Artificial Intelligence has become an input to the production of goods and services. Therefore, a general question is there that "How the labor hour/human resource will be replaced by the artificial intelligence?". To answer this question the paper considers that both artificial intelligence and the human resources are the inputs to the firm and explains the choice between the two with reference to the Customer Relationship Management. The paper derives the individual firm's and the industry demand functions of the artificial intelligence and the human resources when both are present in the production of the identical or closely related goods and services. Moreover, the paper also shows the strategic behavior of an individual firm with the industry in selecting the artificial Intelligence and the human Resources. It has been shown that the individual firm's choice in the industry depends on the choice of the industry leader. The paper explains the super modular game between the firms in an industry.
{"title":"Understanding the Choice of Human Resource and the Artificial Intelligence: 'Strategic Behavior', and the Existence of the Industry Equilibrium","authors":"Dipankar Das","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3868734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3868734","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence has become an input to the production of goods and services. Therefore, a general question is there that \"How the labor hour/human resource will be replaced by the artificial intelligence?\". To answer this question the paper considers that both artificial intelligence and the human resources are the inputs to the firm and explains the choice between the two with reference to the Customer Relationship Management. The paper derives the individual firm's and the industry demand functions of the artificial intelligence and the human resources when both are present in the production of the identical or closely related goods and services. Moreover, the paper also shows the strategic behavior of an individual firm with the industry in selecting the artificial Intelligence and the human Resources. It has been shown that the individual firm's choice in the industry depends on the choice of the industry leader. The paper explains the super modular game between the firms in an industry.","PeriodicalId":404806,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Technological Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130931671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper re-investigates whether larger cities eliminate more low-productivity firms, the so-called firm selection hypothesis. We exploit a huge boom of infrastructure construction in China during 1998-2007. We find that in coastal provinces, when we compare large cities to small cities which are not connected by controlled-access highways, the firm selection is apparent; however, comparing large cities to small ones which are connected by highways, the firm selection disappears. This result suggests that market size is dictated not so much by geography (city boundaries), but rather by transportation costs. The estimated effects of firm selection are robust to the potential endogeneity of highway construction. Evidence for firm selection is absent in inland provinces, perhaps because the market economy was relatively poorly developed in those areas during our study period.
{"title":"Reassessing the Firm Selection Hypothesis: New Evidence from Chinese Highways","authors":"Yi Niu, M. Shum","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3670452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3670452","url":null,"abstract":"This paper re-investigates whether larger cities eliminate more low-productivity firms, the so-called firm selection hypothesis. We exploit a huge boom of infrastructure construction in China during 1998-2007. We find that in coastal provinces, when we compare large cities to small cities which are not connected by controlled-access highways, the firm selection is apparent; however, comparing large cities to small ones which are connected by highways, the firm selection disappears. This result suggests that market size is dictated not so much by geography (city boundaries), but rather by transportation costs. The estimated effects of firm selection are robust to the potential endogeneity of highway construction. Evidence for firm selection is absent in inland provinces, perhaps because the market economy was relatively poorly developed in those areas during our study period.","PeriodicalId":404806,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Technological Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123546032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This note presents a descriptive analysis of data from the so-called "Digital Data Divide Database", which estimates the world’s technological hardware capacity to telecommunicate information between 1986 and 2017. The database provides both the number of telecommunication subscriptions and the bandwidth capacity for 168 countries.
{"title":"Digital Data Divide Database","authors":"Martin Hilbert","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3345756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3345756","url":null,"abstract":"This note presents a descriptive analysis of data from the so-called \"Digital Data Divide Database\", which estimates the world’s technological hardware capacity to telecommunicate information between 1986 and 2017. The database provides both the number of telecommunication subscriptions and the bandwidth capacity for 168 countries.","PeriodicalId":404806,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Technological Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127862852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The digital revolution is the widespread diffusion of information and communication technologies, and the transformation towards an entirely digitized society. The digital revolution has the capacity to radically develop and change Africa like what first industrial revolution has done to the western countries in the 19th century. Although, for two decades, Africa benefited of steady economic growth sustained by commodity exports and increasingly by structural factors such as demographics, growing internal markets, urbanization and technological developments, Africa still lags behind other regions in providing many of the essential ICTs infrastructures and internet and online services. In this paper, we assess the current trends of the digital transformation in Africa to explore the opportunities and challenges that are encountering the African region in that matter. This study finds that despite that digital revolution in Africa is having many drivers to success and holding bright future opportunities especially in matters of poverty alleviation and business development, still many challenges are hindering its ongoing process.
{"title":"The Digital Revolution in Africa: Opportunities and Hurdles","authors":"H. Adam","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3307703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3307703","url":null,"abstract":"The digital revolution is the widespread diffusion of information and communication technologies, and the transformation towards an entirely digitized society. The digital revolution has the capacity to radically develop and change Africa like what first industrial revolution has done to the western countries in the 19th century. Although, for two decades, Africa benefited of steady economic growth sustained by commodity exports and increasingly by structural factors such as demographics, growing internal markets, urbanization and technological developments, Africa still lags behind other regions in providing many of the essential ICTs infrastructures and internet and online services. In this paper, we assess the current trends of the digital transformation in Africa to explore the opportunities and challenges that are encountering the African region in that matter. This study finds that despite that digital revolution in Africa is having many drivers to success and holding bright future opportunities especially in matters of poverty alleviation and business development, still many challenges are hindering its ongoing process.","PeriodicalId":404806,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Technological Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128891251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of private sector has increased in the overall economy of India. After 1990, Indian enterprises have emerged as a globally competitive in number of sector such as software, pharmaceuticals, metals, and auto part and components sectors. These enterprises are also involves in innovative activities and engaged in technology absorption and development. Global competitiveness of these enterprises has been strengthened by the innovation system created and evolved over time in India. The private sector has responded by investing extensively in R&D to upgrade itself on the technology value chain. In addition to internal R&D, these enterprises are also collaborating with other international firms to access their technology in order to fill their knowledge gaps. Many Indian enterprises have already formed alliances with international firms, which is enabling them to learn and absorb the latest technologies. These alliances positively impact knowledge creation and new product development. This has improved the innovative capacity of the firms as well as attracting foreign investments in science and technology ventures. This paper attempts to understand the status, performance and role of alliances in the technological development of Indian private sector. The paper has been divided in five sections. First section outlines the importance of private section and their growing importance. Section two looks at the overall National innovation system and the role of Indian Business Sector in the field of Science and Technology. Section three presents the performance of the top high technology industries, along with innovation, export and import, FDI, innovation strategies. Section four discusses the importance of technical collaborations with the help of the case study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Sector. Finally, the conclusions and suggestions have been outlined.
{"title":"Science and Technology in the Indian Business Sector: Status, Performance and Collaboration","authors":"V. Kaul, Rupali Khanna","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3036931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3036931","url":null,"abstract":"The role of private sector has increased in the overall economy of India. After 1990, Indian enterprises have emerged as a globally competitive in number of sector such as software, pharmaceuticals, metals, and auto part and components sectors. These enterprises are also involves in innovative activities and engaged in technology absorption and development. Global competitiveness of these enterprises has been strengthened by the innovation system created and evolved over time in India. The private sector has responded by investing extensively in R&D to upgrade itself on the technology value chain. In addition to internal R&D, these enterprises are also collaborating with other international firms to access their technology in order to fill their knowledge gaps. Many Indian enterprises have already formed alliances with international firms, which is enabling them to learn and absorb the latest technologies. These alliances positively impact knowledge creation and new product development. This has improved the innovative capacity of the firms as well as attracting foreign investments in science and technology ventures. This paper attempts to understand the status, performance and role of alliances in the technological development of Indian private sector. The paper has been divided in five sections. First section outlines the importance of private section and their growing importance. Section two looks at the overall National innovation system and the role of Indian Business Sector in the field of Science and Technology. Section three presents the performance of the top high technology industries, along with innovation, export and import, FDI, innovation strategies. Section four discusses the importance of technical collaborations with the help of the case study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Sector. Finally, the conclusions and suggestions have been outlined.","PeriodicalId":404806,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Technological Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125855714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper aims to characterize and test performance differences between ecommerce and non-ecommerce firms or establishments.
本文旨在描述和测试电子商务和非电子商务公司或机构之间的性能差异。
{"title":"Ecommerce and Firm Performance: Evidence from Korea","authors":"Kyu Yub Lee","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3086338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3086338","url":null,"abstract":"The paper aims to characterize and test performance differences between ecommerce and non-ecommerce firms or establishments.","PeriodicalId":404806,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Technological Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"40 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114364970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper asks how entrepreneurs organize, and how they come to be organized in communities. The paper reviews literature on regional entrepreneurial networks and organizing in incubators, and finds that prior research has alluded to the role of communities, but neglected to develop explicit theory on the origins of meso-level social structures. To build such theory, in-depth case study data (including 119 interviews with 133 participants) were collected during field studies in Kigali, Harare, and Accra from September-December 2014. Six entrepreneurial communities anchored in local coworking spaces are used as comparative case studies. The paper finds that coworking spaces are unique organizational actors, in that they enable community formation by working as social enclosures, locational fix points, and symbols of a purpose. Based on within-case process tracing and cross-case pattern matching, the paper then theorizes the assembly process: coworking spaces assemble previously distant and different actors into entrepreneurial communities. Assembly consists of three mechanisms: convening (creating occasions for interactions), interconnecting (matching complementary actors), and activating (stimulating mutual concern among community members). Assembly theory highlights the need for more studies of entrepreneurial organizing processes, and addresses important meso-level theory gaps in research on the coordination and organization of entrepreneurship.
{"title":"How Nascent Technology Entrepreneurs Organize: The Community Assembly Process","authors":"N. Friederici","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3123804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3123804","url":null,"abstract":"This paper asks how entrepreneurs organize, and how they come to be organized in communities. The paper reviews literature on regional entrepreneurial networks and organizing in incubators, and finds that prior research has alluded to the role of communities, but neglected to develop explicit theory on the origins of meso-level social structures. To build such theory, in-depth case study data (including 119 interviews with 133 participants) were collected during field studies in Kigali, Harare, and Accra from September-December 2014. Six entrepreneurial communities anchored in local coworking spaces are used as comparative case studies. The paper finds that coworking spaces are unique organizational actors, in that they enable community formation by working as social enclosures, locational fix points, and symbols of a purpose. Based on within-case process tracing and cross-case pattern matching, the paper then theorizes the assembly process: coworking spaces assemble previously distant and different actors into entrepreneurial communities. Assembly consists of three mechanisms: convening (creating occasions for interactions), interconnecting (matching complementary actors), and activating (stimulating mutual concern among community members). Assembly theory highlights the need for more studies of entrepreneurial organizing processes, and addresses important meso-level theory gaps in research on the coordination and organization of entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":404806,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Technological Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133158299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prizes for innovations are currently experiencing a renaissance, following their marked decline during the nineteenth century. However, Daguerre’s “patent buyout,” the longitude prize, inducement prizes for butter substitutes and billiard balls, the activities of the Royal Society of Arts and other “encouragement” institutions, all comprise historically inaccurate and potentially misleading case studies. Daguerre, for instance, never obtained a patent in France and, instead, lobbied for government support in a classic example of rent-seeking. This paper surveys empirical research using more representative samples drawn from Britain, France, and the United States, including “great inventors” and their ordinary counterparts, and prizes at industrial exhibitions. The results suggest that administered systems of rewards to innovators suffered from a number of disadvantages in design and practice, some of which might be inherent to their non-market orientation. These findings in part explain why innovation prizes lost favour as a technology policy instrument in both the United States and Europe in the period of industrialization and economic growth.
{"title":"Inventing Prizes: A Historical Perspective on Innovation Awards and Technology Policy","authors":"B. Khan","doi":"10.3386/W21375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W21375","url":null,"abstract":"Prizes for innovations are currently experiencing a renaissance, following their marked decline during the nineteenth century. However, Daguerre’s “patent buyout,” the longitude prize, inducement prizes for butter substitutes and billiard balls, the activities of the Royal Society of Arts and other “encouragement” institutions, all comprise historically inaccurate and potentially misleading case studies. Daguerre, for instance, never obtained a patent in France and, instead, lobbied for government support in a classic example of rent-seeking. This paper surveys empirical research using more representative samples drawn from Britain, France, and the United States, including “great inventors” and their ordinary counterparts, and prizes at industrial exhibitions. The results suggest that administered systems of rewards to innovators suffered from a number of disadvantages in design and practice, some of which might be inherent to their non-market orientation. These findings in part explain why innovation prizes lost favour as a technology policy instrument in both the United States and Europe in the period of industrialization and economic growth.","PeriodicalId":404806,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Technological Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123415270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Endogenous growth theory is based on the notion that technological knowledge stimulates growth, yet the micro foundations of this process are rarely investigated and remain obscure. Knowledge spillover theory posits that growth is contingent on the technology dependence of industries, forming the landscape for technology entrepreneurs to launch and grow new ventures. We investigate these theoretical contingencies of endogenous growth with two research questions at two levels of analysis: First, do industries with a greater need for new technology-based entrepreneurship grow disproportionately faster than other industries? Second, do the knowledge spillover effects foster the growth of new technology based firms contingent on certain industry structures? These questions are examined empirically, using a comprehensive employee-employer data set on the science and technology labor force in Sweden from 1995 to 2002.
{"title":"Endogenous Growth Through Knowledge Spillovers in Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Test","authors":"Frédéric Delmar, Karl Wennberg, Karin Hellerstedt","doi":"10.1002/SEJ.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SEJ.114","url":null,"abstract":"Endogenous growth theory is based on the notion that technological knowledge stimulates growth, yet the micro foundations of this process are rarely investigated and remain obscure. Knowledge spillover theory posits that growth is contingent on the technology dependence of industries, forming the landscape for technology entrepreneurs to launch and grow new ventures. We investigate these theoretical contingencies of endogenous growth with two research questions at two levels of analysis: First, do industries with a greater need for new technology-based entrepreneurship grow disproportionately faster than other industries? Second, do the knowledge spillover effects foster the growth of new technology based firms contingent on certain industry structures? These questions are examined empirically, using a comprehensive employee-employer data set on the science and technology labor force in Sweden from 1995 to 2002.","PeriodicalId":404806,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Technological Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123366404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past two decades, technological progress has been biased towards making skilled labor more productive. What does skill-biased technological change imply for business cycles? To answer this question, we construct a quarterly series for the skill premium from the CPS and use it to identify skill-biased technology shocks in a VAR with long run restrictions. We find that hours worked fall in response to skill-biased, but not in response to skill-neutral improvements in technology. Skill-biased technology shocks are associated with increases in the relative price of investment, indicating that capital and skill are substitutes in aggregate production.
{"title":"Cyclical Skill-Biased Technological Change","authors":"Almut Balleer, Thijs van Rens","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1107834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1107834","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, technological progress has been biased towards making skilled labor more productive. What does skill-biased technological change imply for business cycles? To answer this question, we construct a quarterly series for the skill premium from the CPS and use it to identify skill-biased technology shocks in a VAR with long run restrictions. We find that hours worked fall in response to skill-biased, but not in response to skill-neutral improvements in technology. Skill-biased technology shocks are associated with increases in the relative price of investment, indicating that capital and skill are substitutes in aggregate production.","PeriodicalId":404806,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Technological Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116501000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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