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The Divine Word and its Expression in Sanskrit: Continuity and Change in Vedic and Classical India 神圣的话语及其在梵语中的表达:吠陀和古典印度的连续性和变化
Pub Date : 2022-07-31 DOI: 10.24193/diakrisis.2022.5
Florina Dobre Brat
The Vedas are said to be not a human creation (apauruṣeya), but Revelation imparted to the Vedic sages who have put it down in inspired verses. Vedas’ words are therefore divine and eternal, and thus extensively praised. Vāc, the Vedic word, is eulogised in several hymns, among which Vāk Sūkta (X.125) is by far the most illustrative of all. In some teachings of the Upanishads, Vāc is equated to Brahman alongside other interpretations. When analysing the nature of the word, centuries later, philosophers and grammarians refer to it as śabda, and no longer as Vāc, the latter remains somehow confined to a rather poetical and mystical reality. Yet, the idea of the eternal and divine character of the scriptures is superimposed on the Sanskrit language also, despite certain historical change remarks on the grammarians' side.  In the 5th century CE, Bhartṛhari displays a genuine linguistic and philosophical thought of the folding and unfolding of Reality and its understanding as Word-Principle (brahman śabda-tattva). From an auxiliary science of preserving the correct forms of the Vedas, Sanskrit grammar acquires a hermeneutical role and empowers itself as a way to salvation, an idea supported by previous evidence of grammar's role in producing celestial happiness (abhyudaya), merit and righteousness (dharma). I seek in this paper to analyse and point out the strongholds that underpin Sanskrit as a divine language and how continuity and change coexist to support over millennia this undaunted approach.
吠陀经据说不是人类创造的(apauruṣeya),而是吠陀圣贤的启示,他们把它写在灵感的诗句中。因此,吠陀的话语是神圣和永恒的,因此受到广泛的赞扬。Vāc,吠陀的词,在几首赞美诗中,其中Vāk Sūkta (X.125)是迄今为止最具说明性的。在奥义书的一些教导中,Vāc与其他解释一起等同于婆罗门。几个世纪后,哲学家和语法学家在分析这个词的本质时,把它称为śabda,而不再是Vāc,后者不知何故仍然局限于一个相当诗意和神秘的现实。然而,经典的永恒和神圣性的观念也被叠加在梵语上,尽管语法学家方面有一些历史变化的评论。在公元5世纪,Bhartṛhari展示了一种真正的语言和哲学思想,将现实折叠和展开,并将其理解为Word-Principle (brahman śabda-tattva)。梵语语法作为一门保存吠陀经正确形式的辅助科学,获得了一种解释学的角色,并使自己成为一种救赎的方式,这一观点得到了先前关于语法在产生天国幸福(abhyudaya)、功德和正义(dharma)方面所起作用的证据的支持。在本文中,我试图分析并指出支撑梵语作为一种神圣语言的支柱,以及连续性和变化如何共存,以支持数千年来这种无畏的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Patristic Apophaticism and the House of Being 教父的冷漠主义与存在之家
Pub Date : 2022-07-31 DOI: 10.24193/diakrisis.2022.3
Marius Portaru
This essay proposes a brief reflection on language, considering Patristic apophaticism, as seen in the works of the Cappadocian Fathers, Dionysius and Maximus the Confessor. It discusses Heidegger’s critique of onto-theology and his Letter on Humanism, where language is called “the House of Being”. It tries to show that, according to Patristic apophaticism, the human nous is instead the “House of Being”. The difference between Heidegger and Patristic thought lies in how Being is understood. It also notes that the Letter on Humanism displays a potential openess to the “energetic theory of language”, which characterises Patristic apophaticism.
本文从卡帕多西亚教父狄奥尼修斯和忏悔者马克西姆斯的作品中所体现的教父式的避语主义,对语言进行了简要的反思。它讨论了海德格尔对本体神学的批判和他的《人文主义信》,其中语言被称为“存在之家”。它试图表明,根据教父的冷漠主义,人类的理智是“存在之家”。海德格尔与教父思想的区别在于如何理解存在。它还指出,《人文主义信》显示了对“语言的能量理论”的潜在开放,这是教父式冷漠主义的特征。
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引用次数: 0
Open Hermeneutics: André Scrima’s «éclatement de la parole “en moi”» (I) 开放解释学:andre scrima的“话语在我里面的爆发”(上)
Pub Date : 2022-07-31 DOI: 10.24193/diakrisis.2022.2
Daniela Dumbravă
Towards the end of the 1960s, in the well-known Enrico Castelli (1900-1977) colloquia, while intensively discussing the topic of demythologization, scholars concluded that theological language is fundamental in exploring it. Thus, the topic of the analysis of theological language: the Name of God, became prevalent for them and they began to think that a distinction between the terms religious and theological would be desirable, avoiding scandalous formulas for the field of theology. According to Karl Jasper, God is just a chest of something indicible. André Scrima presents himself in the debate with an original proposal, namely to think of theological language, in the broadest sense of this concept, as enclosing religious discourse. In the beginning, speaking theologically should happen in the Name of God, Scrima asserts; at Jasper’s antipodes, he places the Name of God as the origin and mystery that generates speaking theologically. This article aims first of all to bring the question of theological language back into the academic space that is more interested in the phenomenological issues promoted in Enrico Castelli’s thought laboratory in Rome.
20世纪60年代末,在著名的Enrico Castelli(1900-1977)座谈会上,学者们在深入讨论去神话化主题的同时,得出了神学语言是探索去神话化的基础的结论。因此,神学语言分析的主题:上帝之名,对他们来说变得普遍,他们开始认为区分宗教和神学的术语是可取的,避免神学领域的丑闻公式。根据卡尔·贾斯帕的说法,上帝只是一个箱子,里面装着某种不可救药的东西。安德烈·斯克里马在辩论中提出了一个原创的建议,即认为神学语言,在这个概念的最广泛意义上,是封闭的宗教话语。斯克里马断言,一开始,神学上的讲话应该以上帝的名义进行;在贾斯珀的对跖点,他把上帝的名字作为起源和神秘产生神学说话。本文的目的首先是将神学语言的问题带回到学术界,学术界更感兴趣的是恩里科·卡斯泰利在罗马的思想实验室所提出的现象学问题。
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引用次数: 0
« Ce Dieu terriblement humain ». Reflexions on language in André Scrima’s interpretation of the Resurrection of Lazarus “上帝是可怕的人”。安德烈·斯克里马解读《拉撒路复活》的语言反思
Pub Date : 2022-07-31 DOI: 10.24193/diakrisis.2022.1
Bogdan Tătaru-Cazaban
This article aims to analyse Fr André Scrima’s interpretation of the resurrection of Lazarus in his commentary on the Gospel of John and in a homily dedicated to the miracle that Christ performed at Bethany. The texts we take into consideration are particularly relevant for a Christian reflection on the relationship between God’s word and human language. Scrima’s hermeneutics is traditional as well as oriented to a modern audience. Speaking about Lazarus, he chooses to focus on three aspects of the divine language: compassion, truth, and restoration of man. Scrima’s reflections illustrate a possible dialogue between the long and rich reception of the raising of Lazarus in the Christian tradition and the Lazarus motif in modern culture.
本文旨在分析安德烈·斯克里马神父在他对约翰福音的评论中对拉撒路复活的解释,并在一篇讲道中致力于基督在伯大尼的奇迹。我们所考虑的经文与基督徒反思上帝的话语和人类语言之间的关系特别相关。斯克里玛的解释学既传统又面向现代读者。说到拉撒路,他选择集中在神语言的三个方面:怜悯、真理和人的复兴。斯克里马的反思说明了基督教传统中对拉撒路复活的长期而丰富的接受与现代文化中拉撒路主题之间可能存在的对话。
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引用次数: 0
Sacred Art Between Tradition and Personal Expression: The Orthodox Icon and Artistical Transgressions of the Canon 传统与个人表达之间的神圣艺术:正统的图标和对正典的艺术越界
Pub Date : 2021-05-31 DOI: 10.24193/DIAKRISIS.2021.5
Andreea Stoicescu
The aim of this article is to present a personal reflection regarding the theoretical/philosophical relation between the generally accepted theological grounding of icon painting and other contemporary artistical endeavours to integrate the religious feeling – of Christian-Orthodox inspiration. This reflection is based on a mixture of ideas from different thought-frameworks which have as common ground the need for speculating on issues such as ‘tradition understanding’, ‘personal expression’, ‘art and religiousness’, exactly those key-themes that are constituting the fundamental threads of my argumentation. Hence, my appeal to authors like Lucian Blaga, Leonid Uspensky, Martin Heidegger, Paul Evdochimov, and Christos Yannaras. The point of departure for my study is the powerful and unavoidable conflict between the need for personal artistic interpretations of religious themes – expressed through contemporary artistic techniques and the application of contemporary metaphysical modelings – and the need for attaching oneself to an ‘authentic’ tradition of religious experience and to a community with deep roots in history. My all-round thesis is that this conflict cannot be, at least, clarified by choosing, from the artistic point of view, between two extremes: contemporary secular art on the one hand, and sacred, canonical art on the other hand, but by finding conceptual common pathways.
本文的目的是对圣像绘画中普遍接受的神学基础与其他当代艺术努力之间的理论/哲学关系进行个人反思,以整合基督教-东正教灵感的宗教情感。这种反思是基于来自不同思想框架的想法的混合,这些思想框架具有共同的基础,需要对诸如“传统理解”,“个人表达”,“艺术和宗教”等问题进行推测,正是这些关键主题构成了我的论证的基本线索。因此,我对卢西恩·布拉加、列昂尼德·乌斯宾斯基、马丁·海德格尔、保罗·埃夫多奇莫夫和克里斯托斯·扬纳拉斯这样的作家很有吸引力。我研究的出发点是对宗教主题的个人艺术诠释的需求——通过当代艺术技术和当代形而上学模型的应用来表达——与将自己依附于宗教经验的“真实”传统和具有深厚历史根源的社区的需求之间强大而不可避免的冲突。我的全面论点是,从艺术的角度来看,这种冲突至少不能通过在两个极端之间选择来澄清:一方面是当代世俗艺术,另一方面是神圣的,规范的艺术,而是通过寻找概念上的共同途径。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond good and evil, Nietzsche is the atheist version of the Christian ascetic 在善与恶之外,尼采是基督教苦行僧的无神论版本
Pub Date : 2021-05-31 DOI: 10.24193/DIAKRISIS.2021.6
Alina Elena Turcescu
Nietzsche is one of the most controversial and disputed philosophers, especially because of his association with Hitler and Nazism, but also through his upsetting philosophical decisions that deny the possibility of any morality centered on good and evil as absolute values in themselves. As for his association with Hitler, the sources prove that Nietzsche’s philosophy has nothing to do with the justification or support of the nationalist-socialist dictatorship. In addition, any connoisseur of his work can easily see that Hitler does not fit at all with the description of the overman that Nietzsche conceptualizes and identifies with. As for morality, it seems to support a relativization of the values of good and evil until their dissolution, but a closer look can see that the morality of the masters accredited by Nietzsche is one of austerity, balance, respect, honor, dignity, of preferring loneliness to the amusement of the crowd. All these are values that even Christianity proposes. Lonely and incomprehensible, the master, Nietzsche lives a lifestyle similar to Christian ascetics. And just as the philosopher claims that the life of the masters should not be passed through the sieve of ordinary moral evaluations, who could judge in terms of “good” or “bad” the way the austere ones lived?
尼采是最有争议和争议的哲学家之一,尤其是因为他与希特勒和纳粹主义的联系,也因为他令人不安的哲学决定,否认任何以善恶为中心的道德作为绝对价值的可能性。至于他与希特勒的关系,资料证明尼采的哲学与为民族社会主义独裁辩护或支持无关。此外,任何对他的作品有鉴赏力的人都可以很容易地看出,希特勒完全不符合尼采概念化和认同的超人的描述。至于道德,它似乎支持善恶价值观的相对化,直到它们解体,但仔细观察可以看到尼采认可的大师的道德是一种紧缩,平衡,尊重,荣誉,尊严,喜欢孤独而不是人群的娱乐。所有这些都是基督教提出的价值观。孤独和不可理解,大师尼采过着类似于基督教苦行僧的生活方式。正如哲学家声称,大师们的生活不应该通过普通道德评价的筛子,谁能以“好”或“坏”来评判简朴者的生活方式呢?
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引用次数: 0
The Orthodox Church and the Transhumanist Ideas on Overcoming Death 东正教与超人类主义战胜死亡的思想
Pub Date : 2021-05-31 DOI: 10.24193/DIAKRISIS.2021.3
Călin Emilian Cira
For mankind, death is a great mystery. Throughout history, numerous opinions about death have been issued, in search of its cause, and many ways and means to defeat it have been attempted. Recent scientific developments have not stayed back from the challenge of studying biological life and attempting technological solutions to help people reach an advanced age that is not subject to decrepitude, and perhaps even to achieve immortality. This idea is also present in the transhumanist movement that aims to change human nature through technology and supports the possibility of obtaining a lifespan capable of far exceed the current one. In this text, we attempt to give a possible answer to this transhumanist challenge from an orthodox Christian point of view.
对人类来说,死亡是一个巨大的谜团。纵观历史,关于死亡的观点层出不穷,为了寻找死亡的原因,人们尝试了许多方法和手段来战胜死亡。最近的科学发展并没有回避研究生物生命和尝试技术解决方案的挑战,以帮助人们达到不受衰老影响的高龄,甚至可能实现永生。这一理念也出现在超人类主义运动中,该运动旨在通过技术改变人性,并支持获得远远超过当前寿命的可能性。在这篇文章中,我们试图从正统基督教的角度给出一个可能的答案来回答这个超人类主义的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
«La mort: passage ou limite ?» Introductory note on the methodology of an unpublished lecture offered by André Scrima at the Saint-Joseph University in Beirut (1978) 1978年,安德烈·斯克里马(andr<s:1> Scrima)在贝鲁特圣约瑟夫大学(Saint-Joseph University)发表的一篇未发表演讲的方法论导言。
Pub Date : 2021-05-31 DOI: 10.24193/DIAKRISIS.2021.1
D. Dumbravă
The proposal for an extremely original lecture – La mort: passage or limit? – will be developed in the classroom of the Faculty of Religious Studies, in the academic year 1978, at Saint Joseph University, Beirut. This course was transcribed by students of the Department of Religious Studies in Beirut in 1978. The recent discovery of this unpublished manuscript in the Augustin Dupré La Tour S.J. archives prompts me to make its first presentation to the academic world here. The Orthodox monk, from Romanian origins, André Scrima basically suggested that the theme of death should develop into various elements of reflection related to the comparative study of religions and modern thought in comparison to the Christian faith. Therefore, if the theme of death arises in a historiographical context related to the study of the History of Religions, the history of reflection on death in Western philosophical thought also plays its interpretative part. Finally, with respect to the two perspectives a third one is instilled: the problem of death for man from the point of view of Christian anthropology. The article also aims to contextualize the conceptual diagrams with which André Scrima works in his exposition on death through two parameters: the limit of the discourse on death – frontière logique – and the limit of death for itself – frontière existentielle. The subject is divided by Scrima into two conceptual diagrams: a. en deçà – death both as a subject within a discourse, of an observed fact, and as part of a noetic, reflexive exposition and questioning within consciousness and by our consciousness; b. au-delà – death as a mystery: the non-talking of death in itself; the invention of a “grammar” of the death of the human being.
一篇极具原创性的演讲的建议——La mort:通过还是限制?- -将于1978学年在贝鲁特圣约瑟夫大学宗教研究学院的课堂上编制。本课程由贝鲁特宗教研究系的学生于1978年抄录。最近在奥古斯丁·迪普瑞尔·拉图尔S.J.档案中发现了这份未发表的手稿,这促使我在这里向学术界首次展示它。来自罗马尼亚的东正教僧侣安德烈·斯克里马(andr Scrima)基本上认为,死亡的主题应该发展成与宗教和现代思想的比较研究相关的各种反思元素,与基督教信仰进行比较。因此,如果死亡主题出现在与宗教史研究相关的史学语境中,那么西方哲学思想史对死亡的反思也起到了解释性的作用。最后,关于这两种观点,第三种观点被灌输:从基督教人类学的观点来看人的死亡问题。本文还旨在通过两个参数将安德烈·斯克里马在其关于死亡的论述中所使用的概念图置于语境中:死亡话语的限制——fronti逻辑性(fronti logique)和死亡本身的限制——fronti存在性(fronti existentielle)。斯克里马把这个主题分为两个概念图:a.死亡——死亡既是话语中的一个主题,是观察到的事实,也是意识内部和我们的意识中理性的、反思性的阐述和质疑的一部分;B. au- delcon——死亡是一种奥秘:不谈论死亡本身;发明了一种“语法”的人的死亡。
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引用次数: 0
Witness through holiness of life: A quick look into the biography of a concept 见证生命的圣洁:快速浏览一个概念的传记
Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.24193/DIAKRISIS.2021.4
Paul Siladi
"Witness through holiness of life" is a phrase often used in theological texts. This study analyses the origin of this concept and identifies a series of reference points in its intellectual biography in Romanian theology (with special emphasis on the developments brought about by mission theologians from Cluj-Napoca). The two final sections try to enlarge upon the reflection on the witness through the holiness of life by considering the phrase in a biblical and spiritual context.
“用圣洁的生命作见证”是神学文本中经常使用的一个短语。本研究分析了这一概念的起源,并在罗马尼亚神学的知识分子传记中确定了一系列参考点(特别强调克卢日-纳波卡的传教神学家带来的发展)。最后两个部分试图通过考虑在圣经和精神背景下的短语,扩大对生命圣洁见证的反思。
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引用次数: 0
Manifest 清单
Pub Date : 2020-05-30 DOI: 10.24193/diakrisis.2020.5
Piero Coda
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Diakrisis Yearbook of Theology and Philosophy
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