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ANALYSIS OF MULTI-DISC GRINDING PROCESS OF RICE GRAINS 米粒多盘研磨工艺分析
W. Kruszelnicka
Grinding process is one of the major steps in production of powders for food, chemical and energy use. It still characterized by insufficient operation indicators such as efficiency, energy consumption, quality of product. Bering it in mind the aim of the work is to analyze the multi-disc grinding process of grainy biomass and search the dependence between operation parameters, like angular speed of cutting edge, feeding speed, and operation indicators. Research problem formulated as a question: how the angular speed of cutting discs affects real efficiency, energy consumption and grinding product quality? To resolve the problem an experiment on five disc mill was done considering variable disc angular speed and measuring in real time the changes of power demand and angular speed of each disc, product weight increase. The test allows to say that disc speed has an influence on the energy consumption and the product quality. It was observed that the lower disc speed the lower energy consumption and bigger the product particles. For real efficiency, based on the results obtained, the dependence on the angular discs speed cannot be clearly determined.
粉碎过程是生产食品、化工和能源用粉末的主要步骤之一。其特点是效率、能耗、产品质量等运行指标不足。考虑到这一点,本工作的目的是分析颗粒状生物质的多盘磨削过程,并寻找刃口角速度、给料速度、操作指标等操作参数之间的依赖关系。研究问题制定为一个问题:切割盘的角速度如何影响实际效率、能耗和磨削产品质量?为解决这一问题,在五盘式磨机上进行了变圆盘角速度的实验,实时测量了各圆盘的功率需求和角速度的变化以及产品重量的增加。测试表明,光盘速度对能耗和产品质量都有影响。结果表明,圆盘转速越低,能耗越低,产物颗粒越大。对于实际效率,根据所得到的结果,不能清楚地确定对角盘速度的依赖。
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引用次数: 0
DESIGN OF HIGH EFFICIENCY 4 KW INDUCTION MOTOR 高效率4kw感应电机的设计
B. Dursun, Yunus Uzun
Induction motors are the most widely used motors because they have simple structures, low cost, easy to maintenance and they can be connected directly to the grid. But, the efficiency of these motors is partially low. Therefore, the improvement of 1% in the motor efficiency will result in an annual energy saving of 20 billion kWh. In this study, a 4 kW induction motor design with has IE3 energy efficiency is conducted using ANSYS RMxprt tool. In order to increase the efficiency, many changes such as the use of copper in the rotor, slot type and shape change have been realized. A motor efficiency of close to 90% is obtained. This is a very good value for an induction motor with a power rating of 4 kW.
感应电动机是应用最广泛的电动机,因为它结构简单,成本低,易于维护,并且可以直接连接到电网。但是,这些电机的效率部分较低。因此,电机效率每提高1%,每年可节约能源200亿千瓦时。本研究利用ANSYS RMxprt工具进行了能效为IE3的4kw感应电机设计。为了提高效率,实现了在转子中使用铜、改变槽型和形状等诸多改变。电机效率接近90%。对于额定功率为4千瓦的感应电动机来说,这是一个非常好的值。
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引用次数: 1
EFFECT OF THE POLARIZATION OF TRIPOLAR ELECTRODES ON ELECTRICAL NERVE BLOCK IN-VIVO 三极电极极化对体内电神经阻滞的影响
Busra Sahin, Betül Erol, Zafer Soybas, Sefa Şimşek, R. Melik
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引用次数: 0
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL ABA-TYPE AMPHIPHILIC BLOCK COPOLYMERS 新型aba型两亲嵌段共聚物的合成与表征
E. Çatıker
The utility of amphiphilic block copolymers results from their chemical composition, which is characterized by a hydrophilic block that is chemically connected to a hydrophobic block. In aqueous solution, polymeric micelles are formed via the association of chains into nanoscopic structures. The self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers in aqueous solution is one of the most important methods to prepare nanocarriers for medical applications, such as drug delivery, biosensor, nanoreactor and gene delivery [1]. Because each amphiphilic block copolymer has unique properties depending upon the chemical compositions and their lengths, it is possible to choose appropriate block copolymers with certain length and composition for specific purposes. Hence, synthesis of new types of amphiphilic block copolymers and characterization of their selfassembly behavior are crucial to define a suitable application, Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the most common hydrophilic segment [2] preferred in block copolymers possibly due to its unique biocompatible and biodegradable properties. In this study, terminally hydroxyl PEG with average molar mass of 1450 gmol-1 was treated with equivalent amount of sodium hydride to convert hydroxy groups to sodium alkoxide. Assuming the PEG oligomer with alkoxy end-group as macroinitiator, anionic ring opening polymerization of some lactones with different ring sizes were performed to obtain ABA-type block copolymers. Copolymers with various compositions were obtained with high yields. Composition of the copolymers were determined by elementel analyses. Spectroscopic and thermal characterization of the copolymer were performed by using DSC, TGA, FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Average molecular masses were determined by MALDIMS spectrometry.
两亲嵌段共聚物的用途源于其化学组成,其特点是亲水性嵌段与疏水性嵌段化学连接。在水溶液中,聚合物胶束通过链的结合形成纳米级结构。两亲性嵌段共聚物在水溶液中的自组装是制备医学应用纳米载体的重要方法之一,如药物递送、生物传感器、纳米反应器和基因递送[1]。由于每一种两亲嵌段共聚物根据其化学成分和长度具有独特的性质,因此可以选择具有一定长度和组成的合适嵌段共聚物用于特定用途。因此,新型两亲性嵌段共聚物的合成及其自组装行为的表征对于确定合适的应用至关重要,聚乙二醇(PEG)是嵌段共聚物中最常见的亲水段[2],这可能是由于其独特的生物相容性和可生物降解性。在本研究中,平均摩尔质量为1450 gmol-1的端羟基PEG用等量的氢化钠处理,将羟基转化为醇酸钠。以端基为烷氧基的聚乙二醇低聚物为宏观引发剂,对不同环尺寸的内酯进行阴离子开环聚合,得到了aba型嵌段共聚物。得到了不同组成的共聚物,收率高。通过元素分析确定共聚物的组成。通过DSC、TGA、FTIR和1H-NMR对共聚物进行了光谱和热表征。用MALDIMS光谱法测定平均分子质量。
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引用次数: 0
APPLICATION OF GEOMIMICRY TO ENGINEERING PROBLEMS:GILSONITE AS A SOLUTION TO LEAKY WELLBORES 几何学在工程问题上的应用:gilsonite作为泄漏井的解决方案
W. Daniel, M. Radonjic
As complexity of wells, environmental regulations and the need to be as economically efficient as possible in the petroleum industry increases, it is more prevalent than ever to ensure and maintain wellbore integrity. The purpose of the cement sheath is to maintain wellbore integrity by providing total isolation between surrounding formations and the wellbore. One factor opposing the purpose of a cement sheath is hydrocarbon migration through a micro-annulus located at either the cement/casing interface or the cement/formation interface. Hydrocarbon migration hazards can be as minor as a few psi increase at surface to total blowout which in turn can be timely to repair, if possible, and create unwanted environmental concerns which ultimately effect economic returns. This study focuses on the use of a wellbore cement additive: Gilsonite as a potential agent in the mitigation of micro-annular flow through its unique affinity to hydrocarbons. Gilsonite’s affinity and potential to absorb hydrocarbons in the cement matrix is analyzed thoroughly through microstructural analysis of hydrocarbon interaction with Gilsonite grains. The goal of this project is to provide a proof of concept for further microstructural analysis of Gilsonite’s ability to mitigate microannular flow. To accomplish this, experimentation was broken into two sperate phases. Phase 1 consists of experimentation on pure Gilsonite to gauge if there was an affinity between Gilsonite and hydrocarbons, while Phase 2 consists of experimentation on Gilsonite rich cement.
随着油井的复杂性、环境法规以及石油行业对尽可能提高经济效益的需求的增加,确保和保持井筒完整性比以往任何时候都更加普遍。水泥环的目的是通过在周围地层和井筒之间提供完全隔离来保持井筒完整性。反对水泥环作用的一个因素是,油气会通过位于水泥/套管界面或水泥/地层界面的微环空运移。烃类运移的危害可能很小,从地面到完全井喷只增加几psi,如果可能的话,可以及时进行修复,并产生不必要的环境问题,最终影响经济回报。本研究的重点是使用一种井眼水泥添加剂:Gilsonite,通过其对碳氢化合物的独特亲和力,作为一种潜在的减缓微环空流动的剂。通过对Gilsonite颗粒与烃类相互作用的微观结构分析,深入分析了Gilsonite对水泥基质中烃类的亲和力和吸附潜力。该项目的目标是为进一步分析Gilsonite减轻微环空流动的能力提供概念证明。为了达到这个目的,实验被分成两个不同的阶段。第一阶段包括纯Gilsonite的实验,以评估Gilsonite与碳氢化合物之间是否存在亲和关系,而第二阶段包括富Gilsonite水泥的实验。
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引用次数: 1
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROXYPROPYLCELLULOSE/GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITE MACROPOROUS CRYOGELS 羟丙基纤维素/氧化石墨烯纳米复合大孔冷冻剂的制备与表征
Georgi L. Georgiev, M. Staneva, P. Petrov
ABSTARCT In the past few years, graphene and graphene based materials have attracted great interest due to their unique electronic, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties. Graphene oxide (GO) has all the advantages of graphene, but, unlike it, can be dispersed well in water. Polymeric cryogels are fascinating soft materials with wide applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, chromatography, etc. Nanocomposite cryogel materials from natural polysaccharides and GO are attractive because they possess a set of favourable properties like biodegradability and biocompatibility, high porosity and water uptake, improved mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, and could broad the range of applications in the area of medicine and biotechnology. In this contribution we report on the fabrication of novel supermacroporous nanocomposite cryogels based on hydroxpropylcellulose (HPC) and graphene oxide by two different methods. The first method involves mixing of aqueous dispersion of GO and solution of HPC, freezing and photo-crosslinking. In this case, GO is embedded into the cryogel walls. In the second method, a pre-formed and lyophilized HPC cryogel is immersed in dispersion of GO and then frozen and lyophilized. Thus GO is deposited on the inner surface of cryogel. The second method allows the preparation of super-macroporous nanocomposites of a higher GO content, better control of physico-mechanical properties and enhanced electrical conductivity (3 orders of magnitude higher than pure HPC) as compared to the nanocomposite cryogels made by the first method.
在过去的几年里,石墨烯和石墨烯基材料由于其独特的电子、机械、光学和热性能而引起了人们的极大兴趣。氧化石墨烯(GO)具有石墨烯的所有优点,但与石墨烯不同的是,它可以很好地分散在水中。高分子低温材料是一种令人着迷的软材料,在给药、组织工程、色谱等方面有着广泛的应用。由天然多糖和氧化石墨烯制成的纳米复合低温凝胶材料很有吸引力,因为它们具有一系列有利的特性,如生物降解性和生物相容性、高孔隙率和吸水性、提高机械强度和导电性,并且可以在医学和生物技术领域广泛应用。在这篇文章中,我们报告了用两种不同的方法制备基于羟丙基纤维素(HPC)和氧化石墨烯的新型超大孔纳米复合低温材料。第一种方法是将氧化石墨烯的水分散体与HPC溶液混合,冷冻和光交联。在这种情况下,氧化石墨烯被嵌入到低温凝胶壁中。在第二种方法中,将预成型和冻干的HPC冷冻凝胶浸入氧化石墨烯的分散体中,然后冷冻和冻干。因此,氧化石墨烯沉积在低温凝胶的内表面。与第一种方法制备的纳米复合低温材料相比,第二种方法制备的超大孔纳米复合材料具有更高的氧化石墨烯含量、更好的物理力学性能控制和更高的导电性(比纯HPC高3个数量级)。
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引用次数: 0
THE INFLUENCE AND THE COMPARISON OF TURKISH PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PERFORMANCE 土耳其采购制度对建设项目绩效的影响及比较
İlknur Akıner, M. E. Akıner
Procurement system is the invisible part of the construction project organizations and has an important effect to maximize the project performance. It rather concerns the management of the construction project process and participants to reach the common goals of completing the project under the budget, quality, and timeframes. There is a wide range of procurement systems that can be used to manage the construction of a project. Design-Build, Traditional and Turnkey procurement systems, which contain Lump Sum, Unit price and Cost plus a fee contract types and methods, are mostly used procurement systems in the Turkish construction industry. Each of these systems has its advantages and disadvantages which the owner must consider before the project begins. The evaluation of procurement systems and to select the right system is a complex decision problem and depends on many factors for the owner. Factors that the owner should consider are the complexity of the project, the relative importance of budget or schedule and the in-house expertise the owner has to manage the project. Within this study, a survey was conducted with some of the construction project owners in Turkey. The objective of this study is the empirical performance-based investigation of the procurement systems mostly used in the Turkish construction industry today. Another goal is to determine the influences of these procurement systems on project cost, time and quality factors in Turkish construction sector and to determine the extent of these systems that are covering the needs of project owner (client).
采购制度是建设项目组织中无形的组成部分,对项目绩效最大化具有重要作用。它更关心的是建设项目过程的管理和参与者,以达到在预算、质量和时间框架下完成项目的共同目标。有各种各样的采购系统可用于管理项目的建设。设计-建造、传统和交钥匙采购系统,包括一次性付款、单价和成本加费用合同类型和方法,是土耳其建筑业中最常用的采购系统。每一种系统都有其优点和缺点,业主必须在项目开始前考虑这些问题。采购系统的评估和选择是一个复杂的决策问题,它取决于许多因素。业主应该考虑的因素是项目的复杂性,预算或进度的相对重要性,以及业主管理项目的内部专业知识。在本研究中,对土耳其的一些建筑项目业主进行了调查。本研究的目的是实证绩效为基础的采购系统的调查,主要用于土耳其建筑业今天。另一个目标是确定这些采购制度对土耳其建筑部门的项目成本、时间和质量因素的影响,并确定这些制度在多大程度上满足了项目所有者(客户)的需要。
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引用次数: 0
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTOR (SynRM) USING MATLAB SIMULINK 利用MATLAB SIMULINK对同步磁阻电机进行设计与分析
M. A. Alkhafaji, Yunus Uzun
In recent years, the synchronous reluctance motor SynRM has become an important part in many electrical and mechanical industries. The SynRM has several characteristics and features which made it different from other types of motor that previously used in many industries in the same field. This paper presents the modelling, analysing and simulation of synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) drive system, and present a part of differences in feature and design between the SynRM and other reluctance motors. The SynRM mathematical fundamental has formed by using the dynamic equations of the motor. Technically, the d-q transformation strategy has been employed for the vector control method of the SynRM to convert the three-phase voltage into two-phase. Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation technology has used to modelling and simulation the SynRM model without rotors cage or magmatic material. The six sectors of mechanical SynRM have converted to six MOSFET transistors and electrical power supply to represent the fundamental of three-phase voltage source. Hence, the MATLAB Simulink environment has used to simulate and modify the SynRM model and represented the direct and quadratic axes voltages, and the feature of SynRM modelled to include speed and torque with different frequencies and load conditions.
近年来,同步磁阻电动机已成为许多机电行业的重要组成部分。SynRM具有几个特点和特点,使其不同于以前在同一领域的许多行业中使用的其他类型的电机。本文对同步磁阻电机(SynRM)驱动系统进行了建模、分析和仿真,并介绍了同步磁阻电机与其他磁阻电机在特性和设计上的部分差异。利用电机的动力学方程,形成了SynRM的数学基础。在技术上,SynRM的矢量控制方法采用了d-q变换策略,将三相电压转换为两相电压。利用空间矢量脉宽调制技术对不含转子笼和岩浆材料的SynRM模型进行建模和仿真。机械SynRM的六个扇区转换为六个MOSFET晶体管和电源,代表三相电压源的基本原理。因此,利用MATLAB Simulink环境对SynRM模型进行仿真和修改,并将其表示为直轴电压和二次轴电压,建模的SynRM特征包括不同频率和负载条件下的速度和转矩。
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引用次数: 0
SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION,GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITION AND TD/DFT STUDY OF THE Ni(II) COMPLEXES 镍(II)配合物的合成、光谱表征、葡萄糖苷酶抑制及TD/DFT研究
Sümeyye Altürk, D. Avcı, F. Sonmez, Ö. Tamer, A. Başoğlu, Y. Atalay
The Ni(II) complex of 6–methylpyridine–2–carboxylic acid and its mixed ligand complex with 22'-bipyridiyl were synthesized and characterized by XRD, LC-MS/MS, FT–IR and UV–Vis spectroscopies. The α−glucosidase inhibition activity of the synthesized complexes were determined by IC50 values. The optimized molecular structure and vibrational frequencies were obtained by using Density Functional Theory (DFT)/HSEh1PBE/6–311G(d,p)/LanL2DZ level. In order to investigate electronic spectral properties, TD–DFT calculations in ethanol solvent and gas phase were fulfilled. The NLO parameters and FMO energies of complexes were calculated by using HSEh1PBE/6–311G(d,p) level. Finally, to show interactions of the binding site of the target protein (the template structure S. cerevisiae isomaltase), the docking study of complexes were performed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) (Project Number: MFAG–117F235).
合成了6 -甲基吡啶- 2 -羧酸的Ni(II)配合物及其与22′-联吡啶的混合配体配合物,并用XRD、LC-MS/MS、FT-IR和UV-Vis光谱对其进行了表征。采用IC50测定所合成配合物的α−葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。利用密度泛函理论(DFT)/HSEh1PBE/ 6-311G (d,p)/LanL2DZ水平得到了优化后的分子结构和振动频率。为了研究其电子光谱性质,分别在乙醇溶剂和气相中进行了TD-DFT计算。采用HSEh1PBE/ 6-311G (d,p)水平计算配合物的NLO参数和FMO能。最后,为了显示靶蛋白结合位点(模板结构酿酒酵母异麦芽糖酶)的相互作用,进行了配合物的对接研究。这项工作得到了土耳其科学技术研究委员会(TÜBİTAK)的支持(项目编号:MFAG-117F235)。
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引用次数: 0
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Proceedings of The International conference on innovative research in Science Engineering & Technology
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