Pub Date : 2020-12-14DOI: 10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.1-9
M. Imran, R. Yasmeen
Background: Domestic violence is a significant public health concern all around the world. Globally around 10 out of 70 women faced domestic violence at least once in their life. However, there is a vast variation in the reported prevalence of domestic violence all around the world. Our study aims to explore the situation of domestic violence by using the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) dataset 2017-18. Methodology: Secondary data analysis was performed on 4085 married women of age 15-49 years by using a recently conducted PDHS data set to determine the prevalence, socio-demographic and economic factors that potentially increase the risk of different domestic violence types. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with domestic violence. Results: In this study, the overall prevalence of domestic violence in Pakistan is 34.2%. However, the prevalence of sexual violence 4.79% (3.75-6.09), emotional violence 28.91% (26.76-31.17), and physical violence was 14.84% (13.22-16.63) respectively in Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa reported the highest prevalence of sexual violence, 7.71%, followed by FATA 4.69%, Punjab 4.61%, Sindh 3.73%, and Balochistan 3.13%. Moreover, FATA has the highest prevalence of physical violence, 36.13%, followed by Balochistan, 33.5%, KPK, 22.5%, Punjab 13.28%, ICT 10.65%, and Sindh 7.68%. However, FATA also has the highest prevalence of emotional violence, 65.87%, followed by KPK 50.80%, Balochistan 48.37%, ICT 33.23%, Punjab 25.45%, and Sindh 15.1%. Conclusion: In our study, we found an association of low educational level of husband, poor wealth index, increase age of husband, and use of alcohol by the husband. Although policies are in place at the provincial level in Pakistan but there is no effective implementation of those policies at the provincial level. There is a need to study risk factors and societal perceptions regarding domestic violence across provinces to design and implement an effective intervention.
{"title":"Prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional violence among married women in Pakistan: A detailed analysis from Pakistan demographic health survey 2017-18","authors":"M. Imran, R. Yasmeen","doi":"10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.1-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.1-9","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Domestic violence is a significant public health concern all around the world. Globally around 10 out of 70 women faced domestic violence at least once in their life. However, there is a vast variation in the reported prevalence of domestic violence all around the world. Our study aims to explore the situation of domestic violence by using the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) dataset 2017-18. Methodology: Secondary data analysis was performed on 4085 married women of age 15-49 years by using a recently conducted PDHS data set to determine the prevalence, socio-demographic and economic factors that potentially increase the risk of different domestic violence types. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with domestic violence. Results: In this study, the overall prevalence of domestic violence in Pakistan is 34.2%. However, the prevalence of sexual violence 4.79% (3.75-6.09), emotional violence 28.91% (26.76-31.17), and physical violence was 14.84% (13.22-16.63) respectively in Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa reported the highest prevalence of sexual violence, 7.71%, followed by FATA 4.69%, Punjab 4.61%, Sindh 3.73%, and Balochistan 3.13%. Moreover, FATA has the highest prevalence of physical violence, 36.13%, followed by Balochistan, 33.5%, KPK, 22.5%, Punjab 13.28%, ICT 10.65%, and Sindh 7.68%. However, FATA also has the highest prevalence of emotional violence, 65.87%, followed by KPK 50.80%, Balochistan 48.37%, ICT 33.23%, Punjab 25.45%, and Sindh 15.1%. Conclusion: In our study, we found an association of low educational level of husband, poor wealth index, increase age of husband, and use of alcohol by the husband. Although policies are in place at the provincial level in Pakistan but there is no effective implementation of those policies at the provincial level. There is a need to study risk factors and societal perceptions regarding domestic violence across provinces to design and implement an effective intervention.","PeriodicalId":405055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Women Empowerment","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131933689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-14DOI: 10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.16-22
Syed Asif, Samreen Yasmeen, Saman Riaz, S. Muqeem, M. Usama
Background: Low Back Pain (LBP) affects many pregnant women. Pain is often associated with varying degrees of functional limitations, causing pregnant women to carry out many everyday activities. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data with a sample size of 135 pregnant women. Functional status was measured by using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). ODI is a 10-item questionnaire, which was developed to identify functional limitations due to LBP. Each item is scored between 0 and 5, thus giving a final score expressed as a percentage. Collected data were analyzed through SPSS version 16.0. Results: Out of 135 females, 133(98.5%) were with LBP. Among 133 females with LBP, 100(75.2%) have a minimal disability, 30(22.6%) have a moderate disability, and 3(2.3%) females have a severe disability. Conclusion: LBP is common in pregnant women and causes functional limitations that affect women's daily activities and independence. Mostly women were not aware of proper treatment techniques for LBP. Physiotherapy played a vital role in minimizing LBP and further pregnancy-related complications.
{"title":"Frequency of LBP in pregnant women affecting activities of daily living","authors":"Syed Asif, Samreen Yasmeen, Saman Riaz, S. Muqeem, M. Usama","doi":"10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.16-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.16-22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Low Back Pain (LBP) affects many pregnant women. Pain is often associated with varying degrees of functional limitations, causing pregnant women to carry out many everyday activities. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data with a sample size of 135 pregnant women. Functional status was measured by using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). ODI is a 10-item questionnaire, which was developed to identify functional limitations due to LBP. Each item is scored between 0 and 5, thus giving a final score expressed as a percentage. Collected data were analyzed through SPSS version 16.0. Results: Out of 135 females, 133(98.5%) were with LBP. Among 133 females with LBP, 100(75.2%) have a minimal disability, 30(22.6%) have a moderate disability, and 3(2.3%) females have a severe disability. Conclusion: LBP is common in pregnant women and causes functional limitations that affect women's daily activities and independence. Mostly women were not aware of proper treatment techniques for LBP. Physiotherapy played a vital role in minimizing LBP and further pregnancy-related complications.","PeriodicalId":405055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Women Empowerment","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130234959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-14DOI: 10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.47-53
T. Makhdoom, M. N. Baloch, A. Bhatti
Background: Domestic workers comprise a significant part of the national workforce and serve as the backbone for various families in our society. This community still lives below the poverty line and striving for a better life. This study investigated the factors responsible for women to become domestic workers and identified their problems. Domestic maids' literature is scant, especially in Pakistan; little work is done on the topic, which is an impetus to contribute. It will help in devising some policies for the wellbeing of this economically deprived segment of society. Methodology: This study explores maids' data about demographics, employment, problems, and access to welfare programs. Semi-structured interviews — comprised of closed-ended and open-ended questions — were conducted from 14 domestic maids working in Hyderabad and Jamshoro districts, selected through a convenient sampling technique. The data were analyzed with frequency and crosstabs, and thematic analysis. Results: Old age, extended work experience, lack of education, being married, number of dependents and low income were found the common factor in this occupation. Irresponsible male members, absence of male members, insufficient family income, an accusation of theft, deteriorating health, being overburdened, and non-access to welfare programs were found to be the main problems for housemaids. Conclusion: The elimination of this occupation is not recommended, as they play a very vital role in our society, but a change in attitude and conduct while dealing with maids is suggested. Whereas, there is a need for agencies, which can provide a pool of labour as domestic servants, as both employer and employee rights can be protected.
{"title":"Domestic work as a job opportunity for economically deprived women: Causes and consequences of being a maidservant","authors":"T. Makhdoom, M. N. Baloch, A. Bhatti","doi":"10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.47-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.47-53","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Domestic workers comprise a significant part of the national workforce and serve as the backbone for various families in our society. This community still lives below the poverty line and striving for a better life. This study investigated the factors responsible for women to become domestic workers and identified their problems. Domestic maids' literature is scant, especially in Pakistan; little work is done on the topic, which is an impetus to contribute. It will help in devising some policies for the wellbeing of this economically deprived segment of society. Methodology: This study explores maids' data about demographics, employment, problems, and access to welfare programs. Semi-structured interviews — comprised of closed-ended and open-ended questions — were conducted from 14 domestic maids working in Hyderabad and Jamshoro districts, selected through a convenient sampling technique. The data were analyzed with frequency and crosstabs, and thematic analysis. Results: Old age, extended work experience, lack of education, being married, number of dependents and low income were found the common factor in this occupation. Irresponsible male members, absence of male members, insufficient family income, an accusation of theft, deteriorating health, being overburdened, and non-access to welfare programs were found to be the main problems for housemaids. Conclusion: The elimination of this occupation is not recommended, as they play a very vital role in our society, but a change in attitude and conduct while dealing with maids is suggested. Whereas, there is a need for agencies, which can provide a pool of labour as domestic servants, as both employer and employee rights can be protected.","PeriodicalId":405055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Women Empowerment","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127414093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-14DOI: 10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.10-15
Waseem Jamalvi, Sidra Hassan, Sadiak Saeed, M. Raza
Background: Breastfeeding is the supreme economical and certainly accessible absolute nutrition for every newborn baby. The child health indicators are alarming in our country and enable us to understand the importance of investing in mother's and children's nutrition. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 undergraduate MBBS students at Hamdard University from April 2019 till June 2019, and the samples were collected by convenient sampling technique. The sample size was calculated online by open epi website. All the undergraduate MBBS students from Hamdard University were included, and other students from Hamdard University was excluded. Oral informed consent was obtained, and the research ethics committee approved the study protocol. SPSS Version 19 was used to analyze the data. Results: Among all 250 students, there were 106(42%) males, and year wise participation were presented. Upon asking about bottle feeding's adverse event, 160(64%) opted 'yes' answer. The majority 128(51%) oppose the statement that 'Prelacteal feed is the food except mother's milk can be provided to a newborn before initiating breastfeeding. It was well-known among most of the participants, 149(60%), that breastfeeding duration is two years. It was found that 76 (30%) thought that it is easy to digest, 61(24%) thought that it is an easily available product and prevent diarrhea and acute respiratory infections among babies, 27(11%) rated it cheap, 25(10%) opted sterile among advantages of breastfeeding. Conclusion: Medical students can benefit from targeted programs to increase breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes and confidence in guiding breastfeeding mothers.
背景:母乳喂养是最经济的，当然是每个新生儿可获得的绝对营养。我国的儿童健康指标令人震惊，这使我们能够理解投资于母亲和儿童营养的重要性。方法:本研究于2019年4月至2019年6月对Hamdard大学250名MBBS本科生进行了横断面研究，采用方便抽样技术采集样本。样本量通过open epi网站在线计算。所有来自Hamdard大学的MBBS本科生被纳入，其他来自Hamdard大学的学生被排除在外。获得口头知情同意，研究伦理委员会批准了研究方案。采用SPSS Version 19对数据进行分析。结果:在所有250名学生中，有106名(42%)是男性。在被问及奶瓶喂养的不良事件时，160人(64%)选择了“是”。大多数128人(51%)反对“泌乳前饲料是除了母乳以外的食物，可以在开始母乳喂养之前提供给新生儿”的说法。大多数参与者(149人，60%)都知道母乳喂养时间为两年。结果发现，76人(30%)认为它易于消化，61人(24%)认为它是一种容易获得的产品，可以防止婴儿腹泻和急性呼吸道感染，27人(11%)认为它便宜，25人(10%)认为它是母乳喂养的优点。结论:医学生可以通过有针对性的项目提高母乳喂养知识、态度和指导母乳喂养母亲的信心。
{"title":"Knowledge and attitude of medical students towards breastfeeding practices","authors":"Waseem Jamalvi, Sidra Hassan, Sadiak Saeed, M. Raza","doi":"10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.10-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.10-15","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Breastfeeding is the supreme economical and certainly accessible absolute nutrition for every newborn baby. The child health indicators are alarming in our country and enable us to understand the importance of investing in mother's and children's nutrition. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 undergraduate MBBS students at Hamdard University from April 2019 till June 2019, and the samples were collected by convenient sampling technique. The sample size was calculated online by open epi website. All the undergraduate MBBS students from Hamdard University were included, and other students from Hamdard University was excluded. Oral informed consent was obtained, and the research ethics committee approved the study protocol. SPSS Version 19 was used to analyze the data. Results: Among all 250 students, there were 106(42%) males, and year wise participation were presented. Upon asking about bottle feeding's adverse event, 160(64%) opted 'yes' answer. The majority 128(51%) oppose the statement that 'Prelacteal feed is the food except mother's milk can be provided to a newborn before initiating breastfeeding. It was well-known among most of the participants, 149(60%), that breastfeeding duration is two years. It was found that 76 (30%) thought that it is easy to digest, 61(24%) thought that it is an easily available product and prevent diarrhea and acute respiratory infections among babies, 27(11%) rated it cheap, 25(10%) opted sterile among advantages of breastfeeding. Conclusion: Medical students can benefit from targeted programs to increase breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes and confidence in guiding breastfeeding mothers.","PeriodicalId":405055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Women Empowerment","volume":"18 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116865734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-14DOI: 10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.30-46
M. Jamil, Khalood Bukhari
Background: Keeping in mind the importance of women empowerment for the growth of a country the present study aims to measure the empowerment of mothers’ generation and daughters’ generation and to estimate the chances of the transition of empowerment from mothers’ generation to daughters’ generation and the impact of demographic, social and economic indicators on the empowerment of mother’s generation and daughter’s generation. Methodology: A questionnaire was used to collect data from Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and selected rural areas. The data from 510 women, including 198 mother-daughters pairs, was collected using a mixed sampling technique. Descriptive analyses, as well as logistic regressions, were employed to examine the determinants of women empowerment. Non-parametric tests were used to make inter as well as intragenerational comparisons among different dimensions of empowerment. Results: The results of logistic regression revealed that women's empowerment is significantly affected by age, years of schooling, mother’s years of schooling, area of residence work experience, type of employer, and personal income. While examining the transition of empowerment from mothers to their daughters it was seen that highly empowered mothers have high chances of having empowered daughters. Conclusion: Promoting the education of women, provision of loans, financial aid, and other facilities to women because all these help empower women, and since there is the transition of empowerment from mothers to their daughters, empowering a woman also means empowering her next generation.
{"title":"Intergenerational Comparison of Women Empowerment and its Determinants","authors":"M. Jamil, Khalood Bukhari","doi":"10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.30-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.30-46","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Keeping in mind the importance of women empowerment for the growth of a country the present study aims to measure the empowerment of mothers’ generation and daughters’ generation and to estimate the chances of the transition of empowerment from mothers’ generation to daughters’ generation and the impact of demographic, social and economic indicators on the empowerment of mother’s generation and daughter’s generation. \u0000Methodology: A questionnaire was used to collect data from Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and selected rural areas. The data from 510 women, including 198 mother-daughters pairs, was collected using a mixed sampling technique. Descriptive analyses, as well as logistic regressions, were employed to examine the determinants of women empowerment. Non-parametric tests were used to make inter as well as intragenerational comparisons among different dimensions of empowerment. \u0000Results: The results of logistic regression revealed that women's empowerment is significantly affected by age, years of schooling, mother’s years of schooling, area of residence work experience, type of employer, and personal income. While examining the transition of empowerment from mothers to their daughters it was seen that highly empowered mothers have high chances of having empowered daughters. \u0000Conclusion: Promoting the education of women, provision of loans, financial aid, and other facilities to women because all these help empower women, and since there is the transition of empowerment from mothers to their daughters, empowering a woman also means empowering her next generation.","PeriodicalId":405055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Women Empowerment","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125980995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-14DOI: 10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.23-29
S. Farooq, Sehrish Shiraz, Sonya Arshad
Background: In developing countries, reproductive health in particular maternal health and reproductive tract infections are recognized as a health priority but still dysmenorrhea is by far the least understood and addressed complaint despite its ubiquity. Consequently, it incredibly influences the efficiency of ladies. This study was nested to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and to perform the multivariate analysis of patterns of menstrual cycles with the age of menarche, days of interval, days of cycles and marital status. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted over the sample of 500 menstruating women of age 15 and above. The structured questionnaire administered comprised of the verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMS) and Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) scales in addition to the questions about menstrual patterns. Chi-square test was used for the statistical analyses on SPSS version 21.0. Results: The mean age of the sample was 25.4 ± 6.92 years. The prevalence of 92.4% of dysmenorrheal was found to be inversely related to the average age of females with dysmenorrhea (24.93 ± 6.78 years). The significant direct relation of dysmenorrhea was observed in women with higher age at menarche (13.22 ± 1.75 years) and longer intervals of 26.95 ± 4.78 days. Moreover, the women complaining of heavy menstrual volumes were significantly more prevalent to dysmenorrhea (56.2%). The association of VMS pain scores with marital status showed that higher pain scores were significantly associated with unmarried females (44%). Conclusion: The occurrence of dysmenorrhea is highly common and associated with patterns of the menstrual cycle. Therefore, close observation of menstrual traits is important for the improvement of menstrual health. ± 6.78 years) was significantly lower than the average age of females without dysmenorrhea (31.05 ± 6.05 years), and women with dysmenorrhea had a significantly higher age at menarche (13.22 ± 1.75 years) than the age at the time of the onset of menstruation in women without dysmenorrhea (12.57 ± 1.55 years). The days of menstrual cycle did not differ significantly with the presence or absence of dysmenorrhea. However the findings suggest that the duration of interval between the
{"title":"Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its contributing factors in fertile aged women","authors":"S. Farooq, Sehrish Shiraz, Sonya Arshad","doi":"10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.23-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.23-29","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In developing countries, reproductive health in particular maternal health and reproductive tract infections are recognized as a health priority but still dysmenorrhea is by far the least understood and addressed complaint despite its ubiquity. Consequently, it incredibly influences the efficiency of ladies. This study was nested to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and to perform the multivariate analysis of patterns of menstrual cycles with the age of menarche, days of interval, days of cycles and marital status. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted over the sample of 500 menstruating women of age 15 and above. The structured questionnaire administered comprised of the verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMS) and Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) scales in addition to the questions about menstrual patterns. Chi-square test was used for the statistical analyses on SPSS version 21.0. Results: The mean age of the sample was 25.4 ± 6.92 years. The prevalence of 92.4% of dysmenorrheal was found to be inversely related to the average age of females with dysmenorrhea (24.93 ± 6.78 years). The significant direct relation of dysmenorrhea was observed in women with higher age at menarche (13.22 ± 1.75 years) and longer intervals of 26.95 ± 4.78 days. Moreover, the women complaining of heavy menstrual volumes were significantly more prevalent to dysmenorrhea (56.2%). The association of VMS pain scores with marital status showed that higher pain scores were significantly associated with unmarried females (44%). Conclusion: The occurrence of dysmenorrhea is highly common and associated with patterns of the menstrual cycle. Therefore, close observation of menstrual traits is important for the improvement of menstrual health. ± 6.78 years) was significantly lower than the average age of females without dysmenorrhea (31.05 ± 6.05 years), and women with dysmenorrhea had a significantly higher age at menarche (13.22 ± 1.75 years) than the age at the time of the onset of menstruation in women without dysmenorrhea (12.57 ± 1.55 years). The days of menstrual cycle did not differ significantly with the presence or absence of dysmenorrhea. However the findings suggest that the duration of interval between the","PeriodicalId":405055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Women Empowerment","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116754355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-14DOI: 10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.54-58
Huzaifa Sarfraz, M. Madani, R. Shaikh
Background: In Pakistan, marital rape is not an immediate concern because domestic violence like battering one's wife is considered private. In Pakistan, marital rape is a concept of which the majority are not even aware. Being a society where violence against women is widespread, it is imperative to study the perception and awareness level of Pakistan's marital rape. This study was designed to understand the perception of marital rape among women living in Karachi. Methodology: The present study is exploratory; based on saturation, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with eleven participants. The researcher has analyzed the qualitative data by following Creswell Model (2014). Results: Findings of the study revealed that marital rape is rarely known among women living in Karachi. The institution of the family plays a very weak role in providing sex education to their girls. Conclusion: This study has concluded that there are no Pakistan sources that can provide awareness regarding women's sexual rights except family.
{"title":"Knowledge and Perception of Marital Rape in Pakistan","authors":"Huzaifa Sarfraz, M. Madani, R. Shaikh","doi":"10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.54-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.V6.I1.2020.54-58","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Pakistan, marital rape is not an immediate concern because domestic violence like battering one's wife is considered private. In Pakistan, marital rape is a concept of which the majority are not even aware. Being a society where violence against women is widespread, it is imperative to study the perception and awareness level of Pakistan's marital rape. This study was designed to understand the perception of marital rape among women living in Karachi. Methodology: The present study is exploratory; based on saturation, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with eleven participants. The researcher has analyzed the qualitative data by following Creswell Model (2014). Results: Findings of the study revealed that marital rape is rarely known among women living in Karachi. The institution of the family plays a very weak role in providing sex education to their girls. Conclusion: This study has concluded that there are no Pakistan sources that can provide awareness regarding women's sexual rights except family.","PeriodicalId":405055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Women Empowerment","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134203580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-14DOI: 10.29052/2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.35-42
Muhammad Moiz Khan
Background: Since the time immemorial half of the humanity has been ignored and hardly mentioned in the history book compared to the other half of humanity. History has been written by men, of men and for men. There is tons of literature talking about and glorifying kings, generals, lords, inventors, poets, writers, philosophers, artists, that were men. However not much literary work has been produced on the same scale to exalt the other gender. Methodology: The literature search was employed through electronic databases including Embase, PubMed, Research gate, Scopus & Google Scholar. The most difficult question to settle before embarking upon this research was which personalities should be selected for fulfilling the criteria of the research. Eventually selection was made covering most parts of the globe since ancient times. Results: The study of history reveals the fact that women in the past have contributed in almost every field yet they were just mentioned in margins of history and as a support, rather than the main characters. Although women have influenced in many fields but this study revolves around few empowered women who influenced socio-political arena of their time and space. Conclusion: It has become imperative to bring the forgotten past of these women to build upon the rational of gender equality.
{"title":"Forgotten History of Empowered Women","authors":"Muhammad Moiz Khan","doi":"10.29052/2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.35-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.35-42","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Since the time immemorial half of the humanity has been ignored and hardly mentioned in the history book compared to the other half of humanity. History has been written by men, of men and for men. There is tons of literature talking about and glorifying kings, generals, lords, inventors, poets, writers, philosophers, artists, that were men. However not much literary work has been produced on the same scale to exalt the other gender. Methodology: The literature search was employed through electronic databases including Embase, PubMed, Research gate, Scopus & Google Scholar. The most difficult question to settle before embarking upon this research was which personalities should be selected for fulfilling the criteria of the research. Eventually selection was made covering most parts of the globe since ancient times. Results: The study of history reveals the fact that women in the past have contributed in almost every field yet they were just mentioned in margins of history and as a support, rather than the main characters. Although women have influenced in many fields but this study revolves around few empowered women who influenced socio-political arena of their time and space. Conclusion: It has become imperative to bring the forgotten past of these women to build upon the rational of gender equality.","PeriodicalId":405055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Women Empowerment","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128534232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-14DOI: 10.29052/2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.15-22
S. Batool, Y. Saleem, S. Riaz, Sadaf Ahmed
Background: The cosmetic industry now dominates the global standards of beauty due to the unreal definition of an ideal appearance. Advertising companies are playing with the human psychology and have displayed such a perfect body image that now people feel disappointed with their natural appearance and tend to opt the cosmetic products for a perfect look. The purpose of this research was to explore the attitude and opinion of females regarding cosmetic products and to evaluate the factors of self-esteem, makeup involvement and makeup satisfaction. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study a total of 107 females were enrolled. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire inquiring the respondent’s demographic details, cosmetics use, preferences and perceptions etc. Five-point Likert scale was used for rating the level of happiness/satisfaction with and without makeup and questions pertaining to the responder’s perception of self image and makeup involvement. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 21.5±4.68 years and the age when they first started wearing makeup was 17.14±2.87 years. Based on the results, 42.1% females were very happy with their natural face features without makeup while 55.1% preferred applying makeup. Moreover, latest trends (64.8%), discounts (17.6%), advertisements (16.7%) and morning shows (3.7%) were among the major sources capturing females for cosmetic purchase. 57.0% were involved in cosmetic purchase monthly and 30.8% were those spending 1000 to 2000 PKR per month on cosmetic products. Women mostly preferred cosmetic products for facial care (43.9%) and to improve self-image (28.0%). Although 55.1% of them preferred wearing no makeup to school or work while 39.3% would wear little makeup. Regarding the cosmetic use and purpose, 41.1% females strongly agreed to the fact that they feel good when their makeup is good. Moreover, 15.0% voted for confidence and desirability and 13.1% agreed that it is mainly used for hiding flaws. Conclusion: Although equal number of women reported loving their natural features without makeup as compared to those preferring makeup but it might be indicative of personal bias as it is evident that the women today wants to be seen confident and attractive.
{"title":"Creative destruction caused by the cosmetic products; A false signal","authors":"S. Batool, Y. Saleem, S. Riaz, Sadaf Ahmed","doi":"10.29052/2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.15-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.15-22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The cosmetic industry now dominates the global standards of beauty due to the unreal definition of an ideal appearance. Advertising companies are playing with the human psychology and have displayed such a perfect body image that now people feel disappointed with their natural appearance and tend to opt the cosmetic products for a perfect look. The purpose of this research was to explore the attitude and opinion of females regarding cosmetic products and to evaluate the factors of self-esteem, makeup involvement and makeup satisfaction. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study a total of 107 females were enrolled. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire inquiring the respondent’s demographic details, cosmetics use, preferences and perceptions etc. Five-point Likert scale was used for rating the level of happiness/satisfaction with and without makeup and questions pertaining to the responder’s perception of self image and makeup involvement. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 21.5±4.68 years and the age when they first started wearing makeup was 17.14±2.87 years. Based on the results, 42.1% females were very happy with their natural face features without makeup while 55.1% preferred applying makeup. Moreover, latest trends (64.8%), discounts (17.6%), advertisements (16.7%) and morning shows (3.7%) were among the major sources capturing females for cosmetic purchase. 57.0% were involved in cosmetic purchase monthly and 30.8% were those spending 1000 to 2000 PKR per month on cosmetic products. Women mostly preferred cosmetic products for facial care (43.9%) and to improve self-image (28.0%). Although 55.1% of them preferred wearing no makeup to school or work while 39.3% would wear little makeup. Regarding the cosmetic use and purpose, 41.1% females strongly agreed to the fact that they feel good when their makeup is good. Moreover, 15.0% voted for confidence and desirability and 13.1% agreed that it is mainly used for hiding flaws. Conclusion: Although equal number of women reported loving their natural features without makeup as compared to those preferring makeup but it might be indicative of personal bias as it is evident that the women today wants to be seen confident and attractive.","PeriodicalId":405055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Women Empowerment","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126741449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-14DOI: 10.29052/2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.43-62
A. Begam, Nooreen Mujahid
Background: The gender assessment highlights the prevailing gap in multiple dimensions that exist between males and females, and challenges which Pakistan faces related to gender issues. Achieving this objective requires in-depth understanding of economic and non-economic factors because the existing data only provide gender differences in selected dimensions such as, education, health, political and labour force participation. Moreover, gender gap is observable due to lack of access to resources and opportunities, constrains on female’s mobility, lack of education and information. Methodology: The study presents a detailed gender assessment to explore gender gap in political participation, health, education and economic activity in Pakistan. The analysis is based on the secondary data drawn from reports published by several governmental, international development agencies, and local nongovernmental organizations. The gender disparity between male and female’s living create biasness which leads to social, cultural and economic inequality. Therefore, this assessment enlightens gender roles, relations and control over resources between both genders in order to realize full potential and constrains of economic and human development. Results: Findings from gender assessment can be used to formulate various strategies and policies for addressing gender issues. Conclusion: Public policies related to government spending on health and education should be targeted on the basis of gender while identify the regions where higher gender disparity exists. Especially government spending on education and health will play significant role in betterment of females in rural areas.
{"title":"An Assessment of Gender Inequality: A Case Study of Pakistan","authors":"A. Begam, Nooreen Mujahid","doi":"10.29052/2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.43-62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29052/2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.43-62","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The gender assessment highlights the prevailing gap in multiple dimensions that exist between males and females, and challenges which Pakistan faces related to gender issues. Achieving this objective requires in-depth understanding of economic and non-economic factors because the existing data only provide gender differences in selected dimensions such as, education, health, political and labour force participation. Moreover, gender gap is observable due to lack of access to resources and opportunities, constrains on female’s mobility, lack of education and information. Methodology: The study presents a detailed gender assessment to explore gender gap in political participation, health, education and economic activity in Pakistan. The analysis is based on the secondary data drawn from reports published by several governmental, international development agencies, and local nongovernmental organizations. The gender disparity between male and female’s living create biasness which leads to social, cultural and economic inequality. Therefore, this assessment enlightens gender roles, relations and control over resources between both genders in order to realize full potential and constrains of economic and human development. Results: Findings from gender assessment can be used to formulate various strategies and policies for addressing gender issues. Conclusion: Public policies related to government spending on health and education should be targeted on the basis of gender while identify the regions where higher gender disparity exists. Especially government spending on education and health will play significant role in betterment of females in rural areas.","PeriodicalId":405055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Women Empowerment","volume":"9 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114166050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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