This paper investigates the causal effect of the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on pollution abatement investments, relying on firm-level panel data from the French manufacturing industry between 2001 and 2016. First, I find that regulated firms increased their investments that tackle air emissions after 2008, which may be associated with the adoption of low-carbon technologies. Second, the EU ETS modified the firms' investments that mitigate other forms of pollution, such as the generation of waste, or land and water emissions. The EU ETS may thus have had ancillary effects on the firms' pollution levels.
{"title":"The Effects of the EU ETS on Pollution Abatement Investments","authors":"Amélie Goerger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3798397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3798397","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the causal effect of the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on pollution abatement investments, relying on firm-level panel data from the French manufacturing industry between 2001 and 2016. First, I find that regulated firms increased their investments that tackle air emissions after 2008, which may be associated with the adoption of low-carbon technologies. Second, the EU ETS modified the firms' investments that mitigate other forms of pollution, such as the generation of waste, or land and water emissions. The EU ETS may thus have had ancillary effects on the firms' pollution levels.","PeriodicalId":412473,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Microeconometric Models of Firm Behavior & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"72 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123263957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper develops a simple partial equilibrium model with two countries (North and South) to fathom the effects of firms’ relocation in a context of international and imperfect competition. Two different production technologies are considered, a clean technology and a dirty one, and the effects of relocation according to the kind of technology used by the relocated firms are determined. Two heterogeneous firms in the North and only one dirty firm in the South are assumed and the four different possible scenarios are compared: neither firm relocates, the two northern firms relocate, the clean one relocates and the dirty one relocates. This paper demonstrates that the relocation of a dirty firm as compared to the relocation of a clean firm is worse for the environment, better for northern consumers, and better for the domestic profits. Moreover, the relocation of a dirty firm always increases global emissions, while the relocation of a clean firm may decrease global emissions.
{"title":"Dirty Versus Clean Firms’ Relocation Under International Trade and Imperfect Competition","authors":"J. Ing, J. Nicolai","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3373836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3373836","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops a simple partial equilibrium model with two countries (North and South) to fathom the effects of firms’ relocation in a context of international and imperfect competition. Two different production technologies are considered, a clean technology and a dirty one, and the effects of relocation according to the kind of technology used by the relocated firms are determined. Two heterogeneous firms in the North and only one dirty firm in the South are assumed and the four different possible scenarios are compared: neither firm relocates, the two northern firms relocate, the clean one relocates and the dirty one relocates. This paper demonstrates that the relocation of a dirty firm as compared to the relocation of a clean firm is worse for the environment, better for northern consumers, and better for the domestic profits. Moreover, the relocation of a dirty firm always increases global emissions, while the relocation of a clean firm may decrease global emissions.","PeriodicalId":412473,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Microeconometric Models of Firm Behavior & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114882121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, a significant problem with the carbon credit market has been the higher than initially predicted price volatility. It is essential to study the market in a repeated-period dynamic setting to identify the factors enabling high fluctuations in prices. In this paper, we examine the dynamic auction design and propose a method to curb price volatility through a flexible supply cap. The equilibrium analysis shows that modifying the cap on per period supply can decrease price fluctuations. Currently, the government or the auctioneer sets a per-period limit on the supply, which reduces at a fixed rate over time. However, this paper suggests that a flexible cap on the per-period supply would be a better alternative. Specifically, we show that correlating the supply rate with expected future demand results in a more stable price.
{"title":"Curbing Price Fluctuations in Cap-and-Trade Auctions","authors":"Thomas D. Jeitschko, P. Pal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3908145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3908145","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, a significant problem with the carbon credit market has been the higher than initially predicted price volatility. It is essential to study the market in a repeated-period dynamic setting to identify the factors enabling high fluctuations in prices. In this paper, we examine the dynamic auction design and propose a method to curb price volatility through a flexible supply cap. The equilibrium analysis shows that modifying the cap on per period supply can decrease price fluctuations. Currently, the government or the auctioneer sets a per-period limit on the supply, which reduces at a fixed rate over time. However, this paper suggests that a flexible cap on the per-period supply would be a better alternative. Specifically, we show that correlating the supply rate with expected future demand results in a more stable price.","PeriodicalId":412473,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Microeconometric Models of Firm Behavior & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128809656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-04DOI: 10.4172/2151-6219.1000192
Dr. Neeraj Kumar Sharma
Today, Environment issues are seen everywhere in the world. These issues are very crucial i.e., global warming,waste disposal, climate change, and pollution etc. and influence our daily life. By this time many corporates are still hesitated to use green marketing practices even after government compulsion. The main reason for this is that firm still thinks that green marketing practice may increase their cost of production and reduce the profit. This article consists of some examples of the firms in india which are going green and fetching good amount of profit and customer satisfaction. Some golden rules are also given in the article for the companies going for green marketing. Some examples of the companies are also given in the article which is successful in reducing cost of production and improving the profit by green marketing like WIPRO, Infosys, Tata Metelik Limited, Maruti and Delhi CNG and Suzlon Energy. Green marketing is the marketing of goods and services that are presumed to be sold for environment. It involves an entire process of product manufacturing to supplying in market. Such as: raw material used in product, technology, packaging and distribution. It is also called ecological /sustainable/environmental marketing.
{"title":"Industry Initiatives for Green Marketing in India","authors":"Dr. Neeraj Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.4172/2151-6219.1000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6219.1000192","url":null,"abstract":"Today, Environment issues are seen everywhere in the world. These issues are very crucial i.e., global warming,waste disposal, climate change, and pollution etc. and influence our daily life. By this time many corporates are still hesitated to use green marketing practices even after government compulsion. The main reason for this is that firm still thinks that green marketing practice may increase their cost of production and reduce the profit. This article consists of some examples of the firms in india which are going green and fetching good amount of profit and customer satisfaction. Some golden rules are also given in the article for the companies going for green marketing. Some examples of the companies are also given in the article which is successful in reducing cost of production and improving the profit by green marketing like WIPRO, Infosys, Tata Metelik Limited, Maruti and Delhi CNG and Suzlon Energy. Green marketing is the marketing of goods and services that are presumed to be sold for environment. It involves an entire process of product manufacturing to supplying in market. Such as: raw material used in product, technology, packaging and distribution. It is also called ecological /sustainable/environmental marketing.","PeriodicalId":412473,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Microeconometric Models of Firm Behavior & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"477 1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123433361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper integrates two lines of research into a unified conceptual framework: trade in global value chains and embodied emissions. This allows both value added and emissions to be systematically traced at the country, sector, and bilateral levels through various production network routes. By combining value-added and emissions accounting in a consistent way, the potential environmental cost (amount of emissions per unit of value added) along global value chains can be estimated. Using this unified accounting method, we trace CO2 emissions in the global production and trade network among 41 economies in 35 sectors from 1995 to 2009, basing our calculations on the World Input–Output Database, and show how they help us to better understand the impact of cross-country production sharing on the environment.
{"title":"Tracing CO2 Emissions in Global Value Chains","authors":"Bo Meng, G. Peters, Zhi Wang, Meng Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2541893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2541893","url":null,"abstract":"This paper integrates two lines of research into a unified conceptual framework: trade in global value chains and embodied emissions. This allows both value added and emissions to be systematically traced at the country, sector, and bilateral levels through various production network routes. By combining value-added and emissions accounting in a consistent way, the potential environmental cost (amount of emissions per unit of value added) along global value chains can be estimated. Using this unified accounting method, we trace CO2 emissions in the global production and trade network among 41 economies in 35 sectors from 1995 to 2009, basing our calculations on the World Input–Output Database, and show how they help us to better understand the impact of cross-country production sharing on the environment.","PeriodicalId":412473,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Microeconometric Models of Firm Behavior & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132905699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We charaterise the socially optimal mix of firms in an oligopoly with both profit-seeking and labour-managed firms. The policy maker faces a twofold externality: (i) production entails the exploitation of a common pool natural resource and (ii) production/consumption pollutes the environment. We study the relationship between firms' mix and social welfare in the Cournot-Nash equilibrium of the industry and the resulting policy implications.
{"title":"Optimal Firms’ Mix in Oligopoly with Twofold Environmental Externality","authors":"Flavio Delbono, L. Lambertini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2464072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2464072","url":null,"abstract":"We charaterise the socially optimal mix of firms in an oligopoly with both profit-seeking and labour-managed firms. The policy maker faces a twofold externality: (i) production entails the exploitation of a common pool natural resource and (ii) production/consumption pollutes the environment. We study the relationship between firms' mix and social welfare in the Cournot-Nash equilibrium of the industry and the resulting policy implications.","PeriodicalId":412473,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Microeconometric Models of Firm Behavior & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125434548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the effectiveness of carbon taxes on macroeconomic performance when manufacturing firms have the opportunity to change their scale of operation and degree of formality. The hypothesis is that when tax evasion or elusion is possible, it cannot be ruled out that emissions increase rather than decrease due to the reallocation of resources from the rest of manufacturing towards informal small-scale firms. When informality is high, industry could adapt to carbon taxes by reducing the scale of operation of big firms and increasing the number of small firms. However, when taxes are enforceable in all types of firms, there is a cost in terms of GDP and employment, since small-scale firms are more labor intensive. For numerical experiments, two CGE models calibrated for Argentina and Mexico are used. The 'domestic leakage' is found to be more relevant for Argentina than for Mexico.
{"title":"Does Firm Heterogeneity Impact the Effectiveness of Carbon Taxes? Experiments in Argentina and Mexico","authors":"Omar O. Chisari, Sebastián Miller","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2533594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2533594","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the effectiveness of carbon taxes on macroeconomic performance when manufacturing firms have the opportunity to change their scale of operation and degree of formality. The hypothesis is that when tax evasion or elusion is possible, it cannot be ruled out that emissions increase rather than decrease due to the reallocation of resources from the rest of manufacturing towards informal small-scale firms. When informality is high, industry could adapt to carbon taxes by reducing the scale of operation of big firms and increasing the number of small firms. However, when taxes are enforceable in all types of firms, there is a cost in terms of GDP and employment, since small-scale firms are more labor intensive. For numerical experiments, two CGE models calibrated for Argentina and Mexico are used. The 'domestic leakage' is found to be more relevant for Argentina than for Mexico.","PeriodicalId":412473,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Microeconometric Models of Firm Behavior & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115519186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Lundgren, P. Marklund, Eva Samakovlis, Wenchao Zhou
There is concern that the carbon prices generated through climate policies are too low to create the incentives necessary to stimulate technological development. This paper empirically analyzes how the Swedish carbon dioxide (CO2) tax and the European Union emission trading system (EU ETS) have affected productivity development in the Swedish pulp and paper industry 1998-2008. A Luenberger total factor productivity (TFP) indicator is computed using data envelopment analysis. The results show that climate policy had a modest impact on technological development in the pulp and paper industry, and if significant it was negative. The price of fossil fuels, on the contrary, seems to have created important incentives for technological development. Hence, the results suggest that the carbon prices faced by the industry through EU ETS and the CO2 tax have been too low. Even though the data for this study is specific for Sweden, the models and results are applicable internationally. When designing policy to mitigate CO2 emissions, it is vital that the policy creates a carbon price that is high enough - otherwise the pressure on technological development will not be sufficiently strong.
{"title":"Carbon Prices and Incentives for Technological Development","authors":"T. Lundgren, P. Marklund, Eva Samakovlis, Wenchao Zhou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2259517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2259517","url":null,"abstract":"There is concern that the carbon prices generated through climate policies are too low to create the incentives necessary to stimulate technological development. This paper empirically analyzes how the Swedish carbon dioxide (CO2) tax and the European Union emission trading system (EU ETS) have affected productivity development in the Swedish pulp and paper industry 1998-2008. A Luenberger total factor productivity (TFP) indicator is computed using data envelopment analysis. The results show that climate policy had a modest impact on technological development in the pulp and paper industry, and if significant it was negative. The price of fossil fuels, on the contrary, seems to have created important incentives for technological development. Hence, the results suggest that the carbon prices faced by the industry through EU ETS and the CO2 tax have been too low. Even though the data for this study is specific for Sweden, the models and results are applicable internationally. When designing policy to mitigate CO2 emissions, it is vital that the policy creates a carbon price that is high enough - otherwise the pressure on technological development will not be sufficiently strong.","PeriodicalId":412473,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Microeconometric Models of Firm Behavior & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129505610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：