This paper studies the following problem: given a pair of business process models, determine which elements in one model are related to which elements in the other model. This problem arises in the context of merging different versions or variants of a business process model or when comparing business process models in order to display their similarities and differences. The paper investigates two approaches to this alignment problem: one based purely on lexical matching of pairs of elements and another based on error-correcting graph matching. Using a set of models taken from real-life scenarios, the paper empirically shows that graph matching techniques yield a significantly higher precision than pure lexical matching, while achieving comparable recall.
{"title":"Aligning Business Process Models","authors":"R. Dijkman, M. Dumas, L. García-Bañuelos, R. Uba","doi":"10.1109/EDOC.2009.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2009.11","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the following problem: given a pair of business process models, determine which elements in one model are related to which elements in the other model. This problem arises in the context of merging different versions or variants of a business process model or when comparing business process models in order to display their similarities and differences. The paper investigates two approaches to this alignment problem: one based purely on lexical matching of pairs of elements and another based on error-correcting graph matching. Using a set of models taken from real-life scenarios, the paper empirically shows that graph matching techniques yield a significantly higher precision than pure lexical matching, while achieving comparable recall.","PeriodicalId":405456,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129252696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
olicy languages (such as privacy and rights) have had little impact on the wider community. Now that Social Networks have taken off, the need to revisit Policy languages and realign them towards Social Networks requirements has become more apparent. One such language is explored as to its applicability to the Social Networks masses. We also argue that policy languages alone are not sufficient and thus they should be paired with reasoning mechanisms to provide precise and unambiguous execution models of the policies. To this end we propose a computationally oriented model to represent, reason with and execute policies for Social Networks.
{"title":"Modelling and Reasoning Languages for Social Networks Policies","authors":"Guido Governatori, R. Iannella","doi":"10.1109/EDOC.2009.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2009.19","url":null,"abstract":"olicy languages (such as privacy and rights) have had little impact on the wider community. Now that Social Networks have taken off, the need to revisit Policy languages and realign them towards Social Networks requirements has become more apparent. One such language is explored as to its applicability to the Social Networks masses. We also argue that policy languages alone are not sufficient and thus they should be paired with reasoning mechanisms to provide precise and unambiguous execution models of the policies. To this end we propose a computationally oriented model to represent, reason with and execute policies for Social Networks.","PeriodicalId":405456,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124652095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Business process modeling is a commonlyused approach in the development of serviceorientedarchitectures. The previous research onthis topic demonstrated that process-oriented modelsmight be too rigid for dynamic adaptations ofthe business logic. Rule-based approaches are consideredan alternative, which offers more flexibilitythanks to the declarative nature of rules and theirunderlying reasoning algorithms. However, modelinga business process through rules is a tediousprocess for developers in terms of the overall businessprocess comprehension. In this paper, we proposea hybrid solution – a modeling language thatintegrates both rule- and process-oriented modelingperspectives. The language (Rule-based BPMN –rBPMN) is based on the integration of the BusinessProcess Modeling Notation with the REWERSERule Markup Language. In this paper, after introducingrBPMN, we report on the experience inmodeling of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA)from the perspective of message exchange patterns.
{"title":"Towards a Language for Rule-Enhanced Business Process Modeling","authors":"Milan Milanovic, D. Gašević","doi":"10.1109/EDOC.2009.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2009.12","url":null,"abstract":"Business process modeling is a commonlyused approach in the development of serviceorientedarchitectures. The previous research onthis topic demonstrated that process-oriented modelsmight be too rigid for dynamic adaptations ofthe business logic. Rule-based approaches are consideredan alternative, which offers more flexibilitythanks to the declarative nature of rules and theirunderlying reasoning algorithms. However, modelinga business process through rules is a tediousprocess for developers in terms of the overall businessprocess comprehension. In this paper, we proposea hybrid solution – a modeling language thatintegrates both rule- and process-oriented modelingperspectives. The language (Rule-based BPMN –rBPMN) is based on the integration of the BusinessProcess Modeling Notation with the REWERSERule Markup Language. In this paper, after introducingrBPMN, we report on the experience inmodeling of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA)from the perspective of message exchange patterns.","PeriodicalId":405456,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123621128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of distributed applications is a complex undertaking, especially if the designers are forced to immediately deal with the detailed behaviour of the underlying middleware. It would be better if the designers could first focus on the essentials of the applications using suitable abstractions of interaction mechanisms that are provided by communication middleware. In this paper we present a method for abstracting a structure of interactions into a more abstract interaction. We apply this method to obtain the abstractions of common interaction mechanisms. The abstractions of interaction mechanisms are defined using the same interaction design concept as used to define other interactions. The abstractions can thus be manipulated in the same way as any other interactions. The correctness of an abstraction with respect to the interaction mechanism it represents is assessed by checking whether a set of conformance requirements are satisfied.
{"title":"Abstractions of Interaction Mechanisms","authors":"T. Dirgahayu, M. V. Sinderen, D. Quartel","doi":"10.1109/EDOC.2009.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2009.21","url":null,"abstract":"The design of distributed applications is a complex undertaking, especially if the designers are forced to immediately deal with the detailed behaviour of the underlying middleware. It would be better if the designers could first focus on the essentials of the applications using suitable abstractions of interaction mechanisms that are provided by communication middleware. In this paper we present a method for abstracting a structure of interactions into a more abstract interaction. We apply this method to obtain the abstractions of common interaction mechanisms. The abstractions of interaction mechanisms are defined using the same interaction design concept as used to define other interactions. The abstractions can thus be manipulated in the same way as any other interactions. The correctness of an abstraction with respect to the interaction mechanism it represents is assessed by checking whether a set of conformance requirements are satisfied.","PeriodicalId":405456,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131880580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the service-oriented paradigm has beenwell established in the technical domain for quite sometime now, service governance is still considered a researchgap. To ensure adequate governance, there is anecessity to manage services as first-class assetsthroughout the lifecycle. Now that the concept of service-orientation is also increasingly applied on thebusiness level to structure an organisation’s capabilities,the problem has become an even bigger challenge.This paper presents a generic business andsoftware service lifecycle and aligns it with the commonmanagement layers in organisations. Using serviceanalysis as an example, it moreover illustrateshow activities in the service lifecycle may vary onlower levels of granularity depending on the focus onbusiness or software services.
{"title":"Business and Software Service Lifecycle Management","authors":"Thomas Kohlborn, Axel Korthaus, M. Rosemann","doi":"10.1109/EDOC.2009.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2009.20","url":null,"abstract":"Although the service-oriented paradigm has beenwell established in the technical domain for quite sometime now, service governance is still considered a researchgap. To ensure adequate governance, there is anecessity to manage services as first-class assetsthroughout the lifecycle. Now that the concept of service-orientation is also increasingly applied on thebusiness level to structure an organisation’s capabilities,the problem has become an even bigger challenge.This paper presents a generic business andsoftware service lifecycle and aligns it with the commonmanagement layers in organisations. Using serviceanalysis as an example, it moreover illustrateshow activities in the service lifecycle may vary onlower levels of granularity depending on the focus onbusiness or software services.","PeriodicalId":405456,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131466011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As its success has demonstrated, the principles of service-oriented architectures yield significant benefits for the integration, maintenance and administration of complex enterprise computing systems. However, they are primarily oriented towards the needs of server-side system integrators rather than the developers of client applications and business processes. In particular, the absence of the notion of types, in the sense of abstract data types and object-oriented programming, limits the way in which client and process developers can access resources in a service-oriented architecture and leverage reusable assets. This is additionally aggravated by the confusion surrounding the notion of state and the question of whether services should in general be stateful or stateless. In this paper we address these problems by introducing a client-oriented model of Web services in service-oriented development that provides a flexible notion of types and instances, and distinguishes between client-oriented and implementation-oriented notions of service state. We also introduce the concept of congregation as a new role in service-oriented development designed to support the new type model and discuss how it can be implemented in the light of the proposed state model using Web services as the underlying technology.
{"title":"Towards a Client-Oriented Model of Types and States in Service-Oriented Development","authors":"C. Atkinson, P. Bostan","doi":"10.1109/EDOC.2009.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2009.16","url":null,"abstract":"As its success has demonstrated, the principles of service-oriented architectures yield significant benefits for the integration, maintenance and administration of complex enterprise computing systems. However, they are primarily oriented towards the needs of server-side system integrators rather than the developers of client applications and business processes. In particular, the absence of the notion of types, in the sense of abstract data types and object-oriented programming, limits the way in which client and process developers can access resources in a service-oriented architecture and leverage reusable assets. This is additionally aggravated by the confusion surrounding the notion of state and the question of whether services should in general be stateful or stateless. In this paper we address these problems by introducing a client-oriented model of Web services in service-oriented development that provides a flexible notion of types and instances, and distinguishes between client-oriented and implementation-oriented notions of service state. We also introduce the concept of congregation as a new role in service-oriented development designed to support the new type model and discuss how it can be implemented in the light of the proposed state model using Web services as the underlying technology.","PeriodicalId":405456,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116934959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabine Buckl, Alexander M. Ernst, F. Matthes, René Ramacher, Christian M. Schweda
The design of an Enterprise Architecture (EA) management function for an enterprise is no easy task. Various frameworks exist as well as EA management tools, which promise to deliver guidance for performing EA management. Nevertheless, the approaches presented by them stay either on a level too abstract to provide realization support or are far too generic, neglecting enterprise-specific EA related concerns. In this article, we discuss the architecture framework of The Open Group (TOGAF) and detail on its promising but nevertheless highly generic architecture development method (ADM). This article shows how the generic development steps can be complemented by a pattern based approach to EA management providing guidance for addressing specific EA related concerns with step-by-step methodologies as well as with corresponding viewpointsand information models.
{"title":"Using Enterprise Architecture Management Patterns to Complement TOGAF","authors":"Sabine Buckl, Alexander M. Ernst, F. Matthes, René Ramacher, Christian M. Schweda","doi":"10.1109/EDOC.2009.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2009.30","url":null,"abstract":"The design of an Enterprise Architecture (EA) management function for an enterprise is no easy task. Various frameworks exist as well as EA management tools, which promise to deliver guidance for performing EA management. Nevertheless, the approaches presented by them stay either on a level too abstract to provide realization support or are far too generic, neglecting enterprise-specific EA related concerns. In this article, we discuss the architecture framework of The Open Group (TOGAF) and detail on its promising but nevertheless highly generic architecture development method (ADM). This article shows how the generic development steps can be complemented by a pattern based approach to EA management providing guidance for addressing specific EA related concerns with step-by-step methodologies as well as with corresponding viewpointsand information models.","PeriodicalId":405456,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126086300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Wetzstein, P. Leitner, Florian Rosenberg, I. Brandić, S. Dustdar, F. Leymann
Business activity monitoring enables continuous observation of key performance indicators (KPIs). However, if things go wrong, a deeper analysis of process performance becomes necessary. Business analysts want to learn about the factors that influence the performance of business processes and most often contribute to the violation of KPI target values, and how they relate to each other. We provide a framework for performance monitoring and analysis of WS-BPEL processes, which consolidates process events and Quality of Service measurements. The framework uses machine learning techniques in order to construct tree structures, which represent the dependencies of a KPI on process and QoS metrics. These dependency trees allow business analysts to analyze how the process KPIs depend on lower-level process metrics and QoS characterisitics of the IT infrastructure. Deeper knowledge about the structure of dependencies can be gained by drill-down analysis of single factors of influence.
{"title":"Monitoring and Analyzing Influential Factors of Business Process Performance","authors":"B. Wetzstein, P. Leitner, Florian Rosenberg, I. Brandić, S. Dustdar, F. Leymann","doi":"10.1109/EDOC.2009.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2009.18","url":null,"abstract":"Business activity monitoring enables continuous observation of key performance indicators (KPIs). However, if things go wrong, a deeper analysis of process performance becomes necessary. Business analysts want to learn about the factors that influence the performance of business processes and most often contribute to the violation of KPI target values, and how they relate to each other. We provide a framework for performance monitoring and analysis of WS-BPEL processes, which consolidates process events and Quality of Service measurements. The framework uses machine learning techniques in order to construct tree structures, which represent the dependencies of a KPI on process and QoS metrics. These dependency trees allow business analysts to analyze how the process KPIs depend on lower-level process metrics and QoS characterisitics of the IT infrastructure. Deeper knowledge about the structure of dependencies can be gained by drill-down analysis of single factors of influence.","PeriodicalId":405456,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125861226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viewpoint modeling is an effective technique for specifying complex software systems in terms of a set of independent viewpoints and correspondences between them. Each viewpoint focuses on a particular aspect of the system, abstracting away from the rest of the concerns. Correspondences specify the relationships between the elements in different views, together with the constraints that guarantee the consistency among these elements. However, most Architectural Frameworks, which follow a multi-viewpoint approach, either do not consider the explicit specification of correspondences, or do it in a very simplistic way. This paper proposes a generic model-driven approach to the specification and realization of correspondences between viewpoints. In particular, we show how correspondences can be modeled both extensionally and intensionally, and propose the use of model transformations to connect these two approaches. As a proof-of-concept, we show how our proposal can be implemented in the context of the RM-ODP and UML4ODP, and present a tool to support the realization of correspondences between ODP views. This proposal can be extended to any other Architectural Framework that uses models to represent their views
{"title":"Realizing Correspondences in Multi-viewpoint Specifications","authors":"J. Romero, J. I. Jaen, Antonio Vallecillo","doi":"10.1109/EDOC.2009.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2009.23","url":null,"abstract":"Viewpoint modeling is an effective technique for specifying complex software systems in terms of a set of independent viewpoints and correspondences between them. Each viewpoint focuses on a particular aspect of the system, abstracting away from the rest of the concerns. Correspondences specify the relationships between the elements in different views, together with the constraints that guarantee the consistency among these elements. However, most Architectural Frameworks, which follow a multi-viewpoint approach, either do not consider the explicit specification of correspondences, or do it in a very simplistic way. This paper proposes a generic model-driven approach to the specification and realization of correspondences between viewpoints. In particular, we show how correspondences can be modeled both extensionally and intensionally, and propose the use of model transformations to connect these two approaches. As a proof-of-concept, we show how our proposal can be implemented in the context of the RM-ODP and UML4ODP, and present a tool to support the realization of correspondences between ODP views. This proposal can be extended to any other Architectural Framework that uses models to represent their views","PeriodicalId":405456,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126567864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthias Wieland, K. Görlach, D. Schumm, F. Leymann
In a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) based on Web Service technology the services typically communicate with each other by passing data values directly from one service to another. In the case the services are orchestrated by workflows the services receive their input values from the workflow engine and return their calculated results back to the engine by value. In this paper we show several use cases where such value passing behavior has drawbacks. To address this challenge we introduce the concept of pointers in SOA. Pointers allow services to pass their data by reference which is a fundamental advantage for Web Service communication. Furthermore we show an extension of BPEL that introduces reference variables as new type of data containers in workflows. In addition, for the management of pointers we present the Reference Resolution System which can be used in very flexible setups either as central or distributed system.
{"title":"Towards Reference Passing in Web Service and Workflow-Based Applications","authors":"Matthias Wieland, K. Görlach, D. Schumm, F. Leymann","doi":"10.1109/EDOC.2009.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2009.17","url":null,"abstract":"In a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) based on Web Service technology the services typically communicate with each other by passing data values directly from one service to another. In the case the services are orchestrated by workflows the services receive their input values from the workflow engine and return their calculated results back to the engine by value. In this paper we show several use cases where such value passing behavior has drawbacks. To address this challenge we introduce the concept of pointers in SOA. Pointers allow services to pass their data by reference which is a fundamental advantage for Web Service communication. Furthermore we show an extension of BPEL that introduces reference variables as new type of data containers in workflows. In addition, for the management of pointers we present the Reference Resolution System which can be used in very flexible setups either as central or distributed system.","PeriodicalId":405456,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131984317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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