Access to clean energy is necessary for environmental cleanliness and poverty reduction. That notwithstanding, many in developing countries especially those in sub-Saharan Africa region lack clean energy for their routine domestic activities. This study sought to unravel the factors that influence clean energy accessibility in sub-Saharan Africa region. Clean energy accessibility, specifically access to electricity, and access to clean cooking fuels and technologies, were modeled as a function of income, foreign direct investment, inflation, employment and political regime for a panel of 31 sub-Saharan countries for the period 2000–2015. Regression analysis from fixed effect, random effect and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares show that access to clean energy is influenced positively by income, foreign direct investment, political regime and employment while inflation has some negative effect on its accessibility. The policy implications from the findings among other things include that expansion in GDP per capita in the sub-region shall be helpful in increasing accessibility to clean energy. Moreover, strengthening the democratic institutions of countries in the region shall enhance the citizens' accessibility to clean energy. Ensuring sustainable jobs for the citizens is necessary for access clean energy.
{"title":"Towards the attainment of sustainable development goal 7: what determines clean energy accessibility in sub-Saharan Africa?","authors":"P. Kwakwa, Frank Adusah-Poku, K. Adjei‐Mantey","doi":"10.3934/gf.2021014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2021014","url":null,"abstract":"Access to clean energy is necessary for environmental cleanliness and poverty reduction. That notwithstanding, many in developing countries especially those in sub-Saharan Africa region lack clean energy for their routine domestic activities. This study sought to unravel the factors that influence clean energy accessibility in sub-Saharan Africa region. Clean energy accessibility, specifically access to electricity, and access to clean cooking fuels and technologies, were modeled as a function of income, foreign direct investment, inflation, employment and political regime for a panel of 31 sub-Saharan countries for the period 2000–2015. Regression analysis from fixed effect, random effect and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares show that access to clean energy is influenced positively by income, foreign direct investment, political regime and employment while inflation has some negative effect on its accessibility. The policy implications from the findings among other things include that expansion in GDP per capita in the sub-region shall be helpful in increasing accessibility to clean energy. Moreover, strengthening the democratic institutions of countries in the region shall enhance the citizens' accessibility to clean energy. Ensuring sustainable jobs for the citizens is necessary for access clean energy.","PeriodicalId":41466,"journal":{"name":"Green Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we examine the nexus between crude oil prices, clean energy investments, technology companies, and energy democracy. Our dataset incorporates four variables which are S & P Global Clean Energy Index (SPClean), Brent crude oil futures (Brent), CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), and NASDAQ 100 Technology Sector (DXNT) daily prices between 2009 and 2021. The novelty of our study is that we included technology development and market fear as important factors and assess their impact on clean energy investments. DCC-GARCH models are utilized to analyze the spillover impact of market fear, oil prices, and technology company stock returns to clean energy investments. According to our findings when oil prices decrease, the volatility index usually responds by increasing which means that the market is afraid of oil price surges. Renewable investments also tend to decrease in that period following the oil price trend. Moreover, a positive relationship between technology stocks and renewable energy stock returns also exists.
{"title":"Nexus between crude oil prices, clean energy investments, technology companies and energy democracy","authors":"Caner Özdurak","doi":"10.3934/gf.2021017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2021017","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we examine the nexus between crude oil prices, clean energy investments, technology companies, and energy democracy. Our dataset incorporates four variables which are S & P Global Clean Energy Index (SPClean), Brent crude oil futures (Brent), CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), and NASDAQ 100 Technology Sector (DXNT) daily prices between 2009 and 2021. The novelty of our study is that we included technology development and market fear as important factors and assess their impact on clean energy investments. DCC-GARCH models are utilized to analyze the spillover impact of market fear, oil prices, and technology company stock returns to clean energy investments. According to our findings when oil prices decrease, the volatility index usually responds by increasing which means that the market is afraid of oil price surges. Renewable investments also tend to decrease in that period following the oil price trend. Moreover, a positive relationship between technology stocks and renewable energy stock returns also exists.","PeriodicalId":41466,"journal":{"name":"Green Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Access to electricity is touted as one of the ways of reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of people. However, an increased consumption may also contribute to higher carbon dioxide emissions. While many studies have therefore assessed the determinants of electricity consumption for developing countries that have a lower electricity consumption and inadequate supply to meet demand, the effect of financial development on electricity consumption has been mixed. Consequently, this study models electricity consumption in Ghana with special attention on the effect of financial development. The results show that price reduces electricity consumption while income and population density increase consumption of electricity. When financial development is represented by domestic credit to private sector, domestic credit to private sector by banks and broad money supply, the effect is negative on electricity consumption. However, the effect is positive when financial development is represented by foreign direct investment. A financial index constructed from the four indicators shows financial development reduces electricity consumption in Ghana. Among other things the policy implication includes the need to formulate appropriate policy based on a specific indicator for financial development.
{"title":"Modelling electricity consumption in Ghana: the role of financial development indicators","authors":"Peter Ansu-Mensah, P. Kwakwa","doi":"10.3934/gf.2022003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2022003","url":null,"abstract":"Access to electricity is touted as one of the ways of reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of people. However, an increased consumption may also contribute to higher carbon dioxide emissions. While many studies have therefore assessed the determinants of electricity consumption for developing countries that have a lower electricity consumption and inadequate supply to meet demand, the effect of financial development on electricity consumption has been mixed. Consequently, this study models electricity consumption in Ghana with special attention on the effect of financial development. The results show that price reduces electricity consumption while income and population density increase consumption of electricity. When financial development is represented by domestic credit to private sector, domestic credit to private sector by banks and broad money supply, the effect is negative on electricity consumption. However, the effect is positive when financial development is represented by foreign direct investment. A financial index constructed from the four indicators shows financial development reduces electricity consumption in Ghana. Among other things the policy implication includes the need to formulate appropriate policy based on a specific indicator for financial development.","PeriodicalId":41466,"journal":{"name":"Green Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study gauges the degree of fiscal vulnerability in Turkey by calculating the debt stabilising primary balance level and evaluates how this variable measures up against the actual primary balance levels for the 1978–2019 period. Based on this comparison, we build up a fiscal fragility index using the methodology described in Stoian (2012). In addition, the Toda-Yamamoto causality test is carried out to detect the direction of causality among these two variables. The index-based analysis reveals that the fiscal performance of Turkey was chiefly satisfactory for the estimation period. Also, the Toda-Yamamoto causality test results imply a unidirectional causality from the required primary balance to real primary balance, suggesting that the government uses the primary balance to stabilise fiscal imbalances, which is an affirmative effort by the government to restore fiscal sustainability. Nevertheless, notwithstanding the implementation of corrective fiscal actions to preserve stability, the index value is steadily moving up in recent years, indicating a mounting fiscal vulnerability risk. Back-loading fiscal adjustments involving spending cuts, full-fledged tax reform, proper scrutiny of public expenses, etc., are among the prominent policy options available to the government to alter the ongoing unfavourable trend in the fiscal vulnerability index.
{"title":"How vulnerable is the fiscal posture in Turkey?","authors":"Cansın Kemal Can","doi":"10.3934/gf.2021016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2021016","url":null,"abstract":"This study gauges the degree of fiscal vulnerability in Turkey by calculating the debt stabilising primary balance level and evaluates how this variable measures up against the actual primary balance levels for the 1978–2019 period. Based on this comparison, we build up a fiscal fragility index using the methodology described in Stoian (2012). In addition, the Toda-Yamamoto causality test is carried out to detect the direction of causality among these two variables. The index-based analysis reveals that the fiscal performance of Turkey was chiefly satisfactory for the estimation period. Also, the Toda-Yamamoto causality test results imply a unidirectional causality from the required primary balance to real primary balance, suggesting that the government uses the primary balance to stabilise fiscal imbalances, which is an affirmative effort by the government to restore fiscal sustainability. Nevertheless, notwithstanding the implementation of corrective fiscal actions to preserve stability, the index value is steadily moving up in recent years, indicating a mounting fiscal vulnerability risk. Back-loading fiscal adjustments involving spending cuts, full-fledged tax reform, proper scrutiny of public expenses, etc., are among the prominent policy options available to the government to alter the ongoing unfavourable trend in the fiscal vulnerability index.","PeriodicalId":41466,"journal":{"name":"Green Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the COVID-19 pandemic sweeping the world, the development of China's energy industry has been hampered. Although previous studies have shown the global influence of COVID-19 on energy prices and macroeconomic indicators, very few of them examined the impact on China independently, considering the special role of China in this pandemic and economy. In this study, we investigate the impact of the pandemic on several major China energy prices using the ARIMA-GARCH model. Combined with the Value-at-Risk (VaR) theory, we further explore the market risk, which indicates an increase in the tail risk of energy price volatility and the dramatic turbulence in energy markets. In addition, a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model is developed to analyze how the main macroeconomic indicators are affected when energy prices fluctuate. According to the model results, energy price fluctuations caused by the COVID-19 have a negative impact on economic growth and inflation, with a higher contribution to the latter changes. Based on the modeling analysis results, this paper makes constructive suggestions on how to stabilize energy prices and recover the economic development in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on energy prices and main macroeconomic indicators—evidence from China's energy market","authors":"Yilin Wu, Shiyu Ma","doi":"10.3934/gf.2021019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2021019","url":null,"abstract":"With the COVID-19 pandemic sweeping the world, the development of China's energy industry has been hampered. Although previous studies have shown the global influence of COVID-19 on energy prices and macroeconomic indicators, very few of them examined the impact on China independently, considering the special role of China in this pandemic and economy. In this study, we investigate the impact of the pandemic on several major China energy prices using the ARIMA-GARCH model. Combined with the Value-at-Risk (VaR) theory, we further explore the market risk, which indicates an increase in the tail risk of energy price volatility and the dramatic turbulence in energy markets. In addition, a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model is developed to analyze how the main macroeconomic indicators are affected when energy prices fluctuate. According to the model results, energy price fluctuations caused by the COVID-19 have a negative impact on economic growth and inflation, with a higher contribution to the latter changes. Based on the modeling analysis results, this paper makes constructive suggestions on how to stabilize energy prices and recover the economic development in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":41466,"journal":{"name":"Green Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70252010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to study the impact of the target's ESG score on the acquirer's ROA and stock price changes after M&A deals by regressing the percentage change of acquirer's performance change against the target's ESG score and a set of control variables. This research contributes to the current literature by exploring whether this impact is influenced by the acquirer's pre-M&A ESG level through two methods—expressing the coefficient of the target's ESG as s linear function of the acquirer's ESG and dividing the deals into two groups according to the acquirer's ESG level. The result of shows that the impact of the target's ESG score on the acquirer's ROA change is significant at 95% confidence level and varies for low-ESG and high-ESG acquirer groups. Although most acquirers suffer ROA declines one year after the deals, the ROA decline is aggravated for low-ESG acquirers but is relieved for high-ESG acquirers. This discrepancy can be attributed to the temporary integration costs that are higher for low-ESG acquirers than for high-ESG peers if the target's ESG level increases. Besides, this research concludes that the impact of the target's ESG score does not have a significant impact on the acquirer's stock price change before and after an M&A deal.
{"title":"The role of ESG in acquirers' performance change after M&A deals","authors":"Xuan Feng","doi":"10.3934/gf.2021015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2021015","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to study the impact of the target's ESG score on the acquirer's ROA and stock price changes after M&A deals by regressing the percentage change of acquirer's performance change against the target's ESG score and a set of control variables. This research contributes to the current literature by exploring whether this impact is influenced by the acquirer's pre-M&A ESG level through two methods—expressing the coefficient of the target's ESG as s linear function of the acquirer's ESG and dividing the deals into two groups according to the acquirer's ESG level. The result of shows that the impact of the target's ESG score on the acquirer's ROA change is significant at 95% confidence level and varies for low-ESG and high-ESG acquirer groups. Although most acquirers suffer ROA declines one year after the deals, the ROA decline is aggravated for low-ESG acquirers but is relieved for high-ESG acquirers. This discrepancy can be attributed to the temporary integration costs that are higher for low-ESG acquirers than for high-ESG peers if the target's ESG level increases. Besides, this research concludes that the impact of the target's ESG score does not have a significant impact on the acquirer's stock price change before and after an M&A deal.","PeriodicalId":41466,"journal":{"name":"Green Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Khan, H. Arif, Noor E. Sahar, A. Ali, M. Abbasi
The current study investigates the influence of financial resources on environmental and financial performance with the mediating role of green practices (innovation) in manufacturing firms of the emerging economy, Pakistan. The research model and its proposed hypothesis was using 294 manufacturing firms' samples, for fruitful insights, the hypothesis was tested through a structured equation model using Smart PLS 3. Our results exhibited a positive and significant impact of financial resources on financial performance but not on environmental performance. However, green innovation fully mediates the relationship between financial resources and financial performance, while partially mediate the relationship between financial resources and environmental performance. Considering our insight, we suggest to the government that financially support the SMEs sector because they have a lack of tangible and intangible resources due to small size, and to easily adapt the green practices.
{"title":"The role of financial resources in SMEs' financial and environmental performance; the mediating role of green innovation","authors":"R. Khan, H. Arif, Noor E. Sahar, A. Ali, M. Abbasi","doi":"10.3934/gf.2022002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2022002","url":null,"abstract":"The current study investigates the influence of financial resources on environmental and financial performance with the mediating role of green practices (innovation) in manufacturing firms of the emerging economy, Pakistan. The research model and its proposed hypothesis was using 294 manufacturing firms' samples, for fruitful insights, the hypothesis was tested through a structured equation model using Smart PLS 3. Our results exhibited a positive and significant impact of financial resources on financial performance but not on environmental performance. However, green innovation fully mediates the relationship between financial resources and financial performance, while partially mediate the relationship between financial resources and environmental performance. Considering our insight, we suggest to the government that financially support the SMEs sector because they have a lack of tangible and intangible resources due to small size, and to easily adapt the green practices.","PeriodicalId":41466,"journal":{"name":"Green Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. N. Khatun, Sandip Mitra, Md Nazirul Islam Sarker
Limited access to financial services is considered as a vital bottleneck for curbing poverty in Bangladesh. Digital technology such as mobile banking can contribute to accelerate people's access to finance but did not receive proper attention before COVID-19. This study intends to explore the use of mobile banking services to accelerate people's financial access in Bangladesh due to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic by using secondary data. Mainly documentation techniques and descriptive statistical methods are used to collect and analyze the data. The study reveals that the number of registered mobile banking customers has escalated during the COVID-19 era. Mainly government policies regarding different mobile banking transactions such as cash in, cash out, person to person (P2P) transaction, salary and utility bill payments etc., have significantly contributed to rise the people's digital financial access during this pandemic. People's changing habit towards digital transactions has also contributed to increasing their financial access. The government should provide a convenient financial access platform to create a cashless society in the country.
{"title":"Mobile banking during COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A novel mechanism to change and accelerate people's financial access","authors":"M. N. Khatun, Sandip Mitra, Md Nazirul Islam Sarker","doi":"10.3934/gf.2021013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2021013","url":null,"abstract":"Limited access to financial services is considered as a vital bottleneck for curbing poverty in Bangladesh. Digital technology such as mobile banking can contribute to accelerate people's access to finance but did not receive proper attention before COVID-19. This study intends to explore the use of mobile banking services to accelerate people's financial access in Bangladesh due to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic by using secondary data. Mainly documentation techniques and descriptive statistical methods are used to collect and analyze the data. The study reveals that the number of registered mobile banking customers has escalated during the COVID-19 era. Mainly government policies regarding different mobile banking transactions such as cash in, cash out, person to person (P2P) transaction, salary and utility bill payments etc., have significantly contributed to rise the people's digital financial access during this pandemic. People's changing habit towards digital transactions has also contributed to increasing their financial access. The government should provide a convenient financial access platform to create a cashless society in the country.","PeriodicalId":41466,"journal":{"name":"Green Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70251841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Decent work and economic growth are regarded as essential elements for the sustainable development of countries. Thus, the Sustainable Development Goal No. 8 (SDG 8) is specifically devoted to this. The present paper reports on partial ordering-based analyses of the main indicators for the 27 European member states for their complying with SDG 8. The analyses are based on five main indicators, real GDP (GDP), investment share of GDP by institutional sectors (INV), young people neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET), employment rate (EmpR) and long-term unemployment rate (LtUR). The analyses comprise 1) an overall analysis taken all five indicators simultaneously into account, 2) the investment profiles of the countries applying investment from business, government of households as indicators and 3) the employment situation in the single countries with the NEET, EmpR and LtUR as indicators, specifically looking at differences between males and females. The data gives rather clear-cut pictures of the general situation in the European Union as well on the investment profiles and employment situation. In all cases the countries are mutually ranked and compared to the population averaged values for the Union (EU27).
{"title":"Decent Work and Economic Growth in the European Union. A partial order analysis of Eurostat SDG 8 data","authors":"L. Carlsen","doi":"10.3934/gf.2021022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2021022","url":null,"abstract":"Decent work and economic growth are regarded as essential elements for the sustainable development of countries. Thus, the Sustainable Development Goal No. 8 (SDG 8) is specifically devoted to this. The present paper reports on partial ordering-based analyses of the main indicators for the 27 European member states for their complying with SDG 8. The analyses are based on five main indicators, real GDP (GDP), investment share of GDP by institutional sectors (INV), young people neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET), employment rate (EmpR) and long-term unemployment rate (LtUR). The analyses comprise 1) an overall analysis taken all five indicators simultaneously into account, 2) the investment profiles of the countries applying investment from business, government of households as indicators and 3) the employment situation in the single countries with the NEET, EmpR and LtUR as indicators, specifically looking at differences between males and females. The data gives rather clear-cut pictures of the general situation in the European Union as well on the investment profiles and employment situation. In all cases the countries are mutually ranked and compared to the population averaged values for the Union (EU27).","PeriodicalId":41466,"journal":{"name":"Green Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70252089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon taxes have been advocated as a key economic measure for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The basis of this proposition, is the economic theory that applying a tax on carbon dioxide emissions is the “optimal” solution to addressing the market failure of externalities. In moving from theory to practice, the evidence from comprehensive global assessments, over the last three decades, covering actual policy experience and empirical study of policy effects, requires evolution and refinement of the theory. Carbon taxes are not adopted at the scale, coverage or price level necessary to effectively reduce emissions in line with the Paris Agreement. A persistent “implementation gap” has arisen, largely due to the political and social challenges that accompany taxation. Assessments of policy experience in key sectors of built environment, transport and industry, highlight the critical role of regulation, standards and technology among broader policy programmes. While a carbon tax can provide simplicity and scope, it is not sufficient on its own. Consistent with this finding, recent modelling innovations show that taxes can be employed as part of a portfolio of best practice policies and measures, for deep reduction of emissions. Portfolios can facilitate application of a lower, more “moderate” carbon tax, which enhances the social acceptability and political feasibility of the tax itself. When designing a tax, revenue recycling can help with policy resistance, delivering the “double dividend” of economic and climate gains, and addressing distributional considerations. A carbon tax may be useful to complement the broader portfolio of policies and measures accepted as necessary for long-term transition and transformation. It can offer support and prevent rebounds, but is not a substitute for the fundamental systems change that is at the core of addressing urgent sustainability crises.
{"title":"State of the art in carbon taxes: a review of the global conclusions","authors":"Tadhg O’Mahony","doi":"10.3934/gf.2020022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2020022","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon taxes have been advocated as a key economic measure for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The basis of this proposition, is the economic theory that applying a tax on carbon dioxide emissions is the “optimal” solution to addressing the market failure of externalities. In moving from theory to practice, the evidence from comprehensive global assessments, over the last three decades, covering actual policy experience and empirical study of policy effects, requires evolution and refinement of the theory. Carbon taxes are not adopted at the scale, coverage or price level necessary to effectively reduce emissions in line with the Paris Agreement. A persistent “implementation gap” has arisen, largely due to the political and social challenges that accompany taxation. Assessments of policy experience in key sectors of built environment, transport and industry, highlight the critical role of regulation, standards and technology among broader policy programmes. While a carbon tax can provide simplicity and scope, it is not sufficient on its own. Consistent with this finding, recent modelling innovations show that taxes can be employed as part of a portfolio of best practice policies and measures, for deep reduction of emissions. Portfolios can facilitate application of a lower, more “moderate” carbon tax, which enhances the social acceptability and political feasibility of the tax itself. When designing a tax, revenue recycling can help with policy resistance, delivering the “double dividend” of economic and climate gains, and addressing distributional considerations. A carbon tax may be useful to complement the broader portfolio of policies and measures accepted as necessary for long-term transition and transformation. It can offer support and prevent rebounds, but is not a substitute for the fundamental systems change that is at the core of addressing urgent sustainability crises.","PeriodicalId":41466,"journal":{"name":"Green Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45800568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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