Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.004
Lisa James, Nicola Chadderton, Alice Fair, Magdalena Nowak, Philippe Taniere
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have become an indispensable tool within the research field driving genomic discoveries and furthering our understanding of the genomic changes that lead to human disease. NGS technologies have great potential to provide invaluable genomic data that can be used to improve clinical diagnosis and the delivery of precision medicine. Over the past decade NGS has translated into the clinical setting for both hereditary and somatic indications. Whilst it has great potential in the clinic, the application of this technology for cancer faces a number of challenges, both technical and logistic. Consideration must be given to the role of this technology and how it is best used in the patient pathway. In this review we describe the current technologies routinely used in the clinical laboratory and provide insights into their application in solid tumour testing.
{"title":"Application of DNA- and RNA-based sequencing techniques to tumour tissue samples in the clinical laboratory","authors":"Lisa James, Nicola Chadderton, Alice Fair, Magdalena Nowak, Philippe Taniere","doi":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have become an indispensable tool within the research field driving genomic discoveries and furthering our understanding of the genomic changes that lead to human disease. NGS technologies have great potential to provide invaluable genomic data that can be used to improve clinical diagnosis and the delivery of precision medicine. Over the past decade NGS has translated into the clinical setting for both hereditary and somatic indications. Whilst it has great potential in the clinic, the application of this technology for cancer faces a number of challenges, both technical and logistic. Consideration must be given to the role of this technology and how it is best used in the patient pathway. In this review we describe the current technologies routinely used in the clinical laboratory and provide insights into their application in solid tumour testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39961,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostic Histopathology","volume":"30 11","pages":"Pages 624-635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.09.003
Sebastian B Lucas
This article documents six unusual neuropathological scenarios, and discusses the practical problems in making neuro-infectious disease diagnoses in biopsy and morbid anatomy material. The infections depicted are malaria, HIV, leprosy, tuberculosis, mycosis, and larval nematodes.
{"title":"Infectious disease pathology in the nervous system: diagnostic problems","authors":"Sebastian B Lucas","doi":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article documents six unusual neuropathological scenarios, and discusses the practical problems in making neuro-infectious disease diagnoses in biopsy and morbid anatomy material. The infections depicted are malaria, HIV, leprosy, tuberculosis, mycosis, and larval nematodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39961,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostic Histopathology","volume":"30 12","pages":"Pages 658-667"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.09.005
George A. Johnson, Christopher P. Johnson, Robert Goldspring, Ian S. Scott
Intracranial haemorrhage and traumatic brain injury are entities commonly encountered by the Coroner's autopsy pathologist. Whilst some of these cases are straightforward, others are not, and these present challenges in the post-mortem room that require careful consideration and, at times, prompt decision making. Some of the questions a pathologist should ask themselves when considering the post-mortem are: are these external injuries suspicious, and should I be involving a forensic pathologist; is the pathology natural or unnatural; should I cut the brain fresh or fix, retain and refer the whole brain for neuropathology input? This review aims to serve as a practical guideline for approaching adult cases of intracranial haemorrhage and traumatic brain injury; pathologies that are encountered frequently but that can entrap the unwary. We consider the factors that should be considered before, during and after the autopsy, and the medicolegal factors of relevance in these cases.
{"title":"A post-mortem approach to intra-cranial haemorrhage and traumatic brain injury","authors":"George A. Johnson, Christopher P. Johnson, Robert Goldspring, Ian S. Scott","doi":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intracranial haemorrhage and traumatic brain injury are entities commonly encountered by the Coroner's autopsy pathologist. Whilst some of these cases are straightforward, others are not, and these present challenges in the post-mortem room that require careful consideration and, at times, prompt decision making. Some of the questions a pathologist should ask themselves when considering the post-mortem are: are these external injuries suspicious, and should I be involving a forensic pathologist; is the pathology natural or unnatural; should I cut the brain fresh or fix, retain and refer the whole brain for neuropathology input? This review aims to serve as a practical guideline for approaching adult cases of intracranial haemorrhage and traumatic brain injury; pathologies that are encountered frequently but that can entrap the unwary. We consider the factors that should be considered before, during and after the autopsy, and the medicolegal factors of relevance in these cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39961,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostic Histopathology","volume":"30 12","pages":"Pages 645-657"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.09.002
Kevin Kinch, Fiona Roberts
This review article provides a practical guide for non-specialist ophthalmic pathologists on how best to handle gross ophthalmic tumour specimens. It emphasises the importance of identifying macroscopic features that affect prognosis, ensuring optimal block selection for histological analysis. The article also discusses the increasing importance of molecular testing in ophthalmic tumour pathology and offers guidance on tissue sampling techniques to support this advanced diagnostic approach.
{"title":"A practical approach to ophthalmic tumour pathology","authors":"Kevin Kinch, Fiona Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review article provides a practical guide for non-specialist ophthalmic pathologists on how best to handle gross ophthalmic tumour specimens. It emphasises the importance of identifying macroscopic features that affect prognosis, ensuring optimal block selection for histological analysis. The article also discusses the increasing importance of molecular testing in ophthalmic tumour pathology and offers guidance on tissue sampling techniques to support this advanced diagnostic approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39961,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostic Histopathology","volume":"30 12","pages":"Pages 680-690"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.003
Matthew Evans, Reena Dessi, Lee Robertson, Stephanie Gawthorpe, Brendan O'Sullivan, Salvador Diaz-Cano, Philippe Taniere
Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally and, not surprisingly, there has been intense interest in identifying prognostic and predictive markers for new targeted therapies. The cancers of the gastrointestinal tract are unique in so completely exemplifying many of the key features of biomarker profiling across all solid cancers. Firstly, they involve the assessment of many individual biomarkers of many types, with both genomic and proteomic markers requiring assessment for complete profiling. Secondly, the interpretation of one biomarker is often critically dependent on the presence or absence of other biomarkers. And finally, this vast array of testing must be delivered often on very small samples. Here, we review the clinically-validated molecular targets in carcinomas of the esophagus, stomach, colorectum and anal canal, and in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and discuss a handful of markers which are likely to be of use in the future.
{"title":"Molecular testing of gastrointestinal tumours","authors":"Matthew Evans, Reena Dessi, Lee Robertson, Stephanie Gawthorpe, Brendan O'Sullivan, Salvador Diaz-Cano, Philippe Taniere","doi":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally and, not surprisingly, there has been intense interest in identifying prognostic and predictive markers for new targeted therapies. The cancers of the gastrointestinal tract are unique in so completely exemplifying many of the key features of biomarker profiling across all solid cancers. Firstly, they involve the assessment of many individual biomarkers of many types, with both genomic and proteomic markers requiring assessment for complete profiling. Secondly, the interpretation of one biomarker is often critically dependent on the presence or absence of other biomarkers. And finally, this vast array of testing must be delivered often on very small samples. Here, we review the clinically-validated molecular targets in carcinomas of the esophagus, stomach, colorectum and anal canal, and in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and discuss a handful of markers which are likely to be of use in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39961,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostic Histopathology","volume":"30 11","pages":"Pages 613-623"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.006
Kanchana Morawakkorala, Narendra S Mungalsingh
Diaphragm disease, typically seen in elderly females, manifests as small bowel strictures with diaphragm-like septa, often causing bowel obstruction. We present a case of a young female with chronic abdominal pain and subacute bowel obstruction. She had a prior history of irrational use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which was discontinued approximately 5 years ago. The initial diagnostics via magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and capsule endoscopy suggested Crohn's disease due to multiple small bowel strictures. Surgical intervention, including resection and anastomosis, was performed to alleviate the obstruction. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed diaphragm disease induced by prior NSAID use. This case underscores that diaphragm disease can occur in young individuals without ongoing NSAID exposure and should be considered as a differential diagnosis for Crohn's disease in patients with chronic abdominal pain and subacute bowel obstruction, regardless of their current NSAID usage history.
{"title":"Unveiling diaphragm disease in a young female presenting with multiple small bowel strictures: a case report","authors":"Kanchana Morawakkorala, Narendra S Mungalsingh","doi":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diaphragm disease, typically seen in elderly females, manifests as small bowel strictures with diaphragm-like septa, often causing bowel obstruction. We present a case of a young female with chronic abdominal pain and subacute bowel obstruction. She had a prior history of irrational use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which was discontinued approximately 5 years ago. The initial diagnostics via magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and capsule endoscopy suggested Crohn's disease due to multiple small bowel strictures. Surgical intervention, including resection and anastomosis, was performed to alleviate the obstruction. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed diaphragm disease induced by prior NSAID use. This case underscores that diaphragm disease can occur in young individuals without ongoing NSAID exposure and should be considered as a differential diagnosis for Crohn's disease in patients with chronic abdominal pain and subacute bowel obstruction, regardless of their current NSAID usage history.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39961,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostic Histopathology","volume":"30 11","pages":"Pages 641-643"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.002
Alexander Haragan
For almost a decade predicting the response of malignant tumours to treatment with immunotherapies has been dependent on PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Much has been learned about the uniquely challenging application of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry which is utilized in a constantly expanding array of tumour types and clinical contexts. More recently, other predictive biomarkers have acquired clinical validation including tumour mismatch repair deficiency. In this short review, I will assess the strengths and weaknesses of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry, including pre-analytics, analytics and post-analytics in the context of the complex underlying biology. In doing so, I hope to provide some practical guidance that will help optimize its application in routine practice. I will also highlight the various contexts in which immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 and mis-match repair is used to predict response to immunotherapies and how ongoing developments of novel immunohistochemistry based biomarkers might assist in strengthening the ability to predict response to immunotherapies.
{"title":"Immunohistochemistry for prediction of response to immunotherapy","authors":"Alexander Haragan","doi":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For almost a decade predicting the response of malignant tumours to treatment with immunotherapies has been dependent on PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Much has been learned about the uniquely challenging application of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry which is utilized in a constantly expanding array of tumour types and clinical contexts. More recently, other predictive biomarkers have acquired clinical validation including tumour mismatch repair deficiency. In this short review, I will assess the strengths and weaknesses of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry, including pre-analytics, analytics and post-analytics in the context of the complex underlying biology. In doing so, I hope to provide some practical guidance that will help optimize its application in routine practice. I will also highlight the various contexts in which immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 and mis-match repair is used to predict response to immunotherapies and how ongoing developments of novel immunohistochemistry based biomarkers might assist in strengthening the ability to predict response to immunotherapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39961,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostic Histopathology","volume":"30 11","pages":"Pages 604-612"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.005
Daniel T Field, David A Dorward
This case describes a situation of mislabeling of specimen pots that led to a malignant diagnosis being attributed to the wrong patient's surgical resection. Short tandem repeat analysis was used to determine which specimen originated from the two patients involved. This report describes a not infrequent scenario for pathologists and how current genetic techniques can be used to resolve issues of patient/tissue identity.
{"title":"The case of the missing lung: how tissue identity is confirmed in histopathology","authors":"Daniel T Field, David A Dorward","doi":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This case describes a situation of mislabeling of specimen pots that led to a malignant diagnosis being attributed to the wrong patient's surgical resection. Short tandem repeat analysis was used to determine which specimen originated from the two patients involved. This report describes a not infrequent scenario for pathologists and how current genetic techniques can be used to resolve issues of patient/tissue identity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39961,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostic Histopathology","volume":"30 11","pages":"Pages 636-640"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.001
Benjamin Moxley-Wyles, Richard Colling
Artificial intelligence (AI) has garnered significant public attention over the last few years and has become part of our everyday lives. This is no different in histopathology, with vast amounts of private and public sector investment into digital reporting and AI development. There are now several companies with commercially available AI decision support tools ready for adoption by pathologists in digitally mature laboratories. Many more pathology-oriented AI tools, with a variety of uses across the patient pathway, are on the horizon and include the possibility of multimodal integration. However, for AI in pathology to be used effectively and its benefits realized, there needs to be widespread ‘business as usual’ use of digital laboratory workflows and digital reporting. The NHS is currently undergoing a national pathology transformation programme that includes targets for digital reporting and AI ready capabilities for all laboratories in England. In this article, we provide an update on the current progress of AI development in histopathology including the AI tools currently available and potential future applications. We also discuss the ongoing implementation of digital pathology services in the NHS and highlight the barriers to building a strong foundation for AI tool deployment. This builds upon, and complements, our previous article on these issues.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence and digital pathology: where are we now and what are the implementation barriers?","authors":"Benjamin Moxley-Wyles, Richard Colling","doi":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial intelligence (AI) has garnered significant public attention over the last few years and has become part of our everyday lives. This is no different in histopathology, with vast amounts of private and public sector investment into digital reporting and AI development. There are now several companies with commercially available AI decision support tools ready for adoption by pathologists in digitally mature laboratories. Many more pathology-oriented AI tools, with a variety of uses across the patient pathway, are on the horizon and include the possibility of multimodal integration. However, for AI in pathology to be used effectively and its benefits realized, there needs to be widespread ‘business as usual’ use of digital laboratory workflows and digital reporting. The NHS is currently undergoing a national pathology transformation programme that includes targets for digital reporting and AI ready capabilities for all laboratories in England. In this article, we provide an update on the current progress of AI development in histopathology including the AI tools currently available and potential future applications. We also discuss the ongoing implementation of digital pathology services in the NHS and highlight the barriers to building a strong foundation for AI tool deployment. This builds upon, and complements, our previous article on these issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39961,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostic Histopathology","volume":"30 11","pages":"Pages 597-603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.07.001
Daniel R. Stevenson
The histopathologist plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. In some cases they are the first to highlight the presence of an infection where one was not initially suspected. Collaboration with other specialities is a key part of the histopathologist's work, though specialist knowledge of infectious disease pathology remains a niche area for many. The field of infectious disease diagnostics has undergone tremendous change over the past four decades, while maintaining methods developed by the pioneers of microbiology a century ago. This review will start with an outline of the key methodologies of microscopy, culture, serology, fungal antigen testing, and molecular techniques. The second part will focus on particular histopathological findings and their associated infections. The examples provided are representative of scenarios encountered in our practice in the United Kingdom. We include examples of the diagnostic workup of granulomatous inflammation, sulphur granules containing filamentous bacteria and viral cytopathic effects. The possibilities for PCR testing on fixed formalin paraffin embedded tissues is discussed. This review provides a foundation for histopathology trainees and specialists to strengthen their knowledge of infection diagnostics.
{"title":"An overview of infectious disease laboratory methods: an update for the histopathologist","authors":"Daniel R. Stevenson","doi":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpdhp.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The histopathologist plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. In some cases they are the first to highlight the presence of an infection where one was not initially suspected. Collaboration with other specialities is a key part of the histopathologist's work, though specialist knowledge of infectious disease pathology remains a niche area for many. The field of infectious disease diagnostics has undergone tremendous change over the past four decades, while maintaining methods developed by the pioneers of microbiology a century ago. This review will start with an outline of the key methodologies of microscopy, culture, serology, fungal antigen testing, and molecular techniques. The second part will focus on particular histopathological findings and their associated infections. The examples provided are representative of scenarios encountered in our practice in the United Kingdom. We include examples of the diagnostic workup of granulomatous inflammation, sulphur granules containing filamentous bacteria and viral cytopathic effects. The possibilities for PCR testing on fixed formalin paraffin embedded tissues is discussed. This review provides a foundation for histopathology trainees and specialists to strengthen their knowledge of infection diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39961,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostic Histopathology","volume":"30 10","pages":"Pages 534-545"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142310861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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