Severe typhoid epidemics in Ottawa in 1911 and 1912 prompted vigorous agitation for corrective measures to protect the city's health. Despite a proven crisis, reformers met strong resistance from an orthodox political and business community that over two decades had maintained an indifferent record on health questions. The confrontation produced some changes, but once the immediate crisis ended, the familiar pattern reasserted itself.
{"title":"The Ottawa typhoid epidemics of 1911 and 1912: a case study of disease as a catalyst for urban reform.","authors":"S. Lloyd","doi":"10.7202/1019391AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1019391AR","url":null,"abstract":"Severe typhoid epidemics in Ottawa in 1911 and 1912 prompted vigorous agitation for corrective measures to protect the city's health. Despite a proven crisis, reformers met strong resistance from an orthodox political and business community that over two decades had maintained an indifferent record on health questions. The confrontation produced some changes, but once the immediate crisis ended, the familiar pattern reasserted itself.","PeriodicalId":408808,"journal":{"name":"Urban history review. Revue d'histoire urbaine","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117301096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A la difference d’un grand nombre de villes canadiennes du XIXe siecle, Vancouver se chargea, de son gre, de mettre sur pied des services d’hygiene publique d’assez grande portee. Or, cette initiative visait tout autant l’etablissement d’un hopital, d’une decharge publique et d’un systeme de drainage qu’un approvisionnement d’eau moderne et des services de sante publique. La municipalite provoqua la creation de ces services des ses deux premieres annees. A cette meme epoque, les partisans de l’expansion municipale, responsables des depenses publiques, voyaient dans la mise a jour des services d’hygiene publique modernes un signe de progres apte a attirer habitants et capitaux. Comme de tels services, allies a un climat fortement avantageux, ne pouvaient que rendre la ville encore plus attirante, les depenses publiques dans ce domaine furent encouragees.
{"title":"The best advertisement a city can have: public health services in Vancouver, 1886-1888.","authors":"M. Andrews","doi":"10.7202/1018939AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1018939AR","url":null,"abstract":"A la difference d’un grand nombre de villes canadiennes du XIXe siecle, Vancouver se chargea, de son gre, de mettre sur pied des services d’hygiene publique d’assez grande portee. Or, cette initiative visait tout autant l’etablissement d’un hopital, d’une decharge publique et d’un systeme de drainage qu’un approvisionnement d’eau moderne et des services de sante publique. La municipalite provoqua la creation de ces services des ses deux premieres annees. A cette meme epoque, les partisans de l’expansion municipale, responsables des depenses publiques, voyaient dans la mise a jour des services d’hygiene publique modernes un signe de progres apte a attirer habitants et capitaux. Comme de tels services, allies a un climat fortement avantageux, ne pouvaient que rendre la ville encore plus attirante, les depenses publiques dans ce domaine furent encouragees.","PeriodicalId":408808,"journal":{"name":"Urban history review. Revue d'histoire urbaine","volume":"255 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122557621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'Université de Montréal, l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche.
本文件受版权法保护。对学术服务(包括复制)的使用受其使用政策的约束，该政策可在网上查阅。本文由erudit传播和保存。erudit是一个由universite de montreal、universite Laval和universite du quebec a montreal组成的非营利性大学间联盟。它的任务是促进和利用研究。
{"title":"Disease, fire and water in the nineteenth century city: a bibliography.","authors":"J. Taylor","doi":"10.7202/1019393AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1019393AR","url":null,"abstract":"Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'Université de Montréal, l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche.","PeriodicalId":408808,"journal":{"name":"Urban history review. Revue d'histoire urbaine","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114203899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1920, Jacques Greber published what was and still is the largest book on U.S. architecture and urban design ever issued in France. His dual agenda was to stress the impact of Beaux-Arts design methods (presenting his gardens and Philadelphia parkway as highlights of this trend), and to advocate the practical accomplishments of a pragmatic and affluent civilization. Showcasing an "edited" North American city, devoid of commercialism and filled with civic structures of great dignity and comfort, L'Architecture aux Etats-Unis looked back to ideals and accomplishments of the American Renaissance and ahead to the metropolitan culture of the 1920s. For the first time in France, ventures by U.S. architects in the field of civic art were acknowledged as major achievements. Greber formulated ideas about modern North American civic centres, business districts, parks, and model suburbs that would affect his proposals for Ottawa and on his French career. His book triggered the evolution of French views of the U.S.-built environment toward greater interest and generally more positive views.
1920年，雅克·格雷伯出版了法国有史以来出版的关于美国建筑和城市设计的最大的书。他的双重议程是强调美术设计方法的影响(将他的花园和费城公园大道作为这一趋势的亮点)，并倡导务实和富裕文明的实际成就。L'Architecture aux Etats-Unis展示了一个“编辑过的”北美城市，没有商业主义，充满了尊严和舒适的公民结构，回顾了美国文艺复兴时期的理想和成就，展望了20世纪20年代的大都市文化。在法国，美国建筑师在市民艺术领域的尝试首次被认为是重大成就。格雷伯提出了关于现代北美城市中心、商业区、公园和模范郊区的想法，这些想法影响了他对渥太华的建议和他在法国的职业生涯。他的书引发了法国人对美国建造的环境的看法朝着更大的兴趣和更积极的观点发展。
{"title":"Revisiting Jacques Greber's L'Architecture aux Etats-Unis: from city beautiful to cité-jardin.","authors":"I. Gournay","doi":"10.7202/1019202AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1019202AR","url":null,"abstract":"In 1920, Jacques Greber published what was and still is the largest book on U.S. architecture and urban design ever issued in France. His dual agenda was to stress the impact of Beaux-Arts design methods (presenting his gardens and Philadelphia parkway as highlights of this trend), and to advocate the practical accomplishments of a pragmatic and affluent civilization. Showcasing an \"edited\" North American city, devoid of commercialism and filled with civic structures of great dignity and comfort, L'Architecture aux Etats-Unis looked back to ideals and accomplishments of the American Renaissance and ahead to the metropolitan culture of the 1920s. For the first time in France, ventures by U.S. architects in the field of civic art were acknowledged as major achievements. Greber formulated ideas about modern North American civic centres, business districts, parks, and model suburbs that would affect his proposals for Ottawa and on his French career. His book triggered the evolution of French views of the U.S.-built environment toward greater interest and generally more positive views.","PeriodicalId":408808,"journal":{"name":"Urban history review. Revue d'histoire urbaine","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124460728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study contributes to our understanding of health in late nineteenth-century communities in Ontario and the major factors contributing to the high mortality of the period. The focus of the study is Belleville, Ontario, from 1876 to 1885. Life expectancies at birth in the low forties characterized the community with infant mortality rates in the very high range, 160 per 1000 live-births. Major contributors to the observed pattern of mortality included tuberculosis, weanling diarrhea, and scarlet fever. Significant differences in the likelihood of dying from these three major causes varied by gender and religious affiliation. It is possible that more extended patterns of breast-feeding among Catholics led to lower levels of weanling diarrhea mortality in their infants.
{"title":"Mortality in an early Ontario community: Belleville 1876-1885.","authors":"L. Sawchuk, S. Burke","doi":"10.7202/1016423AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1016423AR","url":null,"abstract":"This study contributes to our understanding of health in late nineteenth-century communities in Ontario and the major factors contributing to the high mortality of the period. The focus of the study is Belleville, Ontario, from 1876 to 1885. Life expectancies at birth in the low forties characterized the community with infant mortality rates in the very high range, 160 per 1000 live-births. Major contributors to the observed pattern of mortality included tuberculosis, weanling diarrhea, and scarlet fever. Significant differences in the likelihood of dying from these three major causes varied by gender and religious affiliation. It is possible that more extended patterns of breast-feeding among Catholics led to lower levels of weanling diarrhea mortality in their infants.","PeriodicalId":408808,"journal":{"name":"Urban history review. Revue d'histoire urbaine","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121679313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the second decade of the twentieth century, concern over the purity of Ottawa's water supply, heightened by a series of typhoid epidemics, led to protracted efforts by certain social elites to provide alternatives. None were successful. But when the pure water question intersected with a problem of supply that impaired the capacity to fight fires and consequently drove up insurance rates, the business community became engaged. An immediate solution was found. The provision of pure water in Ottawa was, in effect, a product of economic imperatives, not health needs.
{"title":"The search for pure water in Ottawa: 1910-1915.","authors":"C. Warfe","doi":"10.7202/1019392AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1019392AR","url":null,"abstract":"In the second decade of the twentieth century, concern over the purity of Ottawa's water supply, heightened by a series of typhoid epidemics, led to protracted efforts by certain social elites to provide alternatives. None were successful. But when the pure water question intersected with a problem of supply that impaired the capacity to fight fires and consequently drove up insurance rates, the business community became engaged. An immediate solution was found. The provision of pure water in Ottawa was, in effect, a product of economic imperatives, not health needs.","PeriodicalId":408808,"journal":{"name":"Urban history review. Revue d'histoire urbaine","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124416189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the prime factors in the emergence of modern nursing from 1881 to 1914 at Toronto General Hospital School for Nurses (TGH). Based on primary sources in the TGH archives and early issues of The Canadian Nurse, the paper reveals that ethical principles, academic achievement, and a new public image derived from the middle-class thrust in nursing education were the basic components that led to the evolution of the trained nurse. It further explores the extent to which the nursing profession in a major teaching hospital was influenced by educated middle-class women.
{"title":"An urban middle-class calling: women and the emergence of modern nursing education at the Toronto General Hospital, 1881-1914.","authors":"P. Jardine","doi":"10.7202/1017630AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1017630AR","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the prime factors in the emergence of modern nursing from 1881 to 1914 at Toronto General Hospital School for Nurses (TGH). Based on primary sources in the TGH archives and early issues of The Canadian Nurse, the paper reveals that ethical principles, academic achievement, and a new public image derived from the middle-class thrust in nursing education were the basic components that led to the evolution of the trained nurse. It further explores the extent to which the nursing profession in a major teaching hospital was influenced by educated middle-class women.","PeriodicalId":408808,"journal":{"name":"Urban history review. Revue d'histoire urbaine","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129786923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les services d’hygiene publique de Toronto, qui avaient un caractere sporadique avant la Confederation, devinrent de plus en plus structures de 1869 a 1890. Cependant, les transformations provoquerent constamment des conflits entre les partisans de la libre entreprise et de l’expansion economique et ceux de l’intervention publique et de l’amelioration des services. Le Dr William Canniff, premier medecin des services d’hygiene publique de Toronto remunere et occupe a plein temps, fut l’un des protagonistes du debat. Les tentatives qu’il fit pour enrayer les maladies et ameliorer la qualite de la vie urbaine etaient battues en breche par des conseillers municipaux partisans de l’expansion economique et par les electeurs de ceux-ci, mais soutenues par les reformistes — medecins et autres — de la classe moyenne, ainsi que par les gouvernements federal et provincial. Le jeu des forces en presence reproduisait l’experience deja vecue par les partisans passionnes de l’hygiene publique en Grande-Bretagne et aux Etats-Unis, et laissait presager l’evolution des autres villes canadiennes. Mais Canniff et ses partisans se revelerent incapables de concilier bien public et interet de l’entreprise privee, leguant cette tâche a leurs successeurs du XXe siecle.
{"title":"The genesis of public health reform in Toronto, 1869-1890.","authors":"H. Macdougall","doi":"10.7202/1019076AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1019076AR","url":null,"abstract":"Les services d’hygiene publique de Toronto, qui avaient un caractere sporadique avant la Confederation, devinrent de plus en plus structures de 1869 a 1890. Cependant, les transformations provoquerent constamment des conflits entre les partisans de la libre entreprise et de l’expansion economique et ceux de l’intervention publique et de l’amelioration des services. Le Dr William Canniff, premier medecin des services d’hygiene publique de Toronto remunere et occupe a plein temps, fut l’un des protagonistes du debat. Les tentatives qu’il fit pour enrayer les maladies et ameliorer la qualite de la vie urbaine etaient battues en breche par des conseillers municipaux partisans de l’expansion economique et par les electeurs de ceux-ci, mais soutenues par les reformistes — medecins et autres — de la classe moyenne, ainsi que par les gouvernements federal et provincial. Le jeu des forces en presence reproduisait l’experience deja vecue par les partisans passionnes de l’hygiene publique en Grande-Bretagne et aux Etats-Unis, et laissait presager l’evolution des autres villes canadiennes. Mais Canniff et ses partisans se revelerent incapables de concilier bien public et interet de l’entreprise privee, leguant cette tâche a leurs successeurs du XXe siecle.","PeriodicalId":408808,"journal":{"name":"Urban history review. Revue d'histoire urbaine","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132803243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By the end of the nineteenth century control of fire and disease had become a scientific and technical reality that opened the way to a social transformation in the city. To effect such control, however, imposed a series of demands on urban politicians, among them one for an adequate supply of pure water. In Ottawa, the response to the new and necessarily collective imperatives was pinched, niggardly and slow. Much of the explanation—as the three papers that follow suggest—lay in politics, especially in its socio-economic base and ideological attitudes.
{"title":"Fire, disease and water in Ottawa: an introduction.","authors":"J. Taylor","doi":"10.7202/1019389AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1019389AR","url":null,"abstract":"By the end of the nineteenth century control of fire and disease had become a scientific and technical reality that opened the way to a social transformation in the city. To effect such control, however, imposed a series of demands on urban politicians, among them one for an adequate supply of pure water. In Ottawa, the response to the new and necessarily collective imperatives was pinched, niggardly and slow. Much of the explanation—as the three papers that follow suggest—lay in politics, especially in its socio-economic base and ideological attitudes.","PeriodicalId":408808,"journal":{"name":"Urban history review. Revue d'histoire urbaine","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126170528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：