Technology in International Commodity Trading","authors":"Prithviraj Lakkakula, D. W. Bullock, W. Wilson","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.303613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.303613","url":null,"abstract":": A blockchain is a decentralized, public digital ledger that uses cryptology to record retrospectively. We illustrate the impact of using blockchain technology on export/export documentation costs in international commodity trading. Preliminary results suggest that the costs related to accelerated transfer of documents from seller to buyer could be reduced by 90%. Additionally, in case of soybean trade from Jamestown (North Dakota) to China, the results suggest that using blockchain technology export costs reduced by an average of 2.3 cents per bushel (from $3.5677 to $3.5447). These results are significant for agribusinesses and other agricultural stakeholders for evaluating the benefits of adopting blockchain technology in international commodity trading.","PeriodicalId":398979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private Enterprise","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121066779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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