Vouarana hispaniolae (Sapindaceae) is described as a new fossil flower in Dominican Republic amber. The flower is functionally staminate and is characterized by an actinomorphic corolla with 5 distinct, imbricate sepals that are ciliate on their margins, and closely appressed to surface of the receptacle; petals presumable 5, two partly visible are rhombic to triangular in shape; stamens 8, outstretched, filaments bearing thick setae at base; anthers square, basifixed, some retuse at apex, dehiscing via longitudinal slits, central pistillode short, setose; extra-nectary disc entire; pollen trigonous, glabrous and smooth. The fossil species differs from the two extant species of Vouarana that range from Costa Rica to northern Brazil by possessing a uniform covering of bristly setae over the entire receptacle, appressed sepals and square basifixed anthers. This specimen represents the first fossil flower of the Sapindaceae from the Neotropics.
{"title":"A New Fossil Flower of the Genus Vouarana (Sapindaceae) in Amber from the Dominican Republic","authors":"G. Poinar","doi":"10.5539/jps.v13n1p34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v13n1p34","url":null,"abstract":"Vouarana hispaniolae (Sapindaceae) is described as a new fossil flower in Dominican Republic amber. The flower is functionally staminate and is characterized by an actinomorphic corolla with 5 distinct, imbricate sepals that are ciliate on their margins, and closely appressed to surface of the receptacle; petals presumable 5, two partly visible are rhombic to triangular in shape; stamens 8, outstretched, filaments bearing thick setae at base; anthers square, basifixed, some retuse at apex, dehiscing via longitudinal slits, central pistillode short, setose; extra-nectary disc entire; pollen trigonous, glabrous and smooth. The fossil species differs from the two extant species of Vouarana that range from Costa Rica to northern Brazil by possessing a uniform covering of bristly setae over the entire receptacle, appressed sepals and square basifixed anthers. This specimen represents the first fossil flower of the Sapindaceae from the Neotropics.","PeriodicalId":410634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141920410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manabu Hayatsu, Suechika Suzuki, F. Ishiguri, S. Yokota, H. Sasamoto
Effects of four salts addition (10-200 mM), NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 were examined on the growth of protoplasts and formation of helical 1.5 mm long, protoplast-callose-fibers (PCF) in Arabidopsis thaliana liquid leaf protoplast cultures. The basal medium was Murashige and Skoog’s medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 μM benzyladenine, 3% sucrose, and 0.4 M mannitol. The protoplast division was highly stimulated by the addition of 50 mM Ca2+ ion but was totally inhibited by 50 mM Mg2+ ion. Inhibition by K+ and Na+ ions was in-between. By contrast, PCF formation, whose numbers were counted under a fluorescence inverted microscope after Aniline Blue staining for β-1,3-glucan (callose), was stimulated by both K+ and Ca2+ ions but inhibited by Mg2+ ion. After selecting Arabidopsis PCF using a micromanipulator, the sub-fibril ultrastructure was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PCFs of Betula platyphylla and Larix leptolepis, cultured with 200 mM Ca2+ and 50 mM Mg2+ ions, respectively, after long-term storage and rehydration, were examined by TEM. The effects of different factors were discussed on PCF formation and sub-structures in different herbaceous and tree plant species.
研究了NaCl、KCl、MgCl2和CaCl2四种盐的添加量（10-200 mM）对拟南芥液态叶原生质体培养物中原生质体生长和 1.5 mm 长螺旋状原生质体-纤维（PCF）形成的影响。基础培养基为含有 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 和 0.1 μM benzyladenine、3% 蔗糖和 0.4 M 甘露的 Murashige 和 Skoog 培养基。加入 50 mM Ca2+ 离子可高度刺激原生质体分裂，但 50 mM Mg2+ 离子可完全抑制原生质体分裂。K+ 和 Na+ 离子的抑制作用介于两者之间。相比之下，K+和Ca2+离子都能刺激PCF的形成，但Mg2+离子却能抑制PCF的形成，PCF的数量是在苯胺蓝染色β-1,3-葡聚糖（胼胝质）后在荧光倒置显微镜下计数的。利用微机械手选取拟南芥 PCF 后，用透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察了其亚纤维超微结构。用 TEM 观察了分别用 200 mM Ca2+ 和 50 mM Mg2+ 离子培养的、经长期储存和复水后的拟南芥 PCF。讨论了不同因素对不同草本和木本植物中 PCF 的形成和亚结构的影响。
{"title":"Effects of Salts on Helical Protoplast-Callose-Fiber Formation and Cell Division in Leaf Protoplast Culture of Arabidopsis thaliana: Ultrastructure of PCF Using Transmission Electron Microscopy","authors":"Manabu Hayatsu, Suechika Suzuki, F. Ishiguri, S. Yokota, H. Sasamoto","doi":"10.5539/jps.v13n1p21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v13n1p21","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of four salts addition (10-200 mM), NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 were examined on the growth of protoplasts and formation of helical 1.5 mm long, protoplast-callose-fibers (PCF) in Arabidopsis thaliana liquid leaf protoplast cultures. The basal medium was Murashige and Skoog’s medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 μM benzyladenine, 3% sucrose, and 0.4 M mannitol. The protoplast division was highly stimulated by the addition of 50 mM Ca2+ ion but was totally inhibited by 50 mM Mg2+ ion. Inhibition by K+ and Na+ ions was in-between. By contrast, PCF formation, whose numbers were counted under a fluorescence inverted microscope after Aniline Blue staining for β-1,3-glucan (callose), was stimulated by both K+ and Ca2+ ions but inhibited by Mg2+ ion. After selecting Arabidopsis PCF using a micromanipulator, the sub-fibril ultrastructure was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PCFs of Betula platyphylla and Larix leptolepis, cultured with 200 mM Ca2+ and 50 mM Mg2+ ions, respectively, after long-term storage and rehydration, were examined by TEM. The effects of different factors were discussed on PCF formation and sub-structures in different herbaceous and tree plant species.","PeriodicalId":410634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Studies","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141271605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Prom, H. Cuevas, E. Ahn, T. Isakeit, Clint W. Magill
A total of 179 sorghum cultivars planted in replicated plots in Isabela, Puerto Rico, were evaluated for five agronomically important traits grain yield, seed weight, panicle height, panicle length, and flowering time. This study identified the top cultivars in each trait through statistical analysis. In a previous study, the reaction of the same cultivars to anthracnose, rust, grain mold, and germination rates was determined. Combining the five traits in this study and the previous four measured traits, a correlation analysis among the nine traits was conducted. The results revealed that there are significant correlations between a few paired traits. Correlations such as panicle height and rust infection (Spearman’s ρ= 0.36), panicle height and grain mold infection (Spearman’s ρ= -0.30), germination rate and panicle height (Pearson’s r= 0.31), germination rate and panicle length (Pearson’s r= 0.27), panicle length and panicle height (Pearson’s r= 0.52), flowering time and panicle height (Pearson’s r= 0.65), and flowering time and panicle length (Pearson’s r= 0.50) were found.
{"title":"Correlations among Agronomic Traits Obtained from Sorghum Accessions Planted in a Field Infected with Three Important Fungal Diseases","authors":"L. Prom, H. Cuevas, E. Ahn, T. Isakeit, Clint W. Magill","doi":"10.5539/jps.v13n1p11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v13n1p11","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 179 sorghum cultivars planted in replicated plots in Isabela, Puerto Rico, were evaluated for five agronomically important traits grain yield, seed weight, panicle height, panicle length, and flowering time. This study identified the top cultivars in each trait through statistical analysis. In a previous study, the reaction of the same cultivars to anthracnose, rust, grain mold, and germination rates was determined. Combining the five traits in this study and the previous four measured traits, a correlation analysis among the nine traits was conducted. The results revealed that there are significant correlations between a few paired traits. Correlations such as panicle height and rust infection (Spearman’s ρ= 0.36), panicle height and grain mold infection (Spearman’s ρ= -0.30), germination rate and panicle height (Pearson’s r= 0.31), germination rate and panicle length (Pearson’s r= 0.27), panicle length and panicle height (Pearson’s r= 0.52), flowering time and panicle height (Pearson’s r= 0.65), and flowering time and panicle length (Pearson’s r= 0.50) were found.","PeriodicalId":410634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Studies","volume":"56 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139442111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomoya Oyanagi, Noriko Hayashi, Ai Hasegawa, H. Sasamoto
The effects of four salts, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2, on protoplast division and protoplast-callose-fiber (PCF) formation were examined using suspension cultured cells of a mangrove tree, Sonneratia caseolaris. Basal medium was hormone-free Murashige & Skoog’s medium containing 0.8 M sorbitol and 3% sucrose. Addition of 50-100 mM of Mg2+ ions highly stimulated both cell division and PCF formation, while addition of Ca2+ ions was inhibitory. Addition of Na+ ions at 10-25 mM and K+ ions at 50-100 mM stimulated protoplast division but not PCF formation. Helical PCF rapidly elongated from a specific site of cell division plate after 3 days of culture. The β-1,3-glucan (callose) component of the protoplast-fibers was stained with Aniline Blue fluorescent dye and was re-certified enzymatically using laminarinase. After selecting the PCF using a micromanipulator, we analyzed the fibril- and sub-fibril- structures using laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We discuss the uniqueness of the PCF of S. caseolaris as compared to PCFs of several plants.
{"title":"Mg2+ Ions Stimulate both Helical Protoplast-Callose-Fiber Formation and Protoplast Division in a Mangrove Tree, Sonneratia caseolaris: Analysis of Sub-fibril Structures of PCF by Atomic Force Microscopy","authors":"Tomoya Oyanagi, Noriko Hayashi, Ai Hasegawa, H. Sasamoto","doi":"10.5539/jps.v13n1p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v13n1p1","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of four salts, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2, on protoplast division and protoplast-callose-fiber (PCF) formation were examined using suspension cultured cells of a mangrove tree, Sonneratia caseolaris. Basal medium was hormone-free Murashige & Skoog’s medium containing 0.8 M sorbitol and 3% sucrose. Addition of 50-100 mM of Mg2+ ions highly stimulated both cell division and PCF formation, while addition of Ca2+ ions was inhibitory. Addition of Na+ ions at 10-25 mM and K+ ions at 50-100 mM stimulated protoplast division but not PCF formation. Helical PCF rapidly elongated from a specific site of cell division plate after 3 days of culture. The β-1,3-glucan (callose) component of the protoplast-fibers was stained with Aniline Blue fluorescent dye and was re-certified enzymatically using laminarinase. After selecting the PCF using a micromanipulator, we analyzed the fibril- and sub-fibril- structures using laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We discuss the uniqueness of the PCF of S. caseolaris as compared to PCFs of several plants.","PeriodicalId":410634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Studies","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139206549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sakae Suzuki, Waki Nakagawa, Yuta Sasamoto, H. Sasamoto
The protoplast co-culture method with digital image analysis (DIA-PP method), was used for in vitro bioassay of allelopathic activity in the leaves of in vitro cultured plants of Spiraea cantoniensis. Purple leaves of transgenic S. cantoniensis, containing an anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-glucoside showed strong inhibitory allelopathic activity, 100% inhibition of recipient lettuce protoplast division by 80 × 103 mL-1 of co-cultured protoplasts, while green leaves of non-transgenic S. cantoniensis showed only 20% inhibition. Cyanidin 3-glucoside which inhibited lettuce protoplast division 80% at 100 µM was evaluated as an allelochemical of transgenic S. cantoniensis. Inhibition was stronger at the cell division stage of lettuce protoplast growth than that at the other stages, i.e., cell wall formation stage and yellow pigment accumulation stage. The results were discussed comparatively with the strong inhibitory activity of non-transgenic S. thunbergii and other allelopathic plant species containing different anthocyanin or carotenoid pigments as putative allelochemicals.
{"title":"Strong Allelopathic Activity in Purple Leaves of Transgenic Spiraea cantoniensis Containing Cyanidin 3-Glucoside Assayed by the Protoplast Co-culture Method with Digital Image Analysis","authors":"Sakae Suzuki, Waki Nakagawa, Yuta Sasamoto, H. Sasamoto","doi":"10.5539/jps.v12n1p60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v12n1p60","url":null,"abstract":"The protoplast co-culture method with digital image analysis (DIA-PP method), was used for in vitro bioassay of allelopathic activity in the leaves of in vitro cultured plants of Spiraea cantoniensis. Purple leaves of transgenic S. cantoniensis, containing an anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-glucoside showed strong inhibitory allelopathic activity, 100% inhibition of recipient lettuce protoplast division by 80 × 103 mL-1 of co-cultured protoplasts, while green leaves of non-transgenic S. cantoniensis showed only 20% inhibition. Cyanidin 3-glucoside which inhibited lettuce protoplast division 80% at 100 µM was evaluated as an allelochemical of transgenic S. cantoniensis. Inhibition was stronger at the cell division stage of lettuce protoplast growth than that at the other stages, i.e., cell wall formation stage and yellow pigment accumulation stage. The results were discussed comparatively with the strong inhibitory activity of non-transgenic S. thunbergii and other allelopathic plant species containing different anthocyanin or carotenoid pigments as putative allelochemicals.","PeriodicalId":410634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124401339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Prom, H. Adamou, Ali Outani Bibata, Karimou Issa, A. A. Abdoulkadri, O. Oumarou, Basso Adamou, C. Fall, C. Magill
Sorghum ranks second to pearl millet as the most important cereal in Niger and is used primarily for food, feed, and other uses. During the 2022 growing season, 96 fields from the five major sorghum production regions of Dosso, Maradi, Tahoua, Tillabéri, and Zinder were surveyed for foliar and panicle diseases. In each field, 40 plants were assessed using a W-shaped pattern to cover the whole field. A total of 19 diseases, including leaf blight, anthracnose, long smut, zonate leaf spot, bacterial leaf stripe, oval leaf spot, and rough leaf spot were documented. Leaf blight (100%) was detected in all the fields surveyed. In the regions of Dosso and Zinder, anthracnose was found in all the surveyed fields while oval leaf spot was detected in all surveyed fields in Maradi and Zinder. The highest mean incidence of leaf blight (95%) was recorded in the regions of Tahoua and Zinder while oval leaf spot (80%), anthracnose (56%), and gray leaf spot (25%) were highest in Maradi region. The highest mean severities of leaf blight (30%), long smut (29%), grain mold (18%), and anthracnose (13%) were recorded in Maradi region. The severity of head smut was 100% in all the regions where the disease was observed. Fields with incidence of 90% and above identified during the survey are considered as ‘hot spots’ for disease resistance screening. This work is significant because the information generated by the study can be utilized by sorghum workers, students, funding agencies and government officials to prioritize research projects.
{"title":"Incidence, Severity, and Prevalence of Sorghum Diseases in the Major Production Regions in Niger","authors":"L. Prom, H. Adamou, Ali Outani Bibata, Karimou Issa, A. A. Abdoulkadri, O. Oumarou, Basso Adamou, C. Fall, C. Magill","doi":"10.5539/jps.v12n1p48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v12n1p48","url":null,"abstract":"Sorghum ranks second to pearl millet as the most important cereal in Niger and is used primarily for food, feed, and other uses. During the 2022 growing season, 96 fields from the five major sorghum production regions of Dosso, Maradi, Tahoua, Tillabéri, and Zinder were surveyed for foliar and panicle diseases. In each field, 40 plants were assessed using a W-shaped pattern to cover the whole field. A total of 19 diseases, including leaf blight, anthracnose, long smut, zonate leaf spot, bacterial leaf stripe, oval leaf spot, and rough leaf spot were documented. Leaf blight (100%) was detected in all the fields surveyed. In the regions of Dosso and Zinder, anthracnose was found in all the surveyed fields while oval leaf spot was detected in all surveyed fields in Maradi and Zinder. The highest mean incidence of leaf blight (95%) was recorded in the regions of Tahoua and Zinder while oval leaf spot (80%), anthracnose (56%), and gray leaf spot (25%) were highest in Maradi region. The highest mean severities of leaf blight (30%), long smut (29%), grain mold (18%), and anthracnose (13%) were recorded in Maradi region. The severity of head smut was 100% in all the regions where the disease was observed. Fields with incidence of 90% and above identified during the survey are considered as ‘hot spots’ for disease resistance screening. This work is significant because the information generated by the study can be utilized by sorghum workers, students, funding agencies and government officials to prioritize research projects.","PeriodicalId":410634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128044214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deforestation leads to a significant loss of carbon and contributes indirectly to climate change. This study was carried out in four types of formations in the Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso to assess the contribution of plant species to climate change mitigation. The below-ground biomass of two species (Piliostigma reticulatum and Guiera senegalensis) was determined by the direct method. Three classes of subjects were determined and a total of 80 shrubs of P. reticulatum and 90 shrubs of G. senegalensis were completely excavated. The results showed that P. reticulatum measures about 0.49 to 2.10 m in height, 3.58 to 25 cm in circumference at the base of the trunk and stores 0.18 to 3.68 tC/ha in the root biomass (respectively after 3 years and 15 years) for a 3x3m plantation. In the 15-year fallow dominated by G. senegalensis stands, 3.93 tC/ha are stored by the underground biomass of G. senegalensis shrubs. Model fit showed that there is a good correlation between circumference at the base of the trunk and below-ground biomass for P. reticulatum. For G. senegalensis, it is the total height of the foot that is most correlated with the below-ground biomass. These results provide information on the carbon sequestration potential of these two species, and can thus help in the decision-making process for climate change adaptation and/or mitigation policies.
{"title":"Allometric Equations for Estimation of Below-ground Biomass of Two Dominants Shrub Species of Burkina Faso","authors":"Abdoulaye Tyano, M. Hien, Barthélémy Yélémou","doi":"10.5539/jps.v12n1p37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v12n1p37","url":null,"abstract":"Deforestation leads to a significant loss of carbon and contributes indirectly to climate change. This study was carried out in four types of formations in the Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso to assess the contribution of plant species to climate change mitigation. The below-ground biomass of two species (Piliostigma reticulatum and Guiera senegalensis) was determined by the direct method. Three classes of subjects were determined and a total of 80 shrubs of P. reticulatum and 90 shrubs of G. senegalensis were completely excavated. The results showed that P. reticulatum measures about 0.49 to 2.10 m in height, 3.58 to 25 cm in circumference at the base of the trunk and stores 0.18 to 3.68 tC/ha in the root biomass (respectively after 3 years and 15 years) for a 3x3m plantation. In the 15-year fallow dominated by G. senegalensis stands, 3.93 tC/ha are stored by the underground biomass of G. senegalensis shrubs. Model fit showed that there is a good correlation between circumference at the base of the trunk and below-ground biomass for P. reticulatum. For G. senegalensis, it is the total height of the foot that is most correlated with the below-ground biomass. These results provide information on the carbon sequestration potential of these two species, and can thus help in the decision-making process for climate change adaptation and/or mitigation policies.","PeriodicalId":410634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122115049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eiichi Takizawa, Masayuki Shiba, S. Yoshizaki, T. Fukuda
Alien, introduced, and non-native species expand their distribution through the development of various transportation networks. In Japan, Ligustrum lucidum Aiton (Oleaceae) was introduced in the mid-1800s for use as roadside trees, but has escaped from the planting area and spread everywhere. This species also invades coastal areas and has adapted to develop its characteristic features under various stress conditions. To clarify the adaptive features of L. lucidum in coastal areas, we conducted morphological and anatomical analyses. We found that the stomatal size of L. lucidum was smaller in the coastal populations than in inland populations, which is similar to the coastal adaptation pattern of L. japonicum Thunb., a closely related native species. Our results suggest that strong selective pressure on coastal area conditions could force their leaves to avoid excessive transpiration, and such an adaptation pattern of L. lucidum could expand its distribution to various coastal areas.
{"title":"Stomatal Study of Introduced Species, Ligustrum lucidum Aiton (Oleaceae), in Coastal Areas of Japan","authors":"Eiichi Takizawa, Masayuki Shiba, S. Yoshizaki, T. Fukuda","doi":"10.5539/jps.v12n1p24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v12n1p24","url":null,"abstract":"Alien, introduced, and non-native species expand their distribution through the development of various transportation networks. In Japan, Ligustrum lucidum Aiton (Oleaceae) was introduced in the mid-1800s for use as roadside trees, but has escaped from the planting area and spread everywhere. This species also invades coastal areas and has adapted to develop its characteristic features under various stress conditions. To clarify the adaptive features of L. lucidum in coastal areas, we conducted morphological and anatomical analyses. We found that the stomatal size of L. lucidum was smaller in the coastal populations than in inland populations, which is similar to the coastal adaptation pattern of L. japonicum Thunb., a closely related native species. Our results suggest that strong selective pressure on coastal area conditions could force their leaves to avoid excessive transpiration, and such an adaptation pattern of L. lucidum could expand its distribution to various coastal areas.","PeriodicalId":410634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Studies","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131924525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xylem cells are responsible for water transport and mechanical support in most plants. Since vines depend upon other plants for mechanical support, the main responsibility of xylem cells in vines is primarily water transport and not mechanical support. The purpose of the current study was to study xylem characteristics in stems of five species of Aristolochia. Tissue samples from about 1.0 to 5.5 mm in diameter were processed with standard histological techniques. Anatomical characteristics were similar among all five species. Results show: (1) interfascicular cambia were not present, so stems had only furrowed xylem, (2) numbers of vascular bundles in stems were specific for each species and did not increase as stems enlarged, (3) radii of vessels were not dimorphic for any species, (4) numbers of vessels were linearly related with stem diameters, and (5) the largest half of all vessels supplied 95% of total xylem conductivity. To our knowledge, this is the first publication to document the development of furrowed xylem, describing both vessel characteristics and xylem conductivities in stems of Aristolochia species.
{"title":"Xylem Development and Xylem Conductivity of Furrowed Xylem in Stem Terminals of Five Species of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae)","authors":"L. Evans, Maya Carvalho-Evans","doi":"10.5539/jps.v12n1p12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v12n1p12","url":null,"abstract":"Xylem cells are responsible for water transport and mechanical support in most plants. Since vines depend upon other plants for mechanical support, the main responsibility of xylem cells in vines is primarily water transport and not mechanical support. The purpose of the current study was to study xylem characteristics in stems of five species of Aristolochia. Tissue samples from about 1.0 to 5.5 mm in diameter were processed with standard histological techniques. Anatomical characteristics were similar among all five species. Results show: (1) interfascicular cambia were not present, so stems had only furrowed xylem, (2) numbers of vascular bundles in stems were specific for each species and did not increase as stems enlarged, (3) radii of vessels were not dimorphic for any species, (4) numbers of vessels were linearly related with stem diameters, and (5) the largest half of all vessels supplied 95% of total xylem conductivity. To our knowledge, this is the first publication to document the development of furrowed xylem, describing both vessel characteristics and xylem conductivities in stems of Aristolochia species.","PeriodicalId":410634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114767601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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