Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.4324/9781003060581-49
J. Habermas
{"title":"Postscript (1994)","authors":"J. Habermas","doi":"10.4324/9781003060581-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060581-49","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404839,"journal":{"name":"Crime, Inequality and the State","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133357719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.4324/9781003060581-52
Jean Louise Cohen, A. Arato
Part 1 The discourse of civil society: the contemporary revival of civil society conceptual history and theoreticl synthesis theoretical development in the 20th century. Part 2 The discontents of civil society: the normative critique - Hannah Arendt the historicist critique - Carl Schmitt, Reinhart Koselleck and Jurgen Habermas the genealogical critique - Michel Foucault the systems-theoretic critique - Niklas Luhmann. Part 3 The reconstruction of civil society: discourse ethics and civil society social theory and civil society social movements and civil society civil disobedience and civil society.
{"title":"Civil Society and Political Theory","authors":"Jean Louise Cohen, A. Arato","doi":"10.4324/9781003060581-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060581-52","url":null,"abstract":"Part 1 The discourse of civil society: the contemporary revival of civil society conceptual history and theoreticl synthesis theoretical development in the 20th century. Part 2 The discontents of civil society: the normative critique - Hannah Arendt the historicist critique - Carl Schmitt, Reinhart Koselleck and Jurgen Habermas the genealogical critique - Michel Foucault the systems-theoretic critique - Niklas Luhmann. Part 3 The reconstruction of civil society: discourse ethics and civil society social theory and civil society social movements and civil society civil disobedience and civil society.","PeriodicalId":404839,"journal":{"name":"Crime, Inequality and the State","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132943991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Civic Disengagement in Contemporary America","authors":"R. Putnam","doi":"10.4324/9781003060581-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060581-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404839,"journal":{"name":"Crime, Inequality and the State","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122280161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511616167.005
William Spelman
Introduction over the past twenty years , the fifty American states have engaged in one of the great policy experiments of modern times. In an attempt to reduce intolerably high levels of reported crime, the states doubled their prison populations, then doubled them again, increasing their costs by more than $20 billion per year. The states and the Federal government have given up a lot to get to this point: That $20 billion could provide child care for every family that cannot afford it, or a college education to every high school graduate, or a living-wage job to every unemployed youth. But crime levels appear to have (at last) responded, dropping to their lowest level in years. Thus recent history provides a prima facie case for the effectiveness of prisons. Not everyone has found this evidence persuasive. Some argue, quite convincingly, that the recent crime reductions had nothing to do with the prison buildup. Crime dropped because the job prospects of povertystricken youths have improved, or because police have become more effective at getting weapons off the street, or because neighbors are beginning to watch out for one another again. As usual, correlation does not guarantee causation. If we are to determine the role of the prison buildup in the recent crime reductions, we will need to take a more systematic approach.
{"title":"The Limited Importance of Prison Expansion","authors":"William Spelman","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511616167.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511616167.005","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction over the past twenty years , the fifty American states have engaged in one of the great policy experiments of modern times. In an attempt to reduce intolerably high levels of reported crime, the states doubled their prison populations, then doubled them again, increasing their costs by more than $20 billion per year. The states and the Federal government have given up a lot to get to this point: That $20 billion could provide child care for every family that cannot afford it, or a college education to every high school graduate, or a living-wage job to every unemployed youth. But crime levels appear to have (at last) responded, dropping to their lowest level in years. Thus recent history provides a prima facie case for the effectiveness of prisons. Not everyone has found this evidence persuasive. Some argue, quite convincingly, that the recent crime reductions had nothing to do with the prison buildup. Crime dropped because the job prospects of povertystricken youths have improved, or because police have become more effective at getting weapons off the street, or because neighbors are beginning to watch out for one another again. As usual, correlation does not guarantee causation. If we are to determine the role of the prison buildup in the recent crime reductions, we will need to take a more systematic approach.","PeriodicalId":404839,"journal":{"name":"Crime, Inequality and the State","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132600466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.4324/9781003060581-42
Elliott Currie
[First-level Header] Background: The clinical efficacy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) therapy in cardiovascular disease has been established in clinical trials. Nonetheless, it is unclear to whom and when statin treatment should be initiated for patients without cardiovascular disease with regard to overall absolute risk reduction of cardiovascular disease and the cost-effectiveness of long-term statin therapy. Objectives: To examine the cost-effectiveness of pravastatin 10 mg/day compared with no drug therapy for primary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD), using cardiac risk factors from risk predictions for CAD from Japanese cohort studies. Methods: A Markov transition model was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pravastatin compared with no drug therapy. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction was estimated using risk predictions for CAD in Japan. A hypothetical population from 45 to 75 years old was examined using the cardiac risk factors. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) over a lifetime horizon were estimated from a perspective of payers. Results: ICERs of pravastatin therapy compared with no drug therapy were 9,677,000 yen per QALY in 55-year-old men and 8,648,000 yen per QALY in 65-year-old men with diabetes mellitus, hypertension (grade II), and smoking as cardiac risk factors. Pravastatin therapy was not cost-effective compared with no drug therapy in all subgroups evaluated. Conclusions: Using risk prediction for CAD based on a Japanese cohort with no history of cardiovascular events, the cost-effectiveness of pravastatin for primary prevention of CAD may not be cost-effective in populations at both low and high cardiac risk.
{"title":"Prevention","authors":"Elliott Currie","doi":"10.4324/9781003060581-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060581-42","url":null,"abstract":"[First-level Header] Background: The clinical efficacy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) therapy in cardiovascular disease has been established in clinical trials. Nonetheless, it is unclear to whom and when statin treatment should be initiated for patients without cardiovascular disease with regard to overall absolute risk reduction of cardiovascular disease and the cost-effectiveness of long-term statin therapy. Objectives: To examine the cost-effectiveness of pravastatin 10 mg/day compared with no drug therapy for primary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD), using cardiac risk factors from risk predictions for CAD from Japanese cohort studies. Methods: A Markov transition model was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pravastatin compared with no drug therapy. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction was estimated using risk predictions for CAD in Japan. A hypothetical population from 45 to 75 years old was examined using the cardiac risk factors. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) over a lifetime horizon were estimated from a perspective of payers. Results: ICERs of pravastatin therapy compared with no drug therapy were 9,677,000 yen per QALY in 55-year-old men and 8,648,000 yen per QALY in 65-year-old men with diabetes mellitus, hypertension (grade II), and smoking as cardiac risk factors. Pravastatin therapy was not cost-effective compared with no drug therapy in all subgroups evaluated. Conclusions: Using risk prediction for CAD based on a Japanese cohort with no history of cardiovascular events, the cost-effectiveness of pravastatin for primary prevention of CAD may not be cost-effective in populations at both low and high cardiac risk.","PeriodicalId":404839,"journal":{"name":"Crime, Inequality and the State","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122017198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.4324/9781003060581-45
A. Bottoms
{"title":"Alternatives to Prison","authors":"A. Bottoms","doi":"10.4324/9781003060581-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060581-45","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404839,"journal":{"name":"Crime, Inequality and the State","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121721845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"All God's Children","authors":"Jon Saari, Fox Butterfield","doi":"10.2307/4613317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4613317","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404839,"journal":{"name":"Crime, Inequality and the State","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130967564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.4324/9781003060581-25
Elliott Currie
{"title":"Social Action","authors":"Elliott Currie","doi":"10.4324/9781003060581-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060581-25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404839,"journal":{"name":"Crime, Inequality and the State","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115890373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Crime is Not the Problem","authors":"F. Zimring, G. Hawkins","doi":"10.4324/9781003060581-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060581-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404839,"journal":{"name":"Crime, Inequality and the State","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125501803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.4324/9781003060581-26
Scott H. Decker, Barrik Van Winkle
{"title":"Life in the Gang","authors":"Scott H. Decker, Barrik Van Winkle","doi":"10.4324/9781003060581-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060581-26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404839,"journal":{"name":"Crime, Inequality and the State","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129209429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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