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Transfer pricing: early Italian contributions 转让定价:早期意大利的贡献
Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/09585206.2010.512717
A. Mura, C. Emmanuel
This paper aims at reviewing the early contributions made by Italian scholars to the field of transfer pricing, from the works of Francesco Villa (1840, 1853) to the birth of Economia Aziendale (in the first half of the twentieth century). Although this topic has been traditionally overlooked in the Italian accounting literature, this study shows how Italian accountants were familiar with different methods of transfer pricing and elaborated certain original solutions. The intensive, mainly theoretic discussion for attaching a value to goods exchanged amongst segments of the same company indicates an early recognition of the potential influence of organizational structure, intermediate markets, coordination and differentiation that may have laid the platform for a greater integration between financial and cost accounting. Unfortunately this genuine debate suddenly stopped: the diffusion of Zappa's theories partly explains this phenomenon.
本文旨在回顾意大利学者对转移定价领域的早期贡献,从弗朗西斯科·维拉(Francesco Villa, 1840年,1853年)的著作到经济经济学(Economia Aziendale, 20世纪上半叶)的诞生。尽管这一主题在意大利会计文献中一直被忽视,但本研究表明,意大利会计师如何熟悉不同的转移定价方法,并阐述了某些原始解决方案。对同一公司各部门之间交换的商品附加价值的深入的、主要是理论上的讨论表明,人们很早就认识到组织结构、中间市场、协调和差异化的潜在影响,这些可能为财务会计和成本会计之间更大程度的整合奠定了基础。不幸的是,这场真正的辩论突然停止了:扎帕理论的传播部分解释了这一现象。
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引用次数: 1
The current value-based balance sheet in the context of east Asian colonial management: the case of the Oriental Colonization Company 东亚殖民管理背景下当前基于价值的资产负债表:以东方殖民公司为例
Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/09585206.2010.512707
M. Noguchi, Eri Kanamori
Drawing on the reports of accounts submitted by the Oriental Colonization Company (Toyo Takushoku Kabushiki Kaisha) to the Ministry of Finance, this study examines the role of the current value-based balance sheet prepared by the company in the context of the east Asian colonial management it carried out on behalf of the Japanese government. The current value-based balance sheet was prepared and submitted to the Ministry of Finance in order to show the company's financial position in the best possible light. This study demonstrates that the accounting techniques initially used for colonial management in distant locations came, at a later stage, to be extended, through attaching an additional statement (the current value-based balance sheet), in a manner which attempted to influence the decision making of relevant parties in the home country, in particular, to promote the company's own interest rather than the national interest in maintaining – and if possible enhancing – colonial management, which the special company had been originally created to handle.
根据东方殖民公司(Toyo Takushoku Kabushiki Kaisha)向财务省提交的账目报告,本研究考察了该公司在代表日本政府进行东亚殖民管理的背景下编制的基于当前价值的资产负债表的作用。目前以价值为基础的资产负债表已准备好并提交给财政部,以便以最好的方式显示公司的财务状况。这项研究表明,最初用于遥远地区殖民地管理的会计技术在后来的阶段得到了扩展,通过附加一份额外的报表(当前基于价值的资产负债表),以一种试图影响母国有关各方决策的方式,特别是为了促进公司自身的利益,而不是在维持——如果可能的话,加强——殖民地管理方面的国家利益。这个特别的公司最初就是为了处理这个问题而成立的。
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引用次数: 6
The emergence of uniform principles of cost accounting in Sweden 1900–36 1900 - 1936年瑞典成本会计统一原则的出现
Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/09585206.2010.512716
Esbjörn Segelod, L. Carlsson
The purpose of this article, using evidence from the archives of ASEA, of contemporary publications, and of statements by eye witnesses, is to identify and describe the principal forces and actors which shaped the Swedish cost accounting system, a system moulded in a process starting in the early twentieth century and ending in 1936 with the approval of a set of recommendations for uniform principles of cost accounting. These recommendations, with the terminology and practice they specify, are still taught to students of accountancy in Sweden; they are applied in many Swedish companies, and have influenced practice also in other Nordic countries. The process of standardization was initiated by influences from the United States but was later influenced mainly by the contemporary German process of standardization. This paper questions the traditional view that the Swedish uniform principles originated in German cost accounting, and was the result of a battle between American practice (as exemplified by SKF) and German practice (as represented by ASEA). It will be shown that the Swedish uniform principles are based on ASEA's system, implemented in 1919, and that while not dissimilar to what later became known as German practice, may equally well have been derived from American practice and cost accounting debate. We shall also show that the process was driven by engineers, many of whom had worked in the United States, were involved in the efficiency movement and were proponents of scientific management.
本文的目的,利用来自ASEA档案、当代出版物和目击者陈述的证据,是为了确定和描述塑造瑞典成本会计体系的主要力量和参与者,这一体系在20世纪初开始的一个过程中被塑造,并在1936年通过了一套成本会计统一原则的建议。瑞典的会计专业学生至今仍在学习这些建议及其所规定的术语和做法;它们在许多瑞典公司得到应用,并影响了其他北欧国家的做法。标准化进程最初受到美国的影响,但后来主要受到当代德国标准化进程的影响。传统观点认为瑞典统一原则起源于德国成本会计,是美国实践(以SKF为例)和德国实践(以ASEA为代表)之间斗争的结果,本文对此提出质疑。瑞典的统一原则是基于ASEA的系统,于1919年实施,虽然与后来被称为德国的做法没有什么不同,但同样可能源于美国的做法和成本会计辩论。我们还将表明,这一进程是由工程师推动的,他们中的许多人曾在美国工作,参与效率运动,是科学管理的支持者。
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引用次数: 3
Index – Volumes 1–20 索引-第1 - 20卷
Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/09585206.2010.542089
C. Munn, A. Jamieson, J. Edwards, R. Willett, G. Lawson
Editorial T. Boyns and J. R. Edwards 1 Accounting error as a factor in business history Richard P. Brief 7 Fixed asset accounting in the shipping industry: P&O 1840–1914 Christopher J. Napier 23 Regulating British corporate financial reporting in the late nineteenth century R. H. Parker 51 Speculation A systematic view of the history of the world of accounting T. A. Lee 73 Book Reviews R. P. T. Davenport-Hines & Geoffrey Jones (eds) The End of Insularity: Essays in Comparative Business History by Howard Cox 109 John Richard Edwards A History of Financial Accounting by Tom Lee 111 Kathleen Burk Morgan Grenfell 1838–1988: The Biography of a Merchant Bank by Charles W. Munn 113 Charles Harvey & Jon Press (eds) Studies in the Business History of Bristol by Trevor Boyns 115 Stephanie Jones Trade and Shipping: Lord Inchcape, 1852–1932 by David J. Jeremy 117 Notes on contributors 121
评论T. Boyns和J. R. Edwards 1会计错误作为商业历史的一个因素理查德P. Brief 7航运业的固定资产会计:1840-1914年的P&O克里斯托弗J.纳皮尔19世纪末规范英国公司财务报告R. H.帕克51投机对会计世界历史的系统看法T. a .李73书评R. P. T.达文波特-海恩斯和杰弗里琼斯(编)孤立的终结:在比较商业历史论文霍华德考克斯109约翰理查德爱德华兹财务会计的历史由汤姆李111凯瑟琳伯克摩根格伦费尔1838年至1988年:一个商业银行的传记由查尔斯W. Munn 113查尔斯哈维和乔恩出版社(编辑)在布里斯托尔的商业历史研究特雷弗博恩斯115斯蒂芬妮琼斯贸易和航运:Lord Inchcape, 1852年至1932年由大卫J.杰里米117注释贡献者121
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引用次数: 0
Accounting in disaster and accounting for disaster: the crisis of the Great Kanto Earthquake, Japan, 1923 灾难中的会计与灾难中的会计:1923年日本关东大地震的危机
Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/09585206.2010.512711
Yasuhiro Shimizu, S. Fujimura
This essay examines the role of accounting records in a crisis situation; namely, the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. Kanematsu, a trading business, did not suffer a physical loss of assets as a result of the earthquake but, nevertheless, the amount of financial loss it suffered was not small. Kanematsu had to take countermeasures to tackle the situation created by the earthquake. By using accounting and other records of Kanematsu, the authors examine the actions taken in the midst of confusion just after the earthquake and the role played by accounting. The authors show that the sudden natural disaster and the resulting crisis was a test of orderliness of the accounting record.
本文探讨了会计记录在危机情况下的作用;即1923年的关东大地震。贸易公司金松(Kanematsu)在地震中没有遭受实物资产损失,但其遭受的经济损失却不小。金松必须采取对策来应对地震造成的局面。通过使用会计和金松的其他记录,作者研究了地震后在混乱中采取的行动以及会计所起的作用。作者认为,突如其来的自然灾害及其引发的危机是对会计记录秩序的一次考验。
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引用次数: 17
Management, finance and cost control in the Midlands charcoal iron industry 负责英国中部炭铁行业的管理、财务和成本控制
Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/09585206.2010.514410
P. King
The iron industry was fully industrialized by the seventeenth century. The initial ironmasters were landowners, with clerks managing their ironworks. Professional ironmasters emerged from the clerks by the 1600s. The largest iron businesses (such as that of the Foley family described here) had general managers. Loans (secured by bonds) were important for business finance, including for paying up share capital. Accounting varied between charge and discharge-oriented systems of double entry bookkeeping and those maintained according to the classic Italian method. Cost accounting was not systematically practised, but yields from raw materials were monitored and the information contained in the financial accounts contained data relevant to performance decision making. Managers were trained on the job by experienced managers.
到17世纪,铁工业已完全工业化。最初的铁人是地主,由办事员管理他们的铁厂。17世纪,职业铁匠从职员中脱颖而出。最大的钢铁企业(如此处描述的福利家族)都有总经理。贷款(由债券担保)对企业融资很重要,包括支付股本。会计在以收支为导向的复式簿记系统和根据经典意大利方法维持的系统之间有所不同。没有系统地实行成本会计,但对原材料的产量进行了监测,财务帐目所载资料载有与业绩决策有关的数据。经理们接受了经验丰富的经理的培训。
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引用次数: 10
The dual audit system for joint stock companies in Japan 日本股份公司的双重审计制度
Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/09585206.2010.512715
Yoshinao Matsumoto, G. Previts
The origin of the statutory audits of joint stock companies in Japan can be traced back to the Commercial Code of 1890 (CC) when audits by appointed individuals who served within the company as corporate auditors were established. These CC auditors, selected by shareholders, sought to protect the interests of existing stockholders not those of prospective public market investors. In contrast, Western style external independent auditing in Japan can be traced back to proposed but unsuccessful legislation at the beginning of the twentieth century, which subsequently came into effect in 1951 under the Securities and Exchange Law (SEL). This paper examines the circumstances and differences regarding the development of Japan's dual audit system in order to contribute to our understanding of comparative audit processes in developed economies.
日本股份公司法定审计的起源可以追溯到1890年的《商法典》(CC),当时设立了由公司内部指定的个人担任公司审计师的审计。这些由股东挑选的CC审计员试图保护现有股东的利益,而不是那些潜在的公开市场投资者的利益。相比之下,日本的西式外部独立审计可以追溯到20世纪初提出但未成功的立法,随后于1951年根据《证券交易法》(SEL)生效。本文考察了日本双重审计制度发展的情况和差异,以有助于我们对发达经济体比较审计过程的理解。
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引用次数: 7
An historical analysis of budgetary thought in Finnish specialist business journals from c.1950 to c.2000 1950年至2000年芬兰专业商业期刊预算思想的历史分析
Pub Date : 2010-06-23 DOI: 10.1080/09585206.2010.485745
Eeva-Mari Ihantola
Parker (2002) argued that the formalized budgetary discourse in English language textbooks in the 1990s may restrict students’ conceptions of budgeting and thereby block uninhibited budgeting change. This study concentrates on the budgetary discourse found in Finnish specialist business journals from the 1950s to the beginning of the twenty-first century. A total of 106 articles on budgeting were analysed using content analysis and then contextualized by the contemporary development of the Finnish business environment. The budgetary thought contained in the studied articles emphasizes the importance of challenge, innovation and change and the texts tried to present new ideas to readers. Matching and flexibility were held to be the cornerstones of effective budgeting.
Parker(2002)认为,20世纪90年代英语教科书中形式化的预算话语可能会限制学生的预算观念,从而阻碍不受约束的预算变化。本研究集中于20世纪50年代至21世纪初芬兰专业商业期刊上的预算论述。使用内容分析方法对106篇关于预算的文章进行了分析,然后根据芬兰商业环境的当代发展情况进行了分析。所研究文章中包含的预算思想强调了挑战、创新和变革的重要性,文本试图向读者提出新的想法。匹配和灵活性被认为是有效预算编制的基石。
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引用次数: 5
Banking from Leeds, not London: regional strategy and structure at the Yorkshire Bank, 1859–1952 利兹而非伦敦的银行业:1859-1952年约克郡银行的区域战略与结构
Pub Date : 2010-06-23 DOI: 10.1080/09585206.2010.485744
M. Larson, K. Ward, John F. Wilson
Industrial philanthropist Edward Akroyd created the Yorkshire Penny Savings Bank in 1859. Despite competition from the Post Office Savings Bank after 1861 and a serious reserve problem in 1911, it sustained his overall strategy to become a successful regional bank. Using archival and contemporary sources to build on recent scholarship illustrating how savings banks were integrated into local economies and the complementary roles of philanthropy and paternalism, we analyse an English regional bank's strategy, including an assessment of strategic innovation, ownership changes and management structure. This will demonstrate that the founder's vision continued, even though the 1911 crisis radically altered both strategy and structure.
工业慈善家爱德华·阿克罗伊德于1859年创建了约克郡便士储蓄银行。尽管1861年之后来自邮局储蓄银行的竞争,以及1911年严重的储备问题,但它维持了他成为一家成功的地区性银行的总体战略。利用档案和当代资料,以最近的学术研究为基础,说明储蓄银行如何融入当地经济,以及慈善事业和家长式作风的互补作用,我们分析了一家英国地区银行的战略,包括对战略创新、所有权变化和管理结构的评估。这将证明,尽管1911年的危机从根本上改变了公司的战略和结构,但创始人的愿景仍在继续。
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引用次数: 11
The Oxford Handbook of Business History 牛津商业史手册
Pub Date : 2010-06-23 DOI: 10.1080/09585206.2010.485751
S. Toms
The objective of The Oxford Handbook of Business History is to liberate business history research by making it accessible to researchers of other disciplines. Geoffrey Jones and Jonathan Zeitlin have accordingly edited a reference work that will be valued in Business and Management Schools, history and social science departments as well as the large and expanding community of business historians. The book is clearly structured, well written and indexed in detail, and as such constitutes a valuable reference work. To summarise all 25 chapters would be an impossible task. In brief overview, the book is structured in four parts covering, approaches and debates, forms of business organisation, functions of enterprise, and enterprise and society. In addition there is an introductory chapter by the editors. Of the 25 chapters, the most obviously relevant to readers of Accounting, Business and Financial History are chapter 19 ‘Accounting, Information, and Communication Systems’ by Trevor Boyns and chapter 14 ‘Banking and Finance’ by Michel Lescure. Only Boyns makes a genuine engagement with the accounting and accounting history literatures. His chapter, which appears in the ‘Functions of Enterprise’ section of the book, along with Lescure’s chapter and contributions on technology and innovation (Margaret Graham), design and engineering (Wolfgang König), marketing and distribution (Robert Fitzgerald) labour and human resources (Howard Gospel), corporate governance (Gary Herrigel), has much ground to cover when one considers the wide scope of historical accounting research. Beginning with an acknowledgement of the importance of accounting history for business historians, Boyns provides an overview of the circumstances influencing the development of financial accounting theory and practice, its relationship with costing and the development of costing theory and practice. Concentrating on the latter, Boyns concludes that industry-specific characteristics are the major factors explaining enduring differences in the application of techniques in the face of a trend towards convergence reflecting organisational and technological pressures in increasingly globalised businesses. In contrast, Lescure offers more economic-orientated perspective, offering a brief review of debates arising from historical research as a response to questions raised by economists. These are first the extent to which economic growth and the accumulation of financial wealth are positively correlated (they are) and second the existence and persistence of different kinds of financial systems. Contrasting national systems within Europe shows important differences in bank organisation, for example, universal versus specialised, relationship and non-relationship, profit and not for profit. Divergence is the dominant trend since 1914 and is still continuing, reflecting a strong path-dependency in the development of financial institutions. Although it is useful to highlight the value of these c
《牛津商业史手册》的目标是通过使其他学科的研究人员能够接触到商业史研究来解放商业史研究。杰弗里•琼斯(Geoffrey Jones)和乔纳森•泽特林(Jonathan Zeitlin)据此编辑了一本参考书,这本书将受到工商管理学院、历史和社会科学系以及庞大且不断扩大的商业历史学家群体的重视。这本书结构清晰,文笔优美,索引详细,因此构成了一个有价值的参考工作。要总结全部25章是不可能完成的任务。在简要概述中,本书分为四个部分,涵盖方法和辩论,商业组织的形式,企业的功能,以及企业和社会。此外,还有一个由编辑撰写的介绍性章节。在25章中,最明显与会计、商业和金融史读者相关的是Trevor Boyns的第19章“会计、信息和通信系统”和Michel Lescure的第14章“银行和金融”。只有男孩使会计和会计历史文献的真正参与。他的章节出现在本书的“企业功能”部分,与Lescure的章节和对技术和创新(Margaret Graham),设计和工程(Wolfgang König),营销和分销(Robert Fitzgerald),劳动力和人力资源(Howard Gospel),公司治理(Gary Herrigel)的贡献一起,当人们考虑到历史会计研究的广泛范围时,有很多地方要覆盖。从承认会计史对商业历史学家的重要性开始,Boyns概述了影响财务会计理论和实践发展的环境,它与成本核算的关系以及成本核算理论和实践的发展。专注于后者,Boyns的结论是,面对日益全球化的企业中反映组织和技术压力的趋同趋势,行业特定特征是解释技术应用中持久差异的主要因素。相比之下,Lescure提供了更多以经济为导向的视角,对历史研究中产生的争论进行了简要回顾,作为对经济学家提出的问题的回应。首先是经济增长和金融财富积累正相关的程度(它们确实如此),其次是不同类型金融体系的存在和持续。欧洲各国体系的对比显示出银行组织结构的重大差异,例如,通用银行与专业银行、关系型银行与非关系型银行、营利性银行与非营利性银行。分化是自1914年以来的主导趋势,并仍在继续,反映了金融机构发展的强烈路径依赖性。虽然强调这些章节对《会计、商业和金融史》读者的价值是有用的,但其余章节提供了对会计业务和金融历史学家都有用的上下文摘要和文献综述。一个典型的例子是Herrigal关于公司治理的章节,它重新审视了不同的国家金融体系,这一次对比了所有权的法律基础,并对这些差异的理论和历史解释提供了权威的回顾。
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引用次数: 17
期刊
Accounting, Business & Financial History
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