Pub Date : 2023-02-23DOI: 10.33137/juls.v16i1.40382
Yinqi Huang
Face perception is the basis of many types of social information exchange, but there is controversy over its underlying mechanisms. Researchers have theorized two processing pathways underlying facial perception: configural processing and featural processing. Featural processing focuses on the individual features of a face, whereas configural processing focuses on the spatial relations of features. To resolve the debate on the relative contribution of the two pathways in face perception, researchers have proposed a dual processing model that the two pathways contribute to two different perceptions, detecting face-like patterns and identifying individual faces. The dual processing model is based on face perception experiments that primarily use static faces. As we mostly interact with dynamic faces in real life, the generalization of the model to dynamic faces will advance our understanding of how faces are perceived in real life. This paper proposes a refined dual processing model of dynamic face perception, in which expertise in dynamic face perception supports identifying individual faces, and it is a learned behaviour that develops with age. Specifically, facial motions account for the advantages of dynamic faces, compared to static faces. This paper highlights two intrinsic characteristics of facial motions that enable the advantages of dynamic faces in face perception. Firstly, facial motion provides facial information from various viewpoints, and thus supports the generalization of face perception to the unlearned view of faces. Secondly, distinctive motion patterns serve as a cue to the identity of the face.
{"title":"Dynamic Face Perception: The Role of Expertise in Dual Processing of Features and Configuration","authors":"Yinqi Huang","doi":"10.33137/juls.v16i1.40382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v16i1.40382","url":null,"abstract":"Face perception is the basis of many types of social information exchange, but there is controversy over its underlying mechanisms. Researchers have theorized two processing pathways underlying facial perception: configural processing and featural processing. Featural processing focuses on the individual features of a face, whereas configural processing focuses on the spatial relations of features. To resolve the debate on the relative contribution of the two pathways in face perception, researchers have proposed a dual processing model that the two pathways contribute to two different perceptions, detecting face-like patterns and identifying individual faces. The dual processing model is based on face perception experiments that primarily use static faces. As we mostly interact with dynamic faces in real life, the generalization of the model to dynamic faces will advance our understanding of how faces are perceived in real life. This paper proposes a refined dual processing model of dynamic face perception, in which expertise in dynamic face perception supports identifying individual faces, and it is a learned behaviour that develops with age. Specifically, facial motions account for the advantages of dynamic faces, compared to static faces. This paper highlights two intrinsic characteristics of facial motions that enable the advantages of dynamic faces in face perception. Firstly, facial motion provides facial information from various viewpoints, and thus supports the generalization of face perception to the unlearned view of faces. Secondly, distinctive motion patterns serve as a cue to the identity of the face.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47589507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-07DOI: 10.33137/juls.v16i1.39995
Juliette Blais-Savoie
{"title":"Perspective on Accuracy of Past SARS-CoV-2 Evolutionary Predictions","authors":"Juliette Blais-Savoie","doi":"10.33137/juls.v16i1.39995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v16i1.39995","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49298440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.33137/juls.v16i1.39954
Eric Liu, D. Wing
The spiral patterns of snail shells exhibit chirality, or “handedness.” These patterns often heavily favor the dextral (right-handed, or clockwise) over the sinistral (left-handed, clockwise) phenotype. While the developmental pathways resulting in each enantiomorph (non-superimposable mirror image form) have been studied extensively, there has been limited investigation into how the emphasis on one spiral direction over the other may confer survival benefit. This perspective essay proposes that developmental events determining cell cleavage robustness, mating compatibility, and predator evasion can influence the distribution of dextral and sinistral snails. The connection between chirality and survivability has broader implications for exploring the role of handedness in diseases and their treatments.
{"title":"Population effects of chiral snail shell development relate handedness to health and disease","authors":"Eric Liu, D. Wing","doi":"10.33137/juls.v16i1.39954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v16i1.39954","url":null,"abstract":"The spiral patterns of snail shells exhibit chirality, or “handedness.” These patterns often heavily favor the dextral (right-handed, or clockwise) over the sinistral (left-handed, clockwise) phenotype. While the developmental pathways resulting in each enantiomorph (non-superimposable mirror image form) have been studied extensively, there has been limited investigation into how the emphasis on one spiral direction over the other may confer survival benefit. This perspective essay proposes that developmental events determining cell cleavage robustness, mating compatibility, and predator evasion can influence the distribution of dextral and sinistral snails. The connection between chirality and survivability has broader implications for exploring the role of handedness in diseases and their treatments.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41555468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-21DOI: 10.33137/juls.v16i1.39048
Felicia Ceban, Jiaxi Xu
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a potent trimeric cytokine which plays a fundamental role in the host immuno-inflammatory response, as well as in homeostasis and development. Although critical for canonical immune function, TNF-α has great destructive potential and is implicated in the development of multiple immune-mediated disorders. Within the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), TNF-α acts as a primary pathogenic driver by precipitating a pro-inflammatory cytokine cascade and coordinating the attraction and activation of immune cells, all of which culminate in damage to the synovium. The discovery of the paramount role of TNF-α in the pathophysiology of RA motivated studies to understand the effects of TNF blockade in vitro and in vivo. Promising preclinical results provided the impetus for clinical trials, spearheaded in the 1980s and 90s by Marc Feldmann, which revealed significant improvements across RA symptom scores and finally led to FDA approval in 1998. As of 2021, five TNF-α blocking agents have been widely applied clinically, including infliximab (IFX), etanercept (ETN), adalimumab (ADA), golimumab (GLM) and certolizumab pegol (CZP). All of them successfully ameliorated symptoms of RA and the associated tissue damage, especially in patients not responding to traditional treatment methods. Anti-TNFs are most often administered in combination with methotrexate (MTX) as part of Phase II treatment (i.e., second line). Although the general availability of anti-TNFs has dramatically improved patient outcomes, sustained remission is rare and the mechanism of RA remains incompletely understood. Thus, additional basic and translational research is warranted, towards the aim of developing novel RA treatments.
{"title":"The Evolution of TNF-α Blockade for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis","authors":"Felicia Ceban, Jiaxi Xu","doi":"10.33137/juls.v16i1.39048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v16i1.39048","url":null,"abstract":"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a potent trimeric cytokine which plays a fundamental role in the host immuno-inflammatory response, as well as in homeostasis and development. Although critical for canonical immune function, TNF-α has great destructive potential and is implicated in the development of multiple immune-mediated disorders. Within the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), TNF-α acts as a primary pathogenic driver by precipitating a pro-inflammatory cytokine cascade and coordinating the attraction and activation of immune cells, all of which culminate in damage to the synovium. The discovery of the paramount role of TNF-α in the pathophysiology of RA motivated studies to understand the effects of TNF blockade in vitro and in vivo. Promising preclinical results provided the impetus for clinical trials, spearheaded in the 1980s and 90s by Marc Feldmann, which revealed significant improvements across RA symptom scores and finally led to FDA approval in 1998. As of 2021, five TNF-α blocking agents have been widely applied clinically, including infliximab (IFX), etanercept (ETN), adalimumab (ADA), golimumab (GLM) and certolizumab pegol (CZP). All of them successfully ameliorated symptoms of RA and the associated tissue damage, especially in patients not responding to traditional treatment methods. Anti-TNFs are most often administered in combination with methotrexate (MTX) as part of Phase II treatment (i.e., second line). Although the general availability of anti-TNFs has dramatically improved patient outcomes, sustained remission is rare and the mechanism of RA remains incompletely understood. Thus, additional basic and translational research is warranted, towards the aim of developing novel RA treatments.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42721597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-08DOI: 10.33137/juls.v16i1.38941
Samuel Kogan
{"title":"The Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition and Metaplasia","authors":"Samuel Kogan","doi":"10.33137/juls.v16i1.38941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v16i1.38941","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41601431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.33137/juls.v16i1.38930
Jacob Wise, L. Abrahamyan, A. Ștefănescu, E. Horlick
The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated a rapid change in the delivery of healthcare around the world. Many facilities have transitioned suitable services to virtual care to reduce the risk of viral transmission and preserve healthcare resources for spikes in COVID-19 cases. Since institutions have rapidly expanded the usage of virtual care beyond its previous confines, investigations are required to ensure that the adapted system is working for patients. While important, clinical and patient-reported outcome data do not provide complete insight into the specific impacts of pandemic-time changes from the patient’s perspective. Therefore, to get a complete picture of these changes, it is also necessary to look at patient experience, which evidence suggests, could be impacted by virtual care in positive ways, but only in specific cases. Thus, it is vital to record pandemic-time patient experiences and analyse how the implementation of virtual visits impacts the delivery of person-centred care. This data should be used to determine how virtual care can be optimally implemented into the Canadian healthcare system after the resolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although it is currently unclear how virtual care will be integrated into the post-pandemic landscape, the approach offers benefits to both patients and providers. Canada-wide, longitudinal studies investigating patient experience using virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic are required in order to ascertain exactly how this novel approach can be leveraged to benefit patients.
{"title":"A Canadian Perspective on Patient Experience using Virtual Care During COVID-19","authors":"Jacob Wise, L. Abrahamyan, A. Ștefănescu, E. Horlick","doi":"10.33137/juls.v16i1.38930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v16i1.38930","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated a rapid change in the delivery of healthcare around the world. Many facilities have transitioned suitable services to virtual care to reduce the risk of viral transmission and preserve healthcare resources for spikes in COVID-19 cases. Since institutions have rapidly expanded the usage of virtual care beyond its previous confines, investigations are required to ensure that the adapted system is working for patients. While important, clinical and patient-reported outcome data do not provide complete insight into the specific impacts of pandemic-time changes from the patient’s perspective. Therefore, to get a complete picture of these changes, it is also necessary to look at patient experience, which evidence suggests, could be impacted by virtual care in positive ways, but only in specific cases. Thus, it is vital to record pandemic-time patient experiences and analyse how the implementation of virtual visits impacts the delivery of person-centred care. This data should be used to determine how virtual care can be optimally implemented into the Canadian healthcare system after the resolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although it is currently unclear how virtual care will be integrated into the post-pandemic landscape, the approach offers benefits to both patients and providers. Canada-wide, longitudinal studies investigating patient experience using virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic are required in order to ascertain exactly how this novel approach can be leveraged to benefit patients.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46857423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-31DOI: 10.33137/juls.v15i1.37046
Casey Hon, S. Nair, P. Smirnov, Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi, Nikta Feizi, Shaun Shepherd, B. Haibe-Kains
Multiple comparative analyses between the common drugs and cell lines of the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) and the Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal (CTRP) have previously shown low consistency between the in vitro phenotypic measures of a drug in one study with the other. While several potential sources of inconsistency have been tested, the similar targets of tested compounds has yet to be tested as a contributing factor of discrepancy. This analysis includes two methods of reclassifying drugs into classes based on their targets to identify the truer set of consistent cell lines, showing an increased correlation between the two pharmacogenomic studies.
{"title":"Consistency of in vitro drug sensitivities within pharmacological classes","authors":"Casey Hon, S. Nair, P. Smirnov, Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi, Nikta Feizi, Shaun Shepherd, B. Haibe-Kains","doi":"10.33137/juls.v15i1.37046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v15i1.37046","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple comparative analyses between the common drugs and cell lines of the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) and the Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal (CTRP) have previously shown low consistency between the in vitro phenotypic measures of a drug in one study with the other. While several potential sources of inconsistency have been tested, the similar targets of tested compounds has yet to be tested as a contributing factor of discrepancy. This analysis includes two methods of reclassifying drugs into classes based on their targets to identify the truer set of consistent cell lines, showing an increased correlation between the two pharmacogenomic studies.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47729953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-31DOI: 10.33137/juls.v15i1.37690
M. Profant
On January 9th, 2021, the Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology Students Union (LMPSU) hosted their annual scientific conference online, focusing on the theme: “COVID-19: A viral phenomena”. The department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology (LMP) at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto is home to world-class research in the area of pathobiology, from cancer to immunopathology to neuropathology. The conference began with opening remarks from LMPSU executives Karen Mao and Ziqi Liu, followed by Dr. Rita Kandel, the chair of the department of LMP. The topic of COVID-19 research was timely, to say the least! Invited speakers were asked to share their research and knowledge about various aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic from basic virology to treatment options, and epidemiology. The keynote speakers were Dr. Samira Mubareka and Dr. Robert Kozak; notably members of the team that was among the first to isolate the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
{"title":"COVID-19: A Viral Phenomenon - The Insider Report","authors":"M. Profant","doi":"10.33137/juls.v15i1.37690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v15i1.37690","url":null,"abstract":"On January 9th, 2021, the Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology Students Union (LMPSU) hosted their annual scientific conference online, focusing on the theme: “COVID-19: A viral phenomena”.\u0000The department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology (LMP) at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto is home to world-class research in the area of pathobiology, from cancer to immunopathology to neuropathology. The conference began with opening remarks from LMPSU executives Karen Mao and Ziqi Liu, followed by Dr. Rita Kandel, the chair of the department of LMP.\u0000The topic of COVID-19 research was timely, to say the least! Invited speakers were asked to share their research and knowledge about various aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic from basic virology to treatment options, and epidemiology. The keynote speakers were Dr. Samira Mubareka and Dr. Robert Kozak; notably members of the team that was among the first to isolate the SARS-CoV-2 virus.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49483272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-31DOI: 10.33137/juls.v15i1.37312
Shreyashish Roy-Chowdhury, Daivat Bhavsar, J. Singh, A. Mardon
Neurogenesis is vital in the preservation of cognition. Previous studies have reported antioxidant vitamins as a key regulatory factor in neurogenesis. However, current research investigating their role is inconclusive due to the limited number of studies that have been conducted and conflicting results. This review evaluates the scientific evidence behind the potential roles of antioxidant vitamins in neurogenesis. Observations concerned with the mechanistic and functional aspects of how antioxidant vitamins modulate neurogenesis are both assessed. Vitamin A is evidently involved in cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation; vitamin C reportedly promotes neural differentiation and maturation while inhibiting neurite outgrowth; vitamin E is identified to inhibit cell proliferation while improving cell viability. Varying antioxidant vitamin concentrations have been implicated in facilitating cognition in terms of attention, memory, language, and executive function. Moreover, this review suggests a threshold antioxidant vitamin concentration that should be maintained to promote optimal levels of adult neurogenesis.
{"title":"Role of Antioxidant Vitamins in Neurogenesis","authors":"Shreyashish Roy-Chowdhury, Daivat Bhavsar, J. Singh, A. Mardon","doi":"10.33137/juls.v15i1.37312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v15i1.37312","url":null,"abstract":"Neurogenesis is vital in the preservation of cognition. Previous studies have reported antioxidant vitamins as a key regulatory factor in neurogenesis. However, current research investigating their role is inconclusive due to the limited number of studies that have been conducted and conflicting results. This review evaluates the scientific evidence behind the potential roles of antioxidant vitamins in neurogenesis. Observations concerned with the mechanistic and functional aspects of how antioxidant vitamins modulate neurogenesis are both assessed. Vitamin A is evidently involved in cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation; vitamin C reportedly promotes neural differentiation and maturation while inhibiting neurite outgrowth; vitamin E is identified to inhibit cell proliferation while improving cell viability. Varying antioxidant vitamin concentrations have been implicated in facilitating cognition in terms of attention, memory, language, and executive function. Moreover, this review suggests a threshold antioxidant vitamin concentration that should be maintained to promote optimal levels of adult neurogenesis.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43585061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-31DOI: 10.33137/juls.v15i1.37692
M. Profant
{"title":"COVID-19: A Viral Phenomenon - Organizer & Speaker Interviews","authors":"M. Profant","doi":"10.33137/juls.v15i1.37692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v15i1.37692","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46541047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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