{"title":"The Passage of Alexander the Great, 330–323 BC","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv264f9qw.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv264f9qw.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40186,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44537634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Timur and the Timurids, 1335–1526","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv264f9qw.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv264f9qw.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40186,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43252932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Western literature has presented the condition of Afghan women as either empowered or helpless. Their stories have been overlooked, romanticized, or seen as an outcome of tribalism, patriarchy, and war. Women's ability to articulate their personal experiences, grief, happiness, gender roles, and capacity to imagine an alternative has been missing. This article argues that through their folk songs women in northeastern Afghanistan criticize the behavior of husbands in their families while supporting their brothers, fathers, and sons. These women nurture and dismantle masculinity to their advantage. In singing space, women support but also bargain with patriarchy. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.
{"title":"Nurturing Masculinity, Resisting Patriarchy: An Ethnographic Account of Four Women's Folk Songs from Northeastern Afghanistan","authors":"Wolayat Tabasum Niroo","doi":"10.3366/afg.2021.0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/afg.2021.0077","url":null,"abstract":"Western literature has presented the condition of Afghan women as either empowered or helpless. Their stories have been overlooked, romanticized, or seen as an outcome of tribalism, patriarchy, and war. Women's ability to articulate their personal experiences, grief, happiness, gender roles, and capacity to imagine an alternative has been missing. This article argues that through their folk songs women in northeastern Afghanistan criticize the behavior of husbands in their families while supporting their brothers, fathers, and sons. These women nurture and dismantle masculinity to their advantage. In singing space, women support but also bargain with patriarchy. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.","PeriodicalId":40186,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48940972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article offers a case study of contemporary female Sufi leadership and teaching within a branch of the Qadirriyah Sufi order originating with pir Allama Faizani. Based on ethnographic participant observation and oral history interviews, it traces the development of female inclusion within spiritual practice, such as meditative zikr [lit. remembrance], and religious leadership in urban Afghanistan. Addressing the paucity of writing on Afghan women as Muslim actors, the article considers how the founding pir became a moral exemplar for gender inclusive conduct, facilitating women's participation and inspiring a community ethos of male allyship. The Faizanis legitimize women's participation through recourse to the spiritual psychophysiological organ of the heart, rendering divine connection a non-gendered endeavor that transcends social categories. In addition to the discursive erasure of gender, the community navigates restrictive environments and expectations through practical adaptations such as new cultural organizations. This article examines how women train to access, navigate and control inner states during zikr and documents how this process is interlinked with the relational establishment and creation of spiritual authority.
{"title":"Dissolving Gender Difference – Female Teachers, Male Allies and the Creation of Islamic Sufi Authority in Afghanistan","authors":"Annika Schmeding","doi":"10.3366/afg.2021.0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/afg.2021.0076","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers a case study of contemporary female Sufi leadership and teaching within a branch of the Qadirriyah Sufi order originating with pir Allama Faizani. Based on ethnographic participant observation and oral history interviews, it traces the development of female inclusion within spiritual practice, such as meditative zikr [lit. remembrance], and religious leadership in urban Afghanistan. Addressing the paucity of writing on Afghan women as Muslim actors, the article considers how the founding pir became a moral exemplar for gender inclusive conduct, facilitating women's participation and inspiring a community ethos of male allyship. The Faizanis legitimize women's participation through recourse to the spiritual psychophysiological organ of the heart, rendering divine connection a non-gendered endeavor that transcends social categories. In addition to the discursive erasure of gender, the community navigates restrictive environments and expectations through practical adaptations such as new cultural organizations. This article examines how women train to access, navigate and control inner states during zikr and documents how this process is interlinked with the relational establishment and creation of spiritual authority.","PeriodicalId":40186,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44191698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Histories of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the North-West Frontier summarize the borderland events of 1947 and the next years as concerned with several enduring issues. The nation-states of Afghanistan and Pakistan became rivals. Each projected different, contested claims to sovereignty over border territories and populations. The Afghan government, especially Sardar Muhammad Daud, used the Pakhtunistan issue to consolidate an Afghan national identity, attract borderland Pashtuns, and extract advantages from an economically weak, politically vulnerable Pakistan. Within the tribal agencies, the government of Pakistan at first withdrew regular military units from forward bases, nominally to exhibit nation-building unity in a new country for Muslims. 1 In both countries, economic development and political integration were policy goals intended to build human capital and legitimate the nation-state, but also to maintain established internal hierarchies of authority and power. 2 By 1955 despite such efforts, borderland residents continued to negotiate relationships with state officials now recruiting signatures on documents of national loyalty. 3
阿富汗、巴基斯坦和西北边境的历史总结了1947年和接下来几年的边境事件，涉及几个持久的问题。民族国家阿富汗和巴基斯坦成为竞争对手。每个国家都对边境领土和人口提出了不同的、有争议的主权要求。阿富汗政府，尤其是萨达尔·穆罕默德·达乌德(Sardar Muhammad Daud)，利用巴基斯坦问题巩固阿富汗的民族认同，吸引边境地区的普什图人，并从经济脆弱、政治脆弱的巴基斯坦榨取利益。在部落机构中，巴基斯坦政府最初从前沿基地撤出了常规军事单位，名义上是为了在穆斯林的新国家中展示国家建设的团结。1在这两个国家中，经济发展和政治一体化是旨在建立人力资本和使民族国家合法化的政策目标，但也是为了维持既定的内部权威和权力等级。尽管做出了这样的努力，到1955年，边境地区的居民仍在继续与国家官员谈判关系，现在他们正在招募在效忠国家的文件上签名。3.
{"title":"The Pashtun Borderlands: Development, Nation, and Agency 1947–55","authors":"Robert Nichols","doi":"10.3366/afg.2021.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/afg.2021.0075","url":null,"abstract":"Histories of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the North-West Frontier summarize the borderland events of 1947 and the next years as concerned with several enduring issues. The nation-states of Afghanistan and Pakistan became rivals. Each projected different, contested claims to sovereignty over border territories and populations. The Afghan government, especially Sardar Muhammad Daud, used the Pakhtunistan issue to consolidate an Afghan national identity, attract borderland Pashtuns, and extract advantages from an economically weak, politically vulnerable Pakistan. Within the tribal agencies, the government of Pakistan at first withdrew regular military units from forward bases, nominally to exhibit nation-building unity in a new country for Muslims. 1 In both countries, economic development and political integration were policy goals intended to build human capital and legitimate the nation-state, but also to maintain established internal hierarchies of authority and power. 2 By 1955 despite such efforts, borderland residents continued to negotiate relationships with state officials now recruiting signatures on documents of national loyalty. 3","PeriodicalId":40186,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44922645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper addresses the Muqaddam, or the village headman, the relevant fiscal department, and the process of tax collection as represented in pre-Mongol Persian documents found recently in the Ghur region in present day Afghanistan. It argues that “Muqaddam” was the title used for a village notable associated with the fiscal department called the Diwān al-Ikhtiyārī. The Muqaddam collected the ʿushr, or the state's shares of harvests as prescribed under Islamic law. The tax is collected only in the presence of the Muʿtamid, who is the Diwān's trusted agent. Tax collection followed the Diwān's issuance of an edict termed ḥukm-i tafṣīl, which detailed the instructions given to the Muqaddam. The analysis in this article highlights the Ghurid aspect of the Muqaddam's role, which was previously unknown. This is due in part to the scarcity of primary sources about his roles; in part because the Muqaddam mentioned in the medieval north Indian Persian literature overshadowed discussion on the Muqaddam. By analysing the Ghurid documents, this paper thus argues “Muqaddam” was a term specifically used in the Ghur region in a particular agricultural context.
{"title":"The Muqaddam Represented in the pre-Mongol Persian Documents from Ghur","authors":"Said Reza Husseini","doi":"10.3366/afg.2021.0074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/afg.2021.0074","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the Muqaddam, or the village headman, the relevant fiscal department, and the process of tax collection as represented in pre-Mongol Persian documents found recently in the Ghur region in present day Afghanistan. It argues that “Muqaddam” was the title used for a village notable associated with the fiscal department called the Diwān al-Ikhtiyārī. The Muqaddam collected the ʿushr, or the state's shares of harvests as prescribed under Islamic law. The tax is collected only in the presence of the Muʿtamid, who is the Diwān's trusted agent. Tax collection followed the Diwān's issuance of an edict termed ḥukm-i tafṣīl, which detailed the instructions given to the Muqaddam. The analysis in this article highlights the Ghurid aspect of the Muqaddam's role, which was previously unknown. This is due in part to the scarcity of primary sources about his roles; in part because the Muqaddam mentioned in the medieval north Indian Persian literature overshadowed discussion on the Muqaddam. By analysing the Ghurid documents, this paper thus argues “Muqaddam” was a term specifically used in the Ghur region in a particular agricultural context.","PeriodicalId":40186,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42264322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Commerce, Cuisine and Cultural Exchange in Afghanistan, West Asia and Beyond","authors":"M. Marsden","doi":"10.3366/AFG.2021.0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/AFG.2021.0067","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40186,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45921869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：