Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1183/9781849840415.008412
F. Pulvirenti, C. Milito, M. DiGiulio, I. Quinti
{"title":"Pulmonary diseases in primary immunodeficiency syndromes","authors":"F. Pulvirenti, C. Milito, M. DiGiulio, I. Quinti","doi":"10.1183/9781849840415.008412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/9781849840415.008412","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404345,"journal":{"name":"ERS Handbook Respiratory Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124784581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1183/9781849840798.008618
Demosthenes Bouros, A. Tzouvelekis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that as a single agent is known to cause the infection with the most morbidity and mortality around the world. It is known to cause pulmonary infection in immunocompetent patient, but its dissemination outside the lungs has been linked to a high degree of cellular immunosuppression as seen in the advance stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection, and after chemotherapy. Despite extensive research, screening, education, and continuous efforts to try to eradicate and control the infection, tuberculosis is still one of the most prevalent infections throughout the world. Even the cases of extra pulmonary dissemination are seen to have increased. Extra pulmonary tuberculous dissemination has a very variable presentation that depends on the organ involved. The diagnosis is difficult and many times a long time passes between diagnosis and initial presentation. In this chapter, we will review how tuberculosis infection presents when the bacilli invades any tissue outside the pulmonary parenchyma, what the literature recommends for the proper work up and diagnosis, and general treatment for major organ system infection.
{"title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis","authors":"Demosthenes Bouros, A. Tzouvelekis","doi":"10.1183/9781849840798.008618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/9781849840798.008618","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that as a single agent is known to cause the infection with the most morbidity and mortality around the world. It is known to cause pulmonary infection in immunocompetent patient, but its dissemination outside the lungs has been linked to a high degree of cellular immunosuppression as seen in the advance stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection, and after chemotherapy. Despite extensive research, screening, education, and continuous efforts to try to eradicate and control the infection, tuberculosis is still one of the most prevalent infections throughout the world. Even the cases of extra pulmonary dissemination are seen to have increased. Extra pulmonary tuberculous dissemination has a very variable presentation that depends on the organ involved. The diagnosis is difficult and many times a long time passes between diagnosis and initial presentation. In this chapter, we will review how tuberculosis infection presents when the bacilli invades any tissue outside the pulmonary parenchyma, what the literature recommends for the proper work up and diagnosis, and general treatment for major organ system infection.","PeriodicalId":404345,"journal":{"name":"ERS Handbook Respiratory Medicine","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121837305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1183/9781849840798.012318
M. Polkey, A. Simonds
{"title":"Neuromuscular disorders and the diaphragm","authors":"M. Polkey, A. Simonds","doi":"10.1183/9781849840798.012318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/9781849840798.012318","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404345,"journal":{"name":"ERS Handbook Respiratory Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126672351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1183/9781849840798.013318
E. Rosato
This new atlas provides an illustrated guide to the investigation, diagnosis and management of the systemic autoimmune diseases. The authors begin with an overview of the general principles of assessment. The main sections of the atlas focus in turn on specific inflammatory diseases affecting the connective tissues including the primary systemic vasculitides. Information is supported by high quality colour photographs, diagnostic algorithms and tables throughout. This up to date visual guide to the complex field of connective tissue disease provides an essential tool for differential diagnosis, thus enabling more rapid and effective management of the patient with these symptoms.
{"title":"Connective tissue diseases","authors":"E. Rosato","doi":"10.1183/9781849840798.013318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/9781849840798.013318","url":null,"abstract":"This new atlas provides an illustrated guide to the investigation, diagnosis and management of the systemic autoimmune diseases. The authors begin with an overview of the general principles of assessment. The main sections of the atlas focus in turn on specific inflammatory diseases affecting the connective tissues including the primary systemic vasculitides. Information is supported by high quality colour photographs, diagnostic algorithms and tables throughout. This up to date visual guide to the complex field of connective tissue disease provides an essential tool for differential diagnosis, thus enabling more rapid and effective management of the patient with these symptoms.","PeriodicalId":404345,"journal":{"name":"ERS Handbook Respiratory Medicine","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116302966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1183/9781849840415.013712
E. Quoix
[8,11] are normal. Considering the small volume of tissue sampled, both bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy are relatively sensitive techniques for detecting bone marrow infiltration by metastatic tumours. In two autopsy studies which simulated biopsy procedures, it was estimated that, when osseous metastases were present, a bone marrow aspirate would give positive results in 28% of cases [12] and a single trephine biopsy in 35–45% [13]. Trephine biopsy is more sensitive than bone marrow aspiration and sensitivity is increased by performing bilateral biopsies or by obtaining a single large biopsy. The sensitivity of aspiration is increased if large numbers of films are examined and if a clot section is also examined. It is common for tumour cells to be detectable in trephine biopsy sections when none are demonstrable in films of an aspirate [8,14]. Overall, about three quarters of metastases detected by a trephine biopsy are also detected by simultaneous bone marrow aspirate. Discrepancy between biopsy and aspirate findings usually results from a desmoplastic stromal reaction to the tumour which renders neoplastic cells more difficult to aspirate than residual haemopoietic cells. It is also, to some degree, a consequence of the different volumes of tissue sampled. Because of its greater sensitivity, trephine biopsy should always be performed when metastatic malignancy is suspected. However, tumour cells are seen occasionally in aspirate films when trephine biopsy sections appear normal [2,8,14] and the two procedures should therefore be regarded as complementary. Increasingly, bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy are being performed as staging procedures at the time of diagnosis in a number of solid tumours, principally neuroblastoma in children and TEN
{"title":"Metastatic tumours","authors":"E. Quoix","doi":"10.1183/9781849840415.013712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/9781849840415.013712","url":null,"abstract":"[8,11] are normal. Considering the small volume of tissue sampled, both bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy are relatively sensitive techniques for detecting bone marrow infiltration by metastatic tumours. In two autopsy studies which simulated biopsy procedures, it was estimated that, when osseous metastases were present, a bone marrow aspirate would give positive results in 28% of cases [12] and a single trephine biopsy in 35–45% [13]. Trephine biopsy is more sensitive than bone marrow aspiration and sensitivity is increased by performing bilateral biopsies or by obtaining a single large biopsy. The sensitivity of aspiration is increased if large numbers of films are examined and if a clot section is also examined. It is common for tumour cells to be detectable in trephine biopsy sections when none are demonstrable in films of an aspirate [8,14]. Overall, about three quarters of metastases detected by a trephine biopsy are also detected by simultaneous bone marrow aspirate. Discrepancy between biopsy and aspirate findings usually results from a desmoplastic stromal reaction to the tumour which renders neoplastic cells more difficult to aspirate than residual haemopoietic cells. It is also, to some degree, a consequence of the different volumes of tissue sampled. Because of its greater sensitivity, trephine biopsy should always be performed when metastatic malignancy is suspected. However, tumour cells are seen occasionally in aspirate films when trephine biopsy sections appear normal [2,8,14] and the two procedures should therefore be regarded as complementary. Increasingly, bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy are being performed as staging procedures at the time of diagnosis in a number of solid tumours, principally neuroblastoma in children and TEN","PeriodicalId":404345,"journal":{"name":"ERS Handbook Respiratory Medicine","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115917295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1183/9781849840415.013512
G. Massard, N. Santelmo, P. Falcoz
{"title":"Surgical treatment for lung cancer","authors":"G. Massard, N. Santelmo, P. Falcoz","doi":"10.1183/9781849840415.013512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/9781849840415.013512","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404345,"journal":{"name":"ERS Handbook Respiratory Medicine","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134351521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1183/9781849840415.001112
P. Shah
Nose breathing is typically through the nose. This confers two advantages, there is improved ltration by vibrissae hairs and humidi cation of inspired gas because the nasal septum and the turbinates greatly increase the surface area of muscosa available for evaporation and the turbulent ow improves contact. The consequence is increased resistance to ow such that at higher ows (>35 l/min) oral breathing is required.
{"title":"Anatomy of the respiratory system","authors":"P. Shah","doi":"10.1183/9781849840415.001112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/9781849840415.001112","url":null,"abstract":"Nose breathing is typically through the nose. This confers two advantages, there is improved ltration by vibrissae hairs and humidi cation of inspired gas because the nasal septum and the turbinates greatly increase the surface area of muscosa available for evaporation and the turbulent ow improves contact. The consequence is increased resistance to ow such that at higher ows (>35 l/min) oral breathing is required.","PeriodicalId":404345,"journal":{"name":"ERS Handbook Respiratory Medicine","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132967688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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