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‘Some Agreeable Conversation’: Jonathan Edwards Among Early American Baptists “一些愉快的谈话”:早期美国浸信会教徒中的乔纳森·爱德华兹
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2023-0015
Aaron L. Lumpkin
Abstract Jonathan Edwards has long been recognized for his theology, philosophy, biblical studies, and pastoral ministry. The influence of Edwards’s life and ministry has stretched both far and wide. While his effect among English Baptists has been examined in a variety of ways, less attention has been given to his influence among early Baptists in North America. This article provides a survey of the research concerning Edwards’s influence upon early Baptists in North America. It argues that early Baptists in North America have been more influenced by Edwards than previously recognized. These Baptists looked to Edwards for instruction on Scripture, theology, piety, conversion and revival, preaching and pastoral ministry, and missions. Yet, more work needs to be done to understand the full scope of the reception of Edwards by early Baptists in North America.
乔纳森·爱德华兹(Jonathan Edwards)在神学、哲学、圣经研究和教牧方面的研究一直受到人们的认可。爱德华滋的生平和事工影响深远。虽然他对英国浸信会教徒的影响已经以各种方式进行了研究,但他对北美早期浸信会教徒的影响却很少受到关注。本文对爱德华兹对北美早期浸信会影响的研究进行了综述。它认为,北美早期的浸信会教徒受到爱德华兹的影响比之前认识到的要大。这些浸信会教徒向爱德华兹寻求圣经、神学、虔诚、皈依和复兴、讲道和牧养事工以及使命方面的指导。然而,要全面了解北美早期浸信会接纳爱德华的情况,还需要做更多的工作。
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引用次数: 0
The God of Qohelet: Positive Divine Attributes for an Age of Technology 小天使之神:科技时代的积极神圣属性
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2023-0007
A. Botica
Abstract The book Ecclesiastes has been regarded as one of the most profound pieces of ‘wisdom’ literature in the ancient Orient. It rivals in depth and the courage to challenge the institutional status quo with the literature from Mesopotamia and Egypt. It has puzzled readers in the last three millennia with its unparalleled courage to ask uncomfortable questions about faith, Gods and humanity. Ironically, many of the questions that Ecclesiastes asked have found reverberations in the hearts of post-modern men and women today. On the one hand, the author affirms his belief that one can discern the ‘hand of God’ dispensing justice even in the most tragic of circumstances. On the other hand, Ecclesiastes confesses that, even though he applied his heart ‘to know wisdom and to know madness and folly,’ in the end he perceived ‘that this also is but a striving after wind.’ His conclusion? ‘Vanity of vanities: all is vanity!’ Statements like these have compelled us to approach Ecclesiastes in order to find the equilibrium in his vision between ‘despair’ and ‘hope.’ To do so, we will select a number of divine attributes that offer clarity not only to the vision of God in Ecclesiastes, but also to the sensitive issues of the meaning of life, suffering, justice, death and eternity. In the course of our analysis we will examine the views of contempoerary scholars who have written on this subject. We will show how Ecclesiastes’ vision takes into account human suffering and despair, without sacrificing the integrity of hope.
《传道书》被认为是古代东方最具智慧的文学作品之一。它在深度和勇气上与美索不达米亚和埃及的文学相媲美,挑战制度现状。在过去的三千年里,它以无与伦比的勇气提出了关于信仰、上帝和人性的令人不安的问题,令读者感到困惑。具有讽刺意味的是,传道书中提出的许多问题在今天的后现代男女心中都有回响。一方面,作者肯定了他的信念,即即使在最悲惨的情况下,人们也能看出“上帝之手”在伸张正义。另一方面,《传道书》承认,即使他专心“要知道智慧,癫狂和愚昧”,最后他发现“这也不过是捕风”。他的结论是什么?“虚空中的虚空;一切都是虚空!”这样的陈述迫使我们去读《传道书》,以便在他的愿景中找到“绝望”和“希望”之间的平衡。为了做到这一点,我们将选择一些神圣的属性,这些属性不仅能清晰地解释《传道书》中上帝的异象,还能解释生命、苦难、正义、死亡和永恒的意义等敏感问题。在我们的分析过程中,我们将考察在这个问题上著述的当代学者的观点。我们将展示传道书的异象如何考虑到人类的痛苦和绝望,而不牺牲完整的希望。
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引用次数: 0
Roy M. Oswald’s Concepts of Leadership in the Ministry 罗伊·m·奥斯瓦尔德的《部里领导的概念》
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2023-0011
Adrian Giorgiov
Abstract Roy M. Oswald is convinced that truly energetic organizations are not place to which people escape; they demand time, involvement, and participation from the people. The paper will give an overview of the basic leadership concepts of Oswald, evaluate his strengths and weaknesses and, finally, view these concepts from theological perspectives.
罗伊·m·奥斯瓦尔德相信,真正有活力的组织不是人们逃避的地方;他们需要时间、参与和人民的参与。本文将概述奥斯瓦尔德的基本领导概念,评估他的优点和缺点,最后,从神学的角度来看这些概念。
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引用次数: 0
Philo of Alexandria and the Epistle to the Hebrews on the Concept of the Spiritualization of the Cult 亚历山德里亚的斐洛与《致希伯来人书信》论邪教的精神化概念
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2023-0009
A. Botica
Abstract The Epistle to the Hebrews contains one of the most unique Greek lexicology and syntax of all the New Testament writings. Behind syntax, however, there lies a very profound theological vision on topics such as Christ, Temple, holiness, perseverance and salvation. Studying Hebrews against the background of Graeco-Roman culture, the source that most contemporary scholars mention as being closest to the world of Hebrews in this context is Philo of Alexandria. Not only on philological grounds, but also in matters of methods of interpreting the Old Testament cult and in theology, Hebrews and Philo share a very common background. Analyzing the Epistle to the Hebrews comparatively, we are bound to ask whether or not comparsions such as these are warranted. In the following study we will state the state of the problem and then will examine the two sources that seem to have served as a source of inspiration for the author of Hebrews: the Old Testament and Philo of Alexandria. We will focus exclusively on the issues of the method of allegory and the spiritualization/reinterpretation of Old Testament cultic entities, since both Philo and Hebrews are characterized by these concerns. In essence, we will want to know who or what served as the most plausible source of inspiration for the author of Hebrews in the particular area of the reinterpretation of the Old Testament cult.
希伯来书包含了所有新约著作中最独特的希腊词法和语法之一。然而,在句法的背后,隐藏着对基督、圣殿、圣洁、坚忍和救赎等主题的深刻的神学视野。在希腊罗马文化的背景下研究希伯来书,大多数当代学者认为,在这种背景下,最接近希伯来世界的来源是亚历山大的菲罗。不仅在语言学上,而且在解释旧约崇拜和神学的方法上,希伯来书和斐罗有着非常共同的背景。比较分析《希伯来书》,我们必然会问,这样的比较是否合理。在接下来的学习中,我们将陈述这个问题的状态,然后将研究两个来源,这两个来源似乎是希伯来书作者的灵感来源:旧约和亚历山大的菲罗。我们将专门关注寓言的方法和旧约崇拜实体的精神化/重新解释的问题,因为斐罗和希伯来书都以这些问题为特征。本质上,我们想要知道,在重新解释旧约崇拜的特定领域中,谁或什么是希伯来书作者最可信的灵感来源。
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引用次数: 0
Stress in the Pastoral Ministry a Study Among Hungarian Baptist Pastors 匈牙利浸信会牧师在牧灵事工中的压力研究
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2023-0012
Adrian Giorgiov
Abstract According to Scripture, pastors have an important role in accomplishing the task Jesus Christ entrusted to His body, the Church: making disciples. The degree of pastors’ effectiveness can influence the accomplishment of this task. Stress is an important factor in pastors’ life and ministry, and it can thwart the realization of the mandate received by Jesus Christ. This study, after presenting a number of concepts related to stress and the definition of it, focuses on internal contributors to stress, then continues with an overview of symptoms and stages of stress. Helpful methods of dealing with, reducing, preventing, and integrating stress are studied, then some theological implications conclude the paper. The study is combined with data drawn from the life and ministry of Hungarian Baptist pastors.
根据圣经,牧师在完成耶稣基督托付给他的身体——教会的任务中扮演着重要的角色:培养门徒。牧师的效能程度会影响这一任务的完成。压力是牧师生活和事奉中的一个重要因素,它会阻碍耶稣基督所接受的使命的实现。本研究在介绍了一些与压力相关的概念和压力的定义之后,将重点放在压力的内部因素上,然后继续概述压力的症状和阶段。探讨了处理、减少、预防和整合压力的有益方法,并总结了一些神学意义。这项研究结合了来自匈牙利浸信会牧师生活和事工的数据。
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引用次数: 0
‘Does God Ever Feel Sorry?’ Understanding Verbs of Divine Emotion in the Pentateuch and the Targumic Versions of Onkelos, Neofiti and Pseudo-Jonathan “上帝会感到难过吗?”理解《摩西五经》中的神圣情感动词,以及《昂克罗斯》、《尼奥菲提》和《伪约拿单》的Targumic版本
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2023-0008
A. Botica
Abstract In the present study we will direct our attention to the particular instances in which God appears as the subject of the verb נחם in the Pentateuch, where the context describes the reaction of ‘regretting’ or ‘repenting’ over a previous decision. In addition, in order to find out whether the Aramaic translators were consistent when trying to avoid anthropomorphisms, we will look at several of the occurrences of the verb in situations where it appears with a human, not a divine subject. This comparative approach will allow us to locate the different dimensions of the semantic field in which a given verb functions. Hopefully the wider the picture of this field, the better the chances are that we will understand the motivations and beliefs that informed the particular choices the translators made.
在当前的研究中,我们将把注意力集中在上帝在摩西五经中作为动词的主语出现的特定实例上,其中上下文描述了对先前决定的“后悔”或“忏悔”的反应。此外,为了找出阿拉姆语译者在试图避免拟人时是否一致,我们将看几个动词在与人而不是神的主语一起出现的情况。这种比较方法将使我们能够定位给定动词在其中起作用的语义场的不同维度。希望这个领域的图景越广阔,我们就越有可能理解翻译人员做出特定选择的动机和信念。
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引用次数: 0
Melchizedek, the Priest Who Derived His Pattern from the Preexistent Christ 麦基洗德,从先存的基督衍生出他的模式的祭司
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2023-0010
Adrian Giorgiov
Abstract Melchizedek is one of the most mysterious characters of the book of Genesis. As priest of God Almighty he blessed Abraham, the patriarch returning from war, and received tithes from him. The Epistle to the Hebrews presents Jesus Christ as high priest according to Melchizedek’s priestly order, based on God’s oath found in Psalm 110:4. While Christ’s priestly order according to Melchizedek is higher than Aaron’s priestly order, it is important to remember that Christ is greater than Melchizedek. In other words, Melchizedek derives his pattern from the preexistent Christ, and not the other way around. It is the purpose of this paper to bring to attention that the superiority of the characteristics of and blessings derived from Christ’s priesthood according to Melchizedek’s order is best understood only within this frame.
麦基洗德是《创世纪》中最神秘的人物之一。作为全能上帝的祭司,他祝福亚伯拉罕,族长从战场上回来,并从他那里收了十分之一。希伯来书根据麦基洗德的祭司等级,根据诗篇110:4中上帝的誓言,将耶稣基督描述为大祭司。虽然根据麦基洗德的说法,基督的祭司等级高于亚伦的祭司等级,但重要的是要记住,基督比麦基洗德更大。换句话说,麦基洗德从先存的基督那里得到他的模式,而不是反过来。这篇文章的目的是让大家注意到,根据麦基洗德的命令,基督祭司的特征和祝福的优越性只有在这个框架内才能得到最好的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Is the Quality of Life Objectively Evaluable on Naturalism? 自然主义能客观评价生活质量吗?
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2023-0005
W. Vallicella
Abstract This article examines one of the sources of David Benatar’s anti-natalism. This is the view that ‘all procreation is [morally] wrong.’ (Benatar and Wasserman, 2015:12) One of its sources is the claim that each of our lives is objectively bad, hence bad whether we think so or not. The question I will pose is whether the constraints of metaphysical naturalism allow for an objective devaluation of human life sufficiently negative to justify anti-natalism. My thesis is that metaphysical naturalism does not have the resources to support such a negative evaluation. Metaphysical naturalism is the view that causal reality is exhausted by nature, the space-time system and its contents. The gist of my argument is that the ideal standards relative to which our lives are supposed to be axiologically substandard cannot be merely subjective expressions of our desires and aversions; they must be (i) objectively binding standards that are (ii) objectively possible in the sense of concretely realizable. The realizability condition, however, cannot be satisfied on metaphysical naturalism; ergo, failure to meet these ideal standards cannot show that our lives are objectively bad.
本文考察了大卫·贝纳塔尔反出生主义思想的来源之一。这种观点认为“所有的生育都是(道德上)错误的”。(Benatar and Wasserman, 2015:12)其来源之一是,我们每个人的生活客观上都是坏的,因此无论我们认为与否,都是坏的。我要提出的问题是,形而上学自然主义的约束是否允许对人类生命的客观贬低,这种贬低足够消极,足以证明反自然主义是正当的。我的论点是形而上学的自然主义没有资源来支持这种消极的评价。形而上学自然主义认为因果实在是被自然、时空系统及其内容所耗尽的。我的论点的要点是,与我们的生活相对的理想标准,在价值论上是不符合标准的,不能仅仅是我们的欲望和厌恶的主观表达;它们必须是(i)客观上具有约束力的标准,(ii)在具体可实现的意义上客观上是可能的。但形而上学的自然主义不能满足可实现性条件;因此,未能达到这些理想标准并不能说明我们的生活客观上是糟糕的。
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引用次数: 0
Might God Help Explain Moral Knowledge? 上帝可以帮助解释道德知识吗?
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2023-0001
David J. Baggett
Abstract Although owing to proper basicality, phenomenal conservatism, and deliberative indispensability our axiomatic moral judgments seem to be prima facie justified, the question of potential undercutting defeaters can pose a challenge to moral knowledge. Evolutionary debunking arguments of various stripes are one of the more recent widely discussed contenders for such a defeater. Because of the likes of Michael Ruse, Richard Joyce, and Sharon Street, such arguments have attracted much attention. Their general structure features an empirical premise according to which the process of evolution has had a significant impact on the stock of even our axiomatic moral judgments. The epistemic premise has it that if the empirical premise holds, then our moral knowledge is severely challenged if not debunked altogether, and perhaps even moral realism itself, since if our epistemic faculties can’t reliably put us in touch with objective moral truths, those truths are out of a job in our ontology. Since the most outspoken evolutionary debunkers are secularists, they somewhat understandably tend to smuggle something of a naturalistic origins thesis into their conception of evolution, thus precluding a divine guidance of the evolutionary process, which renders it a formidable challenge for them to evade the force of the debunking challenge. Unsurprisingly Ruse, Joyce, and Street all end up abandoning moral realism and any moral knowledge predicated on it. Theism, however, potentially provides a defeater-defeater against the evolutionary debunking argument(s) (if not a defeater-deflector), by rejecting the naturalistic origins thesis as a gratuitous theological add-on to which evolution need not be attached, carving out room for evolution to be a divinely guided process that may well ensure a correspondence between moral truth and at least our most nonnegotiable moral convictions.
虽然由于适当的基本性、现象保守性和审议不可或缺性,我们的公理道德判断似乎是初步合理的,但潜在的削弱者问题可能对道德知识构成挑战。各种各样的进化论驳斥论点是最近被广泛讨论的争论之一。由于迈克尔·鲁斯、理查德·乔伊斯和莎伦·斯特等人的出现,这些争论引起了人们的广泛关注。它们的总体结构以一个经验前提为特征,根据这个前提,进化过程甚至对我们的公理化道德判断也产生了重大影响。认识论前提是,如果经验前提成立,那么我们的道德知识就算不是完全被揭穿,也会受到严重挑战,甚至道德实在论本身也会受到挑战,因为如果我们的认识论能力不能可靠地让我们接触到客观的道德真理,那么这些真理在我们的本体论中就不存在了。由于最直言不讳的进化论揭秘者是世俗主义者,他们多少可以理解地倾向于将一些自然主义的起源论点偷偷带入他们的进化论概念中,从而排除了进化过程的神圣指导,这对他们来说是一个巨大的挑战,以逃避揭穿挑战的力量。不出所料,鲁斯、乔伊斯和斯特里特最终都放弃了道德现实主义和任何基于道德现实主义的道德知识。有神论,然而,潜在地提供了一个挫败者-挫败者来反对进化论的揭穿论点(如果不是挫败者-转移者),通过拒绝自然主义起源的论点,把它作为一个不必要的神学附加,进化论不必附加,为进化开辟空间,使其成为一个神引导的过程,这可能很好地确保道德真理与至少我们最不可协商的道德信念之间的对应。
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引用次数: 0
Axiology and the Problem of Evil 价值论与恶的问题
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2023-0006
Elliott R. Crozat
Abstract In this article, I contend that (a) disagreement over the definition of ‘good person’ indicates a challenge for the probabilistic argument from evil (PAE) and (b) the debate between value monism and value pluralism exposes obstacles for the PAE. I also highlight areas for further axiological inquiry with respect to the problem of evil and related problems. My goal is not to argue that the PAE fails, but to examine the axiology of the argument, to investigate some of its vulnerabilities, and to motivate novel evaluations of it by reframing it as an axiological rather than moral issue.
在本文中,我认为(a)对“好人”定义的分歧表明了对来自邪恶的概率论证(PAE)的挑战,(b)价值一元论和价值多元主义之间的争论为PAE暴露了障碍。我还强调了关于邪恶问题和相关问题的进一步价值论探究的领域。我的目标不是要论证PAE的失败,而是要检验论证的价值论,调查它的一些弱点,并通过将其重新定义为价值论而不是道德问题来激发对它的新评估。
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引用次数: 0
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Perichoresis
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