Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1163/9789004373334_003
Seokwoo Lee, J. Kim
The common heritage of mankind (chm), also known as common heritage of humanity,1 originally refers to the resources of the Area under Article 136 of the Law of the Sea Convention (losc). However, the precise meaning of chm under international law – its elements, scope, and legal status – remains very much in debate to the present day. Much of this debate lies in the contrary perspectives of developed and developing states.2 Developed states veer towards the notion that the CHM allows the “common use of designated areas, while upholding traditional concepts such as freedom of the high seas and freedom of exploration.”3 On the contrary, developing countries view the principle of chm as having three goals: (1) the prevention of monopolization in these areas by developed nations at the expense of nations that lack technology or financing, (2) the direct participation of developing nations in the international management of resource extraction, and (3) favorable distribution of economic benefits to developing nations.4 In addition to these differing views on the concept of chm, the status of the principle under international law is also disputed. On one hand, the principle is gaining recognition as customary international law, with some even heralding
{"title":"Applying the Principle of the Common Heritage of MankindAn East Asian Perspective","authors":"Seokwoo Lee, J. Kim","doi":"10.1163/9789004373334_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004373334_003","url":null,"abstract":"The common heritage of mankind (chm), also known as common heritage of humanity,1 originally refers to the resources of the Area under Article 136 of the Law of the Sea Convention (losc). However, the precise meaning of chm under international law – its elements, scope, and legal status – remains very much in debate to the present day. Much of this debate lies in the contrary perspectives of developed and developing states.2 Developed states veer towards the notion that the CHM allows the “common use of designated areas, while upholding traditional concepts such as freedom of the high seas and freedom of exploration.”3 On the contrary, developing countries view the principle of chm as having three goals: (1) the prevention of monopolization in these areas by developed nations at the expense of nations that lack technology or financing, (2) the direct participation of developing nations in the international management of resource extraction, and (3) favorable distribution of economic benefits to developing nations.4 In addition to these differing views on the concept of chm, the status of the principle under international law is also disputed. On one hand, the principle is gaining recognition as customary international law, with some even heralding","PeriodicalId":402239,"journal":{"name":"Global Commons and the Law of the Sea","volume":"345 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115229472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1163/9789004373334_015
Lorenzo Schiano di Pepe
{"title":"Areas beyond National Jurisdiction","authors":"Lorenzo Schiano di Pepe","doi":"10.1163/9789004373334_015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004373334_015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":402239,"journal":{"name":"Global Commons and the Law of the Sea","volume":"58 22","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120817213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1163/9789004373334_001
Keyuan Zou
'Global Commons’ refers to resource domains or areas that lie outside of the political reach of any one State, including sea areas beyond national jurisdiction and Antarctica. The concept of ‘global commons’ is a living concept and can accommodate, over time, other commons at the international level, such as biodiversity and generic resources. The situation of global marine commons is not that optimistic in that fishery resources continue to deplete, marine biodiversity continues to reduce, and plastic wastes in the oceans continue to increase. In international law, there are legal regimes governing global marine commons. A most important global treaty is the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), which came into effect in 1994. It governs the high seas, international seabed and its resources, marine environmental protection, and fisheries. Global Commons and the Law of the Sea offers intellectual discussions on global marine commons. It contains six parts respectively addressing the principle of the common heritage of mankind (CHM), freedoms of high seas, deep sea mining and international seabed, area beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) governance, management of geoengineering and generic resources, and recent developments in the polar regions.
{"title":"Global Commons and the Law of the SeaAn Introduction","authors":"Keyuan Zou","doi":"10.1163/9789004373334_001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004373334_001","url":null,"abstract":"'Global Commons’ refers to resource domains or areas that lie outside of the political reach of any one State, including sea areas beyond national jurisdiction and Antarctica. The concept of ‘global commons’ is a living concept and can accommodate, over time, other commons at the international level, such as biodiversity and generic resources. The situation of global marine commons is not that optimistic in that fishery resources continue to deplete, marine biodiversity continues to reduce, and plastic wastes in the oceans continue to increase. In international law, there are legal regimes governing global marine commons. A most important global treaty is the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), which came into effect in 1994. It governs the high seas, international seabed and its resources, marine environmental protection, and fisheries. \u0000 \u0000Global Commons and the Law of the Sea offers intellectual discussions on global marine commons. It contains six parts respectively addressing the principle of the common heritage of mankind (CHM), freedoms of high seas, deep sea mining and international seabed, area beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) governance, management of geoengineering and generic resources, and recent developments in the polar regions.","PeriodicalId":402239,"journal":{"name":"Global Commons and the Law of the Sea","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126597282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1163/9789004373334_006
Yan Song
{"title":"U.s. Maritime Claims and Establishment of Marine National Monuments in the Pacific OceanA Preliminary Study of the Question Concerning Possible Encroachment of the Global Commons","authors":"Yan Song","doi":"10.1163/9789004373334_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004373334_006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":402239,"journal":{"name":"Global Commons and the Law of the Sea","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131358752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1163/9789004373334_005
{"title":"Revisiting the Freedoms of High Seas","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004373334_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004373334_005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":402239,"journal":{"name":"Global Commons and the Law of the Sea","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124381015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1163/9789004373334_019
Hua Zhang
{"title":"The Obligation of Due Diligence in Regulating the Marine Genetic Resources in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction","authors":"Hua Zhang","doi":"10.1163/9789004373334_019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004373334_019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":402239,"journal":{"name":"Global Commons and the Law of the Sea","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123334186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1163/9789004373334_013
{"title":"Abnj Governance","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004373334_013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004373334_013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":402239,"journal":{"name":"Global Commons and the Law of the Sea","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134239526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1163/9789004373334_022
K. Scott
{"title":"Protecting the Commons in the Polar South","authors":"K. Scott","doi":"10.1163/9789004373334_022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004373334_022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":402239,"journal":{"name":"Global Commons and the Law of the Sea","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126399585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1163/9789004373334_020
{"title":"New Developments in the Polar Regions","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004373334_020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004373334_020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":402239,"journal":{"name":"Global Commons and the Law of the Sea","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116643047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1163/9789004373334_021
Zhen Sun, Robert Beckman
{"title":"The Development of the Polar Code and Challenges to Its Implementation","authors":"Zhen Sun, Robert Beckman","doi":"10.1163/9789004373334_021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004373334_021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":402239,"journal":{"name":"Global Commons and the Law of the Sea","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128776534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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