Historical warfare in Europe inflicted numerous costs on rural populations. To reduce such costs, rural populations relocated behind the relative safety of urban fortifications. We argue that war-related urbanization had positive consequences for long-run regional economic development. We geocode the locations of more than 600 conflicts in early modern Europe. We find a positive and significant relationship between historical conflict exposure and regional economic development today. Our results are robust to a wide range of econometric techniques, alternative samples, and economic outcomes. Human capital accumulation stands out as one channel through which war-related urbanization translated into regional economic development. Our results highlight the military origins of European wealthy urban belt.
{"title":"The Economic Legacy of Warfare: Evidence from European Regions","authors":"Traviss Cassidy, M. Dincecco, M. Onorato","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2629326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2629326","url":null,"abstract":"Historical warfare in Europe inflicted numerous costs on rural populations. To reduce such costs, rural populations relocated behind the relative safety of urban fortifications. We argue that war-related urbanization had positive consequences for long-run regional economic development. We geocode the locations of more than 600 conflicts in early modern Europe. We find a positive and significant relationship between historical conflict exposure and regional economic development today. Our results are robust to a wide range of econometric techniques, alternative samples, and economic outcomes. Human capital accumulation stands out as one channel through which war-related urbanization translated into regional economic development. Our results highlight the military origins of European wealthy urban belt.","PeriodicalId":413603,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Europe & Eurasia (Development) (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133678233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-06DOI: 10.1017/9781316340479.025
Peter L. Lindseth
This chapter is part of a forthcoming edited volume exploring alternative approaches and readings of decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) within their political, economic and legal contexts. This contribution focuses on the Viking judgment of December 2007, which, together with the Laval decision of the same month, is famous for subjecting the right to strike under national law to certain potential limitations deriving from European law. In the case of Viking specifically, those limitations flowed from the need to balance the right to strike against the freedom of establishment under ex Article 43 EC (now Article 49 TFEU). The specific holding in the case, however, as well as the ensuing controversy in the EU legal literature, are not really our concern here, or at least not directly. Rather, the focus of this chapter is on what the judgment does not say — on its 'semantic gaps', so to speak — most importantly between the ECJ's emphasis on balancing 'rights' in a constitutional/legal sense versus the European Commission's more technocratic/political role as manager of the Cohesion Policy — the EU's internal development policy for economically disadvantaged regions and member states. By focusing on these differing institutional and policy perspectives, this chapter seeks to refocus our attention on the broader challenge of legal, political, and economic 'convergence' that lies at the heart of the integration process, particularly after the EU’s enlargement to the east in 2004. The attempt at a combined perspective here also seeks to understand the tensions flowing from enlargement in the context of the political economy of market integration, with an eye to the historical experience in the North Atlantic world stretching back to the nineteenth century. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the relationship of the Viking controversy to a theory of institutional change along three dimensions — functional, political, and cultural — as well as on what this episode suggests for the continued tension between the national and the supranational (that is, between 'democracy' and 'demoi-cracy') in the ongoing crisis of European integration.
{"title":"Viking's 'Semantic Gaps': Law and the Political Economy of Convergence in the EU","authors":"Peter L. Lindseth","doi":"10.1017/9781316340479.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316340479.025","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is part of a forthcoming edited volume exploring alternative approaches and readings of decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) within their political, economic and legal contexts. This contribution focuses on the Viking judgment of December 2007, which, together with the Laval decision of the same month, is famous for subjecting the right to strike under national law to certain potential limitations deriving from European law. In the case of Viking specifically, those limitations flowed from the need to balance the right to strike against the freedom of establishment under ex Article 43 EC (now Article 49 TFEU). The specific holding in the case, however, as well as the ensuing controversy in the EU legal literature, are not really our concern here, or at least not directly. Rather, the focus of this chapter is on what the judgment does not say — on its 'semantic gaps', so to speak — most importantly between the ECJ's emphasis on balancing 'rights' in a constitutional/legal sense versus the European Commission's more technocratic/political role as manager of the Cohesion Policy — the EU's internal development policy for economically disadvantaged regions and member states. By focusing on these differing institutional and policy perspectives, this chapter seeks to refocus our attention on the broader challenge of legal, political, and economic 'convergence' that lies at the heart of the integration process, particularly after the EU’s enlargement to the east in 2004. The attempt at a combined perspective here also seeks to understand the tensions flowing from enlargement in the context of the political economy of market integration, with an eye to the historical experience in the North Atlantic world stretching back to the nineteenth century. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the relationship of the Viking controversy to a theory of institutional change along three dimensions — functional, political, and cultural — as well as on what this episode suggests for the continued tension between the national and the supranational (that is, between 'democracy' and 'demoi-cracy') in the ongoing crisis of European integration.","PeriodicalId":413603,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Europe & Eurasia (Development) (Topic)","volume":"210 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133911966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper refutes Gregory Clark’s chauvinist view that European countries are superior to the Asian ones, because they have been so. This paper proves that Clark’s empirical result is merely a movement along an isoquant with no implication on productivity. Then, this paper works out a similar relation to show that Asian countries can also be superior to the European ones, by the same Clark standard.
{"title":"Refuting Gregory Clark's Chauvinist Development Theory","authors":"Hak Choi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2580751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2580751","url":null,"abstract":"This paper refutes Gregory Clark’s chauvinist view that European countries are superior to the Asian ones, because they have been so. This paper proves that Clark’s empirical result is merely a movement along an isoquant with no implication on productivity. Then, this paper works out a similar relation to show that Asian countries can also be superior to the European ones, by the same Clark standard.","PeriodicalId":413603,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Europe & Eurasia (Development) (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114203566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents the analysis of market infrastructure development in the regions of Siberia. Considered are the economic essence of regional market infrastructure and the concept of economic potential. Studied in the paper are the following issues: the degree of market infrastructure readiness to the new conditions of functioning; different types and component elements of market infrastructure; functional layout of market infrastructure and the content of the elements of this scheme. The paper examines the functional blocks of market infrastructure in terms of a system of markets. Of methodological and practical value is a comprehensive analysis of major functional blocks of regional market infrastructure - intermediate trade, informational, financial and credit, foreign trade, economic and legal markets. Considered are the problems concerning regional market infrastructure development with the emphasis placed on the aspects of strategic planning. The analysis of the external and internal environment of influence on development of regional market infrastructure is made. On the basis of the study conducted the conclusions about a significant lag of regional market infrastructure economic potential behind the increasing demand for its development in the period of transition in Russia are made. This lag does create additional difficulties in reforming the economy. Outlined in the paper are the possible directions for the development of regional market infrastructure.
{"title":"Problems of Market Infrastructure Development in the Regions of Siberia","authors":"Новоселов Aleksandr","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2556023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2556023","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the analysis of market infrastructure development in the regions of Siberia. Considered are the economic essence of regional market infrastructure and the concept of economic potential. Studied in the paper are the following issues: the degree of market infrastructure readiness to the new conditions of functioning; different types and component elements of market infrastructure; functional layout of market infrastructure and the content of the elements of this scheme. The paper examines the functional blocks of market infrastructure in terms of a system of markets. Of methodological and practical value is a comprehensive analysis of major functional blocks of regional market infrastructure - intermediate trade, informational, financial and credit, foreign trade, economic and legal markets. Considered are the problems concerning regional market infrastructure development with the emphasis placed on the aspects of strategic planning. The analysis of the external and internal environment of influence on development of regional market infrastructure is made. On the basis of the study conducted the conclusions about a significant lag of regional market infrastructure economic potential behind the increasing demand for its development in the period of transition in Russia are made. This lag does create additional difficulties in reforming the economy. Outlined in the paper are the possible directions for the development of regional market infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":413603,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Europe & Eurasia (Development) (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124102665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russia’s political background in May was determined by the mounting tension in the top echelons of the political bureaucracy. The sacking of Deputy Prime Minister Vladislav Surkov – one of the authors of the soft authoritarianism of the 2000s – was a manifestation of yet another personnel reshuffle in Russia’s corridors of power.
{"title":"Russia's Economy in May 2013: Preliminary Data and Major Trends","authors":"K. Rogov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2289830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2289830","url":null,"abstract":"Russia’s political background in May was determined by the mounting tension in the top echelons of the political bureaucracy. The sacking of Deputy Prime Minister Vladislav Surkov – one of the authors of the soft authoritarianism of the 2000s – was a manifestation of yet another personnel reshuffle in Russia’s corridors of power.","PeriodicalId":413603,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Europe & Eurasia (Development) (Topic)","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122472556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following the breakdown of central planning in Eastern Europe in 1989, all the reforming countries bordering the EU initiated processes, though at different speeds, to eventually join the EU as members. These countries were, except for Poland, also bordering the then new EU-Member country Austria. It seemed natural, therefore, to learn from the Austrian experience for the integration process of Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). Already from the outset, the following questions come to ones mind: What special role has Austria played in the transformation process and, what role could she play in the integration process of CEECs? What kind of economic area could Austria possibly form with CEECs and which countries should be involved? What could be the meaning of a regional economic area in central Europe when the reforming countries involved are anyway striving for EU membership? The paper investigates the empirical characteristics of the countries compared in order to judge how apt they were for forming some kind of economic area.
{"title":"Central Europe as an Economic Area? Prospects for Further Economic Integration from an Austrian Perspective","authors":"K. Gugler, Heinz Handler, Manfred Schekulin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3189864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3189864","url":null,"abstract":"Following the breakdown of central planning in Eastern Europe in 1989, all the reforming countries bordering the EU initiated processes, though at different speeds, to eventually join the EU as members. These countries were, except for Poland, also bordering the then new EU-Member country Austria. It seemed natural, therefore, to learn from the Austrian experience for the integration process of Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). Already from the outset, the following questions come to ones mind: What special role has Austria played in the transformation process and, what role could she play in the integration process of CEECs? What kind of economic area could Austria possibly form with CEECs and which countries should be involved? What could be the meaning of a regional economic area in central Europe when the reforming countries involved are anyway striving for EU membership? The paper investigates the empirical characteristics of the countries compared in order to judge how apt they were for forming some kind of economic area.","PeriodicalId":413603,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Europe & Eurasia (Development) (Topic)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121635963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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