In this paper we study the determinants of the strength of patent enforcement in 43 member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) between 1998 and 2011, a period after the signing of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. We do so by building on and expanding the seminal work of Ginarte and Park (1997) on the pre-TRIPS determinants of patent rights in the years 1960-1990. We find that in the years after TRIPS was signed, the strength of patent enforcement of a country is positively determined by two variables that signify the usage of the patent and intellectual property system, and the number of patent and trademark applications. We also find that the level of research and development expenditure, the quality of human capital, and the level of development of a country have positive effects on the strength of the enforcement of patent law in practice. Intellectual property rights enforcement is one of the key investment-related policies included in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development. Identifying the determinants of strong patent systems will help policymakers at the national and supranational levels to design and implement effective policies that strengthen national patent systems, thereby enhancing economic benefits such as greater levels of commercialization of intangible assets and greater levels of international trade and investment.
{"title":"Factors Contributing to the Strength of National Patent Protection and Enforcement After TRIPS","authors":"Nikolaos Papageorgiadis, Chengang Wang, Georgios Magkonis","doi":"10.18356/96DE74C3-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/96DE74C3-EN","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we study the determinants of the strength of patent enforcement in 43 member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) between 1998 and 2011, a period after the signing of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. We do so by building on and expanding the seminal work of Ginarte and Park (1997) on the pre-TRIPS determinants of patent rights in the years 1960-1990. We find that in the years after TRIPS was signed, the strength of patent enforcement of a country is positively determined by two variables that signify the usage of the patent and intellectual property system, and the number of patent and trademark applications. We also find that the level of research and development expenditure, the quality of human capital, and the level of development of a country have positive effects on the strength of the enforcement of patent law in practice. Intellectual property rights enforcement is one of the key investment-related policies included in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development. Identifying the determinants of strong patent systems will help policymakers at the national and supranational levels to design and implement effective policies that strengthen national patent systems, thereby enhancing economic benefits such as greater levels of commercialization of intangible assets and greater levels of international trade and investment.","PeriodicalId":40060,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Corporations","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43221503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Florian A. A. Becker-Ritterspach, Maria Allen, K. Lange, Matthew M. C. Allen
The state, especially in emerging economies, plays a key role in influencing firm behaviour, including outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Often literature on the state’s influence on OFDI stresses direct state ownership. However, the state can influence OFDI in several ways, including policy support and subsidies; the literature has largely overlooked these effects. We build on key insights from the comparative capitalisms literature to put forward a series of propositions on how home-country measures – in both emerging and developed economies – to boost OFDI will influence, inter alia, the volume, location and mode of firms’ investments abroad. We thus contribute to the literature by showing how government policies across a wide range of countries influence an important aspect of firm behaviour that has economic, social and environmental implications.
{"title":"Home-Country Measures to Support Outward Foreign Direct Investment: Variation and Consequences","authors":"Florian A. A. Becker-Ritterspach, Maria Allen, K. Lange, Matthew M. C. Allen","doi":"10.18356/A98759E5-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/A98759E5-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The state, especially in emerging economies, plays a key role in influencing firm behaviour, including outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Often literature on the state’s influence on OFDI stresses direct state ownership. However, the state can influence OFDI in several ways, including policy support and subsidies; the literature has largely overlooked these effects. We build on key insights from the comparative capitalisms literature to put forward a series of propositions on how home-country measures – in both emerging and developed economies – to boost OFDI will influence, inter alia, the volume, location and mode of firms’ investments abroad. We thus contribute to the literature by showing how government policies across a wide range of countries influence an important aspect of firm behaviour that has economic, social and environmental implications.","PeriodicalId":40060,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Corporations","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47324852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The investment treaty network and the tax treaty network comprise more than 3,000 treaties each. The provisions of these treaties generally are highly customized on the basis of the investment flows and economic interests of the contracting States. The number of treaties in force and their customization potentially turn the amendment of these treaty networks in their entirety into a cumbersome and long process. To modify the treaty networks in a swift and coordinated manner, the investment treaty makers and the tax treaty makers almost contemporaneously developed the idea of implementing treaty changes through a single multilateral convention. On 10 December 2014, the United Nations adopted the Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor' State Arbitration, also known as the Mauritius Convention. In addition, on 24 November 2016, the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS), commonly referred to as the Multilateral Tax Instrument, was concluded under the aegis of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The Mauritius Convention and the Multilateral Tax Instrument share the object and purpose of modifying an extensive number of treaties. However, due to their novelty, little research has been done until now on their common characteristics and differences. The article aims at filling this gap by comparing both multilateral conventions. It also aims at drawing lessons from the analysis of both multilateral conventions that might be of benefit for future modifications of an extensive number of treaties through a single instrument.
{"title":"The Mauritius Convention on Transparency and the Multilateral Tax Instrument: Models for the Modification of Treaties?","authors":"N. Bravo","doi":"10.18356/4EFE6452-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/4EFE6452-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The investment treaty network and the tax treaty network comprise more than 3,000 \u0000treaties each. The provisions of these treaties generally are highly customized on the \u0000basis of the investment flows and economic interests of the contracting States. The \u0000number of treaties in force and their customization potentially turn the amendment \u0000of these treaty networks in their entirety into a cumbersome and long process. To \u0000modify the treaty networks in a swift and coordinated manner, the investment treaty \u0000makers and the tax treaty makers almost contemporaneously developed the idea \u0000of implementing treaty changes through a single multilateral convention. On 10 \u0000December 2014, the United Nations adopted the Convention on Transparency in \u0000Treaty-based Investor' State Arbitration, also known as the Mauritius Convention. \u0000In addition, on 24 November 2016, the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax \u0000Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS), \u0000commonly referred to as the Multilateral Tax Instrument, was concluded under the \u0000aegis of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). \u0000The Mauritius Convention and the Multilateral Tax Instrument share the object \u0000and purpose of modifying an extensive number of treaties. However, due to their \u0000novelty, little research has been done until now on their common characteristics \u0000and differences. The article aims at filling this gap by comparing both multilateral \u0000conventions. It also aims at drawing lessons from the analysis of both multilateral \u0000conventions that might be of benefit for future modifications of an extensive number \u0000of treaties through a single instrument.","PeriodicalId":40060,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Corporations","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48255168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The world has changed dramatically over the last two decades, moving through two distinct phases of globalization. Tapping into the rapid growth of goods and services trade (WTO, 2016a), the first wave of globalization was propelled by value chains, enhancing specialization, productivity and access to markets (Reeves and Harnos, 2017; OECD, 2017). The second is marked by digitalization and it is characterized by the flow of ideas, information and innovation, which has further enabled the exploitation of global business opportunities through internet applications.
{"title":"Book review: Navigating Global Business: A Cultural Compass by Simcha Ronen and Oded Shenkar","authors":"S. Ronen, O. Shenkar","doi":"10.18356/7c86ee45-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/7c86ee45-en","url":null,"abstract":"The world has changed dramatically over the last two decades, moving through two distinct phases of globalization. Tapping into the rapid growth of goods and services trade (WTO, 2016a), the first wave of globalization was propelled by value chains, enhancing specialization, productivity and access to markets (Reeves and Harnos, 2017; OECD, 2017). The second is marked by digitalization and it is characterized by the flow of ideas, information and innovation, which has further enabled the exploitation of global business opportunities through internet applications.","PeriodicalId":40060,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Corporations","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87828346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In response to calls for more policy-relevant academic research, this paper undertakes a stewardship approach to examine an engaged scholarship policy programme targeted at supporting the internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Scotland, namely the Global Companies Development Programme (GCDP). The study was undertaken by academics and included a combined formal evaluation and research study, a follow-up workshop and group interviews over a ten-year-period. This study extends the stewardship approach to the engaged scholarship context. The findings suggest that stakeholders view their collaboration as a “supra-organizational” formation through which they can identify and empathize with its objectives; require skilful boundary spanners who consistently promote the objectives of the collaboration in the participating organizations; and, accentuate effective knowledge generation and transfer to SME internationalization activities that reflect the outcomes of their collaboration. We discuss policy implications for the development of private-public and inter-agency partnerships.
{"title":"How can academic-policy collaboration be more effective? A stewardship approach to engaged scholarship in the case of SME internationalization","authors":"M. Fletcher, P. Dimitratos, S. Young","doi":"10.18356/2E0185BC-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/2E0185BC-EN","url":null,"abstract":"In response to calls for more policy-relevant academic research, this paper undertakes a stewardship approach to examine an engaged scholarship policy programme targeted at supporting the internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Scotland, namely the Global Companies Development Programme (GCDP). The study was undertaken by academics and included a combined formal evaluation and research study, a follow-up workshop and group interviews over a ten-year-period. This study extends the stewardship approach to the engaged scholarship context. The findings suggest that stakeholders view their collaboration as a “supra-organizational” formation through which they can identify and empathize with its objectives; require skilful boundary spanners who consistently promote the objectives of the collaboration in the participating organizations; and, accentuate effective knowledge generation and transfer to SME internationalization activities that reflect the outcomes of their collaboration. We discuss policy implications for the development of private-public and inter-agency partnerships.","PeriodicalId":40060,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Corporations","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91272388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As multinational enterprises increasingly disaggregate their value chains and assign functional responsibilities to foreign subsidiaries, they are increasingly focused on augmenting spatially distant activities and resources. At the same time, despite subsidiary managers operating at the “middle” of the organization and having awareness of operational and strategic contexts, they have received significant criticism for hindering the successful coordination and integration of value chain activities. This appears counterintuitive as, on the one hand, MNEs are increasingly disaggregating their value chains and, on the other, subsidiary managers act as frontline managers, at the intersection of their local context and the MNE. We examine the resource stocks of six subsidiaries and the activities of subsidiary managers locally and across global value chains. The results indicate that integration responsibilities are decentralized, as properties of subsidiary mandates, and that the subsidiary managers’ connectivity activities significantly affect the strategic influence that they subsidiary can exercise locally and globally. The results also contain important information for policymakers.
{"title":"How subsidiaries influence innovation in the MNE value chain","authors":"E. Gilmore, Ulf R. Andersson, Noushan Memar","doi":"10.18356/D998EA62-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/D998EA62-EN","url":null,"abstract":"As multinational enterprises increasingly disaggregate their value chains and assign functional responsibilities to foreign subsidiaries, they are increasingly focused on augmenting spatially distant activities and resources. At the same time, despite subsidiary managers operating at the “middle” of the organization and having awareness of operational and strategic contexts, they have received significant criticism for hindering the successful coordination and integration of value chain activities. This appears counterintuitive as, on the one hand, MNEs are increasingly disaggregating their value chains and, on the other, subsidiary managers act as frontline managers, at the intersection of their local context and the MNE. We examine the resource stocks of six subsidiaries and the activities of subsidiary managers locally and across global value chains. The results indicate that integration responsibilities are decentralized, as properties of subsidiary mandates, and that the subsidiary managers’ connectivity activities significantly affect the strategic influence that they subsidiary can exercise locally and globally. The results also contain important information for policymakers.","PeriodicalId":40060,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Corporations","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75166893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study draws on preliminary case evidence to explore the motivations and advisability of nascent African MNEs’ engagement in outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) activities outside their home region. It complements recent research on MNEs from emerging markets, which has dominantly focused on the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) economies, with virtually no attention to potentially important players from rising Africa. The MNEs explored in this study originate from the energy, manufacturing, construction, chemicals, agribusiness, extractive/mining, and financial services sectors, and they have investment footprints in several economies of the Global ‘South’ and the advanced North. Their OFDI moves to both economic groupings seem to be commonly motivated by the search for market opportunities, strategic assets/resources and performance-boosting relationships, though more advanced economies appear to attract more strategic asset-seeking FDI from nascent African MNEs. The paper argues that intraregional investments by African MNEs should continue to attract primary attention, but selective and strategic extra-regional FDI, undertaken with an eye on further global competitiveness, also requires appropriate policy support. This seems even more sensible given that the prevalence and acceleration of borderless digital internationalisation and the increasingly blurred nationality of MNE affiliates are lessening the relevance of regional distinctions.
{"title":"Why do African multinationals invest outside their home region? Should they?","authors":"K. Ibeh","doi":"10.18356/754EE78A-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/754EE78A-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This study draws on preliminary case evidence to explore the motivations and advisability of nascent African MNEs’ engagement in outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) activities outside their home region. It complements recent research on MNEs from emerging markets, which has dominantly focused on the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) economies, with virtually no attention to potentially important players from rising Africa. The MNEs explored in this study originate from the energy, manufacturing, construction, chemicals, agribusiness, extractive/mining, and financial services sectors, and they have investment footprints in several economies of the Global ‘South’ and the advanced North. Their OFDI moves to both economic groupings seem to be commonly motivated by the search for market opportunities, strategic assets/resources and performance-boosting relationships, though more advanced economies appear to attract more strategic asset-seeking FDI from nascent African MNEs. The paper argues that intraregional investments by African MNEs should continue to attract primary attention, but selective and strategic extra-regional FDI, undertaken with an eye on further global competitiveness, also requires appropriate policy support. This seems even more sensible given that the prevalence and acceleration of borderless digital internationalisation and the increasingly blurred nationality of MNE affiliates are lessening the relevance of regional distinctions.","PeriodicalId":40060,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Corporations","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79663850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The digital economy is becoming an ever more important part of the world economy. It is revolutionizing the way we do business, and it has important implications for foreign direct investment (FDI). However, little systematic analysis has been done to investigate the investment patterns of digital multinational enterprises (MNEs). This study, conducted in the context of UNCTAD’s World Investment Report 2017 (WIR17), is an attempt to fill some of the gap in knowledge and to provide an impetus for future research. It proposes a new interpretative framework for the digital economy, builds an extensive sample of digital and ICT MNEs, and profiles their international operations. Its main findings are that MNEs in highly digitalized industries have a “lighter” FDI footprint than traditional MNEs; they tend to concentrate their operations in a few highly developed countries and their investment patterns are shaped by fiscal and financial motives more than those of traditional MNEs. As digital technologies and business models tend to disseminate across the broader economy, this may suggest the onset of a new era of international production and MNE internationalization paths. This paper sheds light on the methodology underpinning the analysis in WIR17 to ensure full replicability and to prepare the ground for further work in the area. It also builds further on the discussion in WIR17, proposing broader implications for international business and new avenues for future research.
{"title":"UNCTAD insights: FDI in the digital economy: A shift to asset-light international footprints","authors":"B. Casella, L. Formenti","doi":"10.18356/CB688E94-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/CB688E94-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The digital economy is becoming an ever more important part of the world economy. It is revolutionizing the way we do business, and it has important implications for foreign direct investment (FDI). However, little systematic analysis has been done to investigate the investment patterns of digital multinational enterprises (MNEs). This study, conducted in the context of UNCTAD’s World Investment Report 2017 (WIR17), is an attempt to fill some of the gap in knowledge and to provide an impetus for future research. It proposes a new interpretative framework for the digital economy, builds an extensive sample of digital and ICT MNEs, and profiles their international operations. Its main findings are that MNEs in highly digitalized industries have a “lighter” FDI footprint than traditional MNEs; they tend to concentrate their operations in a few highly developed countries and their investment patterns are shaped by fiscal and financial motives more than those of traditional MNEs. As digital technologies and business models tend to disseminate across the broader economy, this may suggest the onset of a new era of international production and MNE internationalization paths. This paper sheds light on the methodology underpinning the analysis in WIR17 to ensure full replicability and to prepare the ground for further work in the area. It also builds further on the discussion in WIR17, proposing broader implications for international business and new avenues for future research.","PeriodicalId":40060,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Corporations","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88458759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The multilateral efforts, led by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), to address base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) have attracted much attention from tax policy makers, practitioners and academics. In 2012, the OECD/G20 BEPS Project was launched to address BEPS through a range of international tax policy measures. A key part of the BEPS package was the Action 11 report, which considered the fiscal and economic impacts of BEPS and produced an empirical estimate of the global corporate income tax (CIT) revenue losses arising from BEPS of between 4 per cent and 10 per cent of global CIT revenues. This research note highlights some of the data-related and methodological challenges facing researchers attempting to estimate the fiscal impacts of BEPS, discusses some of the methodological approaches that have recently been applied to this end, and provides a preview of the forthcoming release of the first edition of the OECD Corporate Tax Statistics.
{"title":"Estimating the fiscal effects of base erosion and profit shifting: data availability and analytical issues","authors":"D. Bradbury, Tibor Hanappi, A. Moore","doi":"10.18356/e1d7a8b4-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/e1d7a8b4-en","url":null,"abstract":"The multilateral efforts, led by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), to address base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) have attracted much attention from tax policy makers, practitioners and academics. In 2012, the OECD/G20 BEPS Project was launched to address BEPS through a range of international tax policy measures. A key part of the BEPS package was the Action 11 report, which considered the fiscal and economic impacts of BEPS and produced an empirical estimate of the global corporate income tax (CIT) revenue losses arising from BEPS of between 4 per cent and 10 per cent of global CIT revenues. This research note highlights some of the data-related and methodological challenges facing researchers attempting to estimate the fiscal impacts of BEPS, discusses some of the methodological approaches that have recently been applied to this end, and provides a preview of the forthcoming release of the first edition of the OECD Corporate Tax Statistics.","PeriodicalId":40060,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Corporations","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90073236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International trade, investment and tax policies are inextricably linked. Tax is a key investment determinant influencing the attractiveness of a location or an economy for international investors, particularly those heavily engaged in international trade. Taxation, tax relief and other fiscal incentives are key policy tools to increase exports and attract investors. Investors, once established, add to economic activity and the tax base of host economies, and make direct and indirect fiscal contributions. And international investors and MNEs, by the nature of their international operations and intra-firm trade, have opportunities for tax arbitrage between jurisdictions and for tax avoidance.
{"title":"Trade, investment and taxation: Policy linkages","authors":"J. Owens, J. Zhan","doi":"10.18356/861c6aa6-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/861c6aa6-en","url":null,"abstract":"International trade, investment and tax policies are inextricably linked. Tax is a key investment determinant influencing the attractiveness of a location or an economy for international investors, particularly those heavily engaged in international trade. Taxation, tax relief and other fiscal incentives are key policy tools to increase exports and attract investors. Investors, once established, add to economic activity and the tax base of host economies, and make direct and indirect fiscal contributions. And international investors and MNEs, by the nature of their international operations and intra-firm trade, have opportunities for tax arbitrage between jurisdictions and for tax avoidance.","PeriodicalId":40060,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Corporations","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77810746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：