Pub Date : 2018-12-05DOI: 10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0156
W. Fletcher
Pollen grains, the male microgametophytes of seed plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms), are widely distributed in the environment and accumulate in a range of sedimentary environments including lakes, bogs, caves, floodplains, and the deep oceans. While some components of pollen grains such as the generative nucleus degrade quickly in the environment, the resilient pollen wall can be preserved for thousands to millions of years. The widespread distribution and high preservation potential of pollen grains underline the value of ancient or “subfossil” pollen not only as a tool for reconstructing past vegetation history and environmental change (see palynology), but also as a sample material for radiocarbon dating. The wide variety of deposits that have been successfully dated from pollen include peats, lake sediments, aeolian deposits, packrat middens, and Pleistocene ice-wedge casts. Key advantages of pollen as a dating material are that it may be present in deposits where plant macrofossils are scarce or lacking, and it can be identified in terms of the source vegetation, unlike bulk material where the provenance is unknown.
{"title":"Dating Pollen","authors":"W. Fletcher","doi":"10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0156","url":null,"abstract":"Pollen grains, the male microgametophytes of seed plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms), are widely distributed in the environment and accumulate in a range of sedimentary environments including lakes, bogs, caves, floodplains, and the deep oceans. While some components of pollen grains such as the generative nucleus degrade quickly in the environment, the resilient pollen wall can be preserved for thousands to millions of years. The widespread distribution and high preservation potential of pollen grains underline the value of ancient or “subfossil” pollen not only as a tool for reconstructing past vegetation history and environmental change (see palynology), but also as a sample material for radiocarbon dating. The wide variety of deposits that have been successfully dated from pollen include peats, lake sediments, aeolian deposits, packrat middens, and Pleistocene ice-wedge casts. Key advantages of pollen as a dating material are that it may be present in deposits where plant macrofossils are scarce or lacking, and it can be identified in terms of the source vegetation, unlike bulk material where the provenance is unknown.","PeriodicalId":409013,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130126366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-05DOI: 10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0494
J. L. Ruvalcaba-Sil, M. A. García-Bucio
{"title":"Raman Spectroscopy","authors":"J. L. Ruvalcaba-Sil, M. A. García-Bucio","doi":"10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0494","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":409013,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128809515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-05DOI: 10.1002/9781119188230.SASEAS0458
M. Colombini, I. Degano
{"title":"Pigments and Binders","authors":"M. Colombini, I. Degano","doi":"10.1002/9781119188230.SASEAS0458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119188230.SASEAS0458","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":409013,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131723787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-05DOI: 10.1002/9781119188230.SASEAS0517
G. Verhoeven
Satellite‐based imagers have been delivering data products that offer new possibilities to study (archaeological) landscapes via remote recording of the Earth's spectral reflectance (and to some extent thermal emittance) since the 1970s. Although much declassified panchromatic spy footage and some more recent commercial multispectral imagery has already been used with great success in archaeological research, it is expected that the importance and utility of multi‐ and hyperspectral (together denoted spectral) spaceborne imagery will become more important in the near future. This is mainly due to the constant and simultaneous improvements in the spatial and spectral resolving power of these imaging systems. Together with the temporal and radiometric properties, these four characteristics define any remotely‐sensed spaceborne spectral imaging platform. Thus, these parameters allow one to decide on the archaeological usability of the footage acquired.
{"title":"Satellite Hyperspectral and Multispectral Imaging","authors":"G. Verhoeven","doi":"10.1002/9781119188230.SASEAS0517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119188230.SASEAS0517","url":null,"abstract":"Satellite‐based imagers have been delivering data products that offer new possibilities to study (archaeological) landscapes via remote recording of the Earth's spectral reflectance (and to some extent thermal emittance) since the 1970s. Although much declassified panchromatic spy footage and some more recent commercial multispectral imagery has already been used with great success in archaeological research, it is expected that the importance and utility of multi‐ and hyperspectral (together denoted spectral) spaceborne imagery will become more important in the near future. This is mainly due to the constant and simultaneous improvements in the spatial and spectral resolving power of these imaging systems. Together with the temporal and radiometric properties, these four characteristics define any remotely‐sensed spaceborne spectral imaging platform. Thus, these parameters allow one to decide on the archaeological usability of the footage acquired.","PeriodicalId":409013,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124499156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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